B) Find sentences with modal verbs in the text and analyse their meaning.

Предисловие

Уважаемые преподаватели, а также наши студенты, поздравляем вас с изданием кафедрой иностранных языков первого (но не последнего) специализированного учебного пособия "English on economics" для студентов-экономистов.

В пособии представлены материалы различной степени трудности, что дает возможность использовать учебный материал в группах разного уровня подготовки. Пособие можно использовать для практических занятий в аудитории, а также для самостоятельной и индивидуальной работы студентов вне аудитории. Разнообразие учебного материала позволяет использовать данное пособие на занятиях со студентами разных экономических специальностей с I по III курсы.

Основной целью пособия является введение и закрепление лексики по специализированной тематике, формирование навыков чтения и перевода текстов по специальности, а также развитие навыков устной речи в пределах пройденной тематики.

Пособие состоит из 3-х разделов. I раздел - "Economics is a science" - содержит материалы по общеэкономическим темам и может быть широко использован в группах студентов всех специальностей любого курса. Рекомендуется изучение тем в установленном порядке.

II раздел - "Understanding business" - содержит материалы по разным экономическим аспектам и может быть использован в группах определенных специальностей по усмотрению преподавателей. Рекомендуется для студентов II-III курсов.

III раздел - "Some facts of business life" - содержит оригинальные статьи и тексты по экономической деятельности.

Рекомендуется для самостоятельной и индивидуальной работы студентов, а также для работы в группах продвинутого уровня.

Структура I и II разделов стереотипна:

- предтекстовые фонетические упражнения;

- текст по заданной теме;

- дополнительные тексты (упражнения);

- тематический словарь.

III раздел содержит дополнительный материал информативного характера, позволяющий расширить и углубить знания об экономической деятельности человека, организации, страны.

Надеемся, что пособие поможет вам лучше понять различные сферы экономической деятельности человека.

I. ECONOMICS IS A SCIENCE

THE STUDY OF ECONOMICS

WHAT ECONOMICS IS

Ex. 1.

a) Read the following words:

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

define definition production produce

life live distribution manufacture

describe description institution distribute

mankind activity satisfaction human

unlike primitive education

provide system

try medicine

science

b) Learn the stress in the following words:

ec o nomy

econ o mics

econ o mic

ec o nomist

Ex. 2. Read and translate the text:

What is Economics?

Economics was defined by Alfred Marshall, one of the great Victorian economists as the study of mankind in the everyday business of life. There are other definitions too. But Marshall's definition draws attention to that unique feature of human society: that unlike other animals, man provides for his everyday needs by means of a complex pattern of production, distribution and exchange. This everyday business of providing the means of life is called by the general term "economy". Economics is the study of economies. We must study primitive economies, but it is the advanced economies that interest us most. How do we produce all the things that we need? How do we distribute the products among thaose various groups in society? What institutions have we developed to promote economic activity and how does each institution play its part in the complex relationships of everyday life?

Economics is a science.

This science is based upon the facts of our everyday lives. Economists study our everyday lives. The economist tries to describe the facts of the economy in which we live. He tries to explain how the system works. His methods should be objective and scientific. We need food, clothes and shelter. If we could get food, clothes and shelter without working, we probably would not work. But even when we have these essential things, we may want other things. If we had them, these other things (like radios, books and toys for children) might make life more enjoyable. The science of economics is concerned with all our material needs and wants. It is not just concerned with basic needs like food, clothes and shelter.

Most people work to earn a living, and produce goods and services. Goods are either agricultural (like maize and milk) or manufactured (like cars and paper). Services are such things as education, medicine and commerce. Some people provide goods; some provide services. Other people provide both goods and services. For example, in the same garage a man may buy a car or some services which helps him to maintain his car.

The work people do is called economic activity. All economic activities together make up the economic system of a town, a city, a country, or the world. Such an economic system is the sum-total of what people do and what they want. The work people undertake either they can buy essential commodities. Of course, most people hope to earn enough money to buy commodities and services which are non-essential but which provide some particular personal satisfaction, like toys for children, visits to the cinema and books.

Ex. 3.

a) Study a diagram:

root	noun	adj	adv
ECONOM	Y ICS IC IST	IC	AL	LY

b) Fill in the gaps with the words from the diagram:

1. Marx and Keynes are two famous ______.

2. These people are studying the science of ______.

3. We sometimes call a person's work his ______ activity.

4. People should be very ______ with the money they earn.

5. The economic system of a country is usually called the national ______.

6. The people in that town live very ______.

Ex. 4. Underline the subject and predicate in the following sentences.

Analyze the form of the verb:

1. Economists study our everyday life.

2. Our lives are affected by the economic system.

3. The study of this system describes how it works.

4. He lives in a different economic system.

5. A man needs food, clothes and shelter.

6. Economics is based upon the facts of our everyday lives.

7. Economists have been studying our everyday lives.

8. Economics is concerned with our material needs.

Ex. 5.

a) Study the table:

Verbs and equivalents		meaning
Ability	Permission	Obligation
CAN	general ability or skill	asking for permission (informal)
COULD	ability in the past	asking for permission (neutral)
BE ABLE	specific ability
MAY MIGHT		asking for permission (formal)
BE ALLOWED		asking for permission
MUST			personal obligation
HAVE (GOT) TO			obligation due to law or rule
BE (TO)			obligation due to agreement
SHOULD			obligation due to norm
WOULD		asking for permission (informal)
OUGHT			obligation due to norm

b) Find sentences with modal verbs in the text and analyse their meaning.

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