Schools in England. State Schools.

State/ maintained schools - local authority schools = county schools are schools supported by the local education authorities which are in the state structure. Voluntary school is a school founded by a church or other collective body but now partially controlled by the LEAs.

Primary school is a school for children from 5 to 11 although officially primary stage also includes pre-school institutions, A primary school is devided into two parts, or departments: the infant('s) department for children from 5 to 7; the junior department, for children from 8 to 1 1. These may be in separate buildings and have separate head teachers, but they are normally close together. They may be housed in the same building under one head. If there is one school, the expression infant('s)/ junior department is used; if there are separate schools infant(s)/ junior school is used. Infant('s)/ juniors are used for children.

Elementary School is obsolete in Great Britain. After the Education Act of 1944 these schools became secondary modern schools.

In the USA it denotes a public school for children from 6 to 12 or 13. Secondary School is a general term for any school taking the age group 11-16 and over (up to 18/19). In 1944 the so-called tripartite system (grammar/ technical/ modern school)of education was introduced. By 1979 the majority of local education authorities had reorganised secondary education in their areas on comprehensive lines, and the older, tripartite system now continues to exist only in about a quarter of all local authority areas. Grammar School provides a predominantly academic education and prepares pupils mainly for higher education. It was called «grammar school» because grammar, particularly Latin grammar, formed an important part of the curriculum of the original grammar school. Some of them were founded as early as the Middle Ages, Technical Schools were planned as the academic equals to the grammar schools, but specialising in technical subjects. However, there were never many of these schools and they were considered inferior to the grammar schools.

Secondary Modern Schools were istablished in 1944, on the basis of the former elementary schools. The word «modern» implies a contrast with «classical». These schools were to teach modern subjects, in contrast to the grammar schools, where classics (that is Latin and Greek languages and literature) traditionally formed an important part of the curriculum. The modern schools were given the task of providing a general, non-academic education for children of average ability. Most secondary modern pupils leave school at 16 either to start work or to do some kind of vocational training. Comprehensive schools are attended by 90 % of pupils. These schools began in the 1950s a admit children without reference to ability or aptitude. The children represent a total social cross-section and all the subjects are availiable. Comprhensive schools in most places are all-through schools, thafs one school takes the whole age group 11-18. like the grammar, technical and modern schools. Some LEAs introduce new patters. One variation is comprehensive school for children of 1 1-16 linked with six-form colleges for pupils who stay after 16 (tertiary colleges).

Other authorities have middle schoolfor ages 8-12. 9-13 or 10-14. linked with upper

schools (high schools) for ages 12/131 -18. Children in these areas go to three schools

instead of two as follows: first school(from 5 to 8/9/10) - middle school (8-12,9-13,10-14) - upper (high school) (for ages 12/13/14 -18). High school means secondary school.

In the USA «high school» means «senior high school» for ages 14/15 -18. A school for younger pupils (12/13 -14/15) is called «junior high school» (junior high). The whole system includes elementary school -junior high school — senior high school. Special School (primary or secondary) is for children who are handicapped in some way, either physically or mentally.

Independent (private schools) are fee-paying schools (parents have to pay fees). The majority of independent schools are boarding schools, and pupils go home only for the holidays. However, these are also some independent day schools. Most independent schools are single-sex, that is, for boys or girls only, whereas most state schools are coeducational (mixed). Independent schools are not generally divided into primary and secondary, like state schools. Many fit the following pattern: kindergarten or ^preparatory school (ages 5 -8) -preparatory school (ages 813) —public school or similar school (ages 13 —16/18),

Public School is an independent school for pupils aged 13 -18, It is distinguished from other such schools by membership of the Headmasters' Conference or one of two similar bodies. It has a certain status. Most of public schools are boys' boarding schools although some are day schools and some are girls' schools. A few became coeducational. Some of them are 100 years old, many others were founded in the last 150 years. The most famous are Eton, Harrow, Winchester, Rugby. An English public school education is traditionally academic, with an emphasis on the classics.

In the US A public school means «a school supported by public funds», and corresponds to British state school.

Preparatory School (prep, school)is an independent school for children aged 8 - 13. It prepares children for the public schools. At 13 pupils take the Common Examination for Entrance to Public School (Common Entrance (exam)) in conversation. (Common is used because the examination is set jointly by the main public schools and is common to all.) Nearly all prep, schools are for boys and many of them are boarding schools. In Russiathe system is as follows: primary school/department - secondary school or common school: junior department (ages 6/7- 9/10) and senior department (ages 10/11-16/17).

An English language (German, mathematics etc.) school is a school specialising in English (German, mathematics, etc.).

A boarding school is a school where children, whose parents were deprived their parental rights live and study.

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