Of the Future Perfect Tense in Adverbial Clauses of Time

Ex 49 Complete the following sentences using the Present Perfect Tense in adverbial clauses of time according to the model.

Model: I shan't go anywhere until (finish writing my report).

I shan't go anywhere until I've finished writing my report.

1. You'll pay when (get the money from home). 2. I'll come as soon as (write this letter). 3. He won't let you have another book until (give back the one he gave you last week). 4. She will understand what it is only after they (teach her a good lesson). 5. I shan't speak with you until (take your words back). 6. You'll never be well again until (stop smoking). 7. You won't understand the goodness of these people until (live some time with them). 8. I won't let you go till (promise to come again).

Ex 50 Translate the following sentences (note the model above).

1. Мы не отпустим вас, пока вы не пообедаете с нами. 2. Никто не будет с вами разговаривать, пока вы не возьмете свои слова назад. 3. Нельзя пользоваться этим аппаратом, пока вы не изучите инструкцию. 4. Вы начнете свободно читать английскую литературу только после того, как прочтете несколько книг.

Ех 51 Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

IN THE DINING-CAR

John and his wife, Angela, are fond of (travel) and usually they (go) abroad for their holidays. Some time ago they (go) to a small town in Yugoslavia. They also (spend) a very exciting holiday in Italy last year. They (catch) a plane from London to Paris, then they travelled by train to Istambul. The train (move) very slowly through the mountains in Northern Italy. John and Angela (have dinner) in the dining-car when the train (stop) suddenly. They (look) out of the window. It (get) dark, but they (notice) quite a lot of men in green (get on) the train. One of them (speak) angrily. John (think) he (see) fire-arms, but it (become) too dark to be sure.

A few minutes later the dining-car (be) full of men in green. They (ask) everybody for their passports and (look) at them hurriedly. Angela decided that the men (be) police or immigration officials. A man, who (sit) quietly at their desk, (look) very excited. One of the men in green (come up) to the man. But before he (ask) for his passport, the man (jump) from the seat (push) the nearest man hard, and (try) to get out of the window — but it was too small. Other officials (seize) the man and (take) him away. One of them (explain) that the Italian police (expect) them (arrest) the robber because he (steal) three paintings from the Uffizzi Gallery in Florence several weeks before.

(Mozaika, 1970)

Ex 52 Rewrite (or retell) in narrative form the following passage from the text. From "In front of her, near the wall, stood a man"... up to "And now I must go".

The Article

Ex 53 Study the chart. See how the following nouns 'weather', 'advice', 'news', 'information', 'progress', 'money', 'work' are used.

1. What goodweather (news, advice, progress, work, information)! 2. Where isthe money (news, advice, work, information) from? It is from Nick. 3. I've gota piece (two pieces) of news (information, advice). 4. There ismuch (little) work (money, news, information, progress).

Ex 54 Translate the following.

1. (і) Советы давать легко, но очень трудно следовать им. (іі) Позвольте мне дать вам совет, (ііі) Обратитесь к нему, он, как правило, даeт хорошие советы. 2. (і) Что нового? (іі) Это старые новости, я их уже давно слышал, (ііі) Какая прекрасная новость; дома обрадуются, когда услышат ее. 3. (і) — Где деньги? — Они на столе, (іі) Я не могу дать тебе много денег. Двадцать пять рублей устроят тебя (достаточно)? 4. (і) Эта книга содержит все сведения о последней экспедиции Беринга, (іі) Новые сведения еще не поступили; мы ждем их с минуты на минуту. 5. (і) Он ищет работу, (іі) Это очень трудная работа. Она не сможет сделать ее самостоятельно, (ііі) Я хочу быть откровенен с вами. Мне не нравится, как вы сделали эту работу, (іііі) Он не собирается менять место работы. Здесь ему й работа по душе, и коллектив. 6. (і) — Вы хорошо отдохнули за городом? — Да, была чудесная погода и мы большую часть времени были на воздухе, (іі) В этом году с погодой происходит что-то странное. У нас раньше никогда не было дождливой погоды в декабре, (ііі) Я надеюсь, погода не изменится к худшему; я оставила плащ и зонт дома. 7. Он сделал большие успехи за последнее время. Я знаю, что его преподаватель очень доволен им.

Ех 55 Translate the following.

Hall Two is on the second floor. Take Bus Five, get off at the fourth stop.

1. — Где сейчас четырнадцатая группа? — У них обычно в это время лекция по истории во втором зале. 2. — Где будет завтра собрание? — В 405-й аудитории. 3. — На какой странице третий урок? — На пятьдесят восьмой. 4. — Скажите, пожалуйста, где находятся картины Репина? — В пятом зале, на втором этаже. — Спасибо. 5. На нашем курсе около десяти групп; самая маленькая — восьмая, в ней только три студента. 6. Вот десятый автобус, ваша остановка пятая (отсюда). 7. Дом номер девять — четвертый от угла.

READING

Ex 56 Read the text, and do the assignments coming after it.

It is useful to be able to estimate and describe characters. There are however, two aspects of the subject. Personal appearance, physical features, stature and build, clothes or individual details which make one person different from another. Such description is often given of missing persons. There will be little indication of character in these cases.

Yet clothes and appearance are often an index to character, not only the kind of clothes people wear, but how they wear them. A person who takes little interest in his or her appearance, is not likely to be a methodical or tidy person.

Characters may be described in several ways: by description, by suggestion, by conversation, or by action.

Simple description is perhaps the easiest, but also the least satisfactory method, e.g. you may, say John Brown is a very methodical and tidy person, which is a plain statement of fact. If, however, you describe some of his habits which help to build character, such as his neatly-parted hair and clean shoes, his careful and accurate work, tidy desk, and so on, all this will suggest his character far better. If you wish to add that John is also cheerful and good-tempered, you can do so by describing what he says and what he does. If you listen to a person's talk, you soon have some idea of his character. You should remember, also, that "Actions speak louder than words" and by telling how people act, you will be indicating their character.

If you wish to describe people well, you should notice such things as habits, mannerisms, amusements or hobbies, clothes, particularly hats and shoes. Habits and amusements can also tell us much. Character shows itself through such details as one's voice, walk, features, eyes, mouth, hands, rouge, or other make-up.

Yet we cannot say that a person is wholly good or bad, any more than we can say that a high forehead always denotes intelligence or a big chin indicates a strong will.

(After "English Every Day" by R. E. Houseman)

Assignments

(a) Say what the text is about in (i) a short phrase; (ii) an extended sentence.

(b) Quickly look through the list and mark, the lettered phrase nearest in meaning to the word or phrase tested.

1. Estimate character: (i) find out a person's true worth; (ii) see the difference between people's characters; (iii) form an opinion of a person's character.

2. Personal appearance: (i) the way a person looks; (ii) the way a person dresses; (iii) the way a person walks and talks.

3. Physical features: (i) the size of a person's hands, feet; (ii) the parts of the face (forehead, nose, etc); (iii) the colour of the hair.

4. Stature: (i) a person's health; (ii) state of mind; (iii) the natural height of a person.

5. Build: (i) the shape and proportions of the body; (ii) the look in a person's eyes; (iii) the way a person laughs.

6. Missing person: (i) somebody who has lost his way; (ii) a person who is lost to others; (iii) a person who is absent.

7. Habit: (i) (an example of) usual behaviour; (ii) a family tradition; (iii) a national holiday.

8. Suggest: (i) describe directly; (ii) indicate indirectly; (iii) express one's opinion.

9. Good-tempered: (i) very temperamental; (ii) calm and pleasant; (iii) honest and kind.

10. Mannerism: (i) a peculiar way of behaving, speaking, etc, that has become a habit; (ii) the way in which anything is done or happens; (iii) a person's manners.

(c) Two of the words in each group below are similar in meaning. Check the word which does not belong.

1. appearance; look; manner. 2. character; feature; characteristic. 3. stature; statue; height. 4. build; habit; shape. 5. indication; index; description. 6. kind; sort; mannerism. 7. methodical; analytical; systematic. 8. clean; tidy; neat. 9. careful; exact; accurate. 10. denote; explain; indicate; 11. temper; intelligence; intellect.

(d) Choose the answer that expresses most accurately what is stated in the passage. Only one answer is correct.

The idea behind the sentence "Yet we cannot say that a person is wholly good or bad, any more than we can say that a high forehead always denotes intelligence or a big chin indicates a strong will" is that: (i) there is as little connection between a high forehead and intelligence, or a big chin and strong will, as there is between the kind of character a person has and his appearance, habits, mannerisms, etc; (ii) the goodness or badness of a person is in direct proportion to the height of his forehead and the size of his chin; (iii) it is as impossible to decide whether a person is wholly good or bad on the basis of his appearance or character as it is to say that a person is intelligent because he has a high forehead, or has a strong will because he has a big chin.

(e) Pick out all the words from the text relating to: (i) appearance; (ii) character.

(f) Complete the following list.

Character shows itself through:

1. clothes (the kind of clothes people wear, and how they wear them).

2. appearance (features, stature; the interest a person takes in his or her appearance),

3. habits (neatness, tidiness accuracy, cleanliness).

4. temper....

5. mannerisms...., etc.

(g) Name the traits of character suggested by the following. Say which, in your opinion, are good, and which are bad, and why.

A person: 1. takes little interest in his or her appearance; 2. shows great interest in one's appearance; 3. is always well-dressed; 4. wears loud clothes; 5. has neatly-parted hair and clean shoes; 6. works carefully and accurately; 7. never leaves a job half-done; 8. works hard; 9. never lies; 10. hardly ever lies but never tells the truth; 11. never speaks the truth; 12. thinks of nobody but himself; 13. secretly believes that he is better than others; 14. is always glad to help others; 15. knows all the answers and therefore never asks for advice; 16. gladly takes advice; 17. thinks carefully before taking a decision; 18. is cold and unfeeling; 19. does the most unexpected things; 20. is bright and pleasant; 21. enjoys discussing other people's personal matters.

(h) Briefly state the four ways of describing character. Say which method the author finds the more satisfactory, and why. Express your agreement or disagreement.

(i) Discuss some popular beliefs about character, eg that handwriting, the lines on your hand, or certain physical features indicate special types of character.

(j) Explain why it is useful to be able to estimate and describe character.

(k) Read the text critically,* and state your criticism of the author's arguments or conclusions. Express your own opinion on the matter.

Ex 57 Read the text, consulting the dictionary, if necessary. Pick out the sentence which, in your opinion, expresses the main idea. Make a list of examples the author quotes to prove his main thesis. Write a summary of the passage, in your own words as far as possible.

WHERE CRIME STEADILY DECLINES

During the first weeks of our stay in the USSR, when after a late show or visit we would be walking homeward on Pravda Street which is usually empty by eleven, my wife and I were naturally inclined to watch for anything moving in the bushes lining the sidewalks.** In most parts of a US city such late walks on empty streets are hardly advisable. But we soon got over that habit and thought nothing of such walks at midnight or even later.

In view of the extremely serious crime situation in the United States, we often questioned people on crime conditions in the many USSR cities we visited. The usual reply would be something like, "Oh, yes we have crime." Asked if that meant murders, kidnapping, narcotics pushing, organized syndicates in gambling and prostitution, bank holdups and such, the answer with a loud laugh, would be, "Oh, nothing like that!" If you press the question, they may recall some rare serious crime that once attracted public attention. But crime, as we know it in the United States, does not figure much in Soviet public interest. And when you tell Soviet people a little of America's crime situation, they look at you in disbelief, like something from another world.

(After "Where Human Rights Are Real" by George Morris)

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