Past perfect tense

is formed by means of auxiliary verb to have in the Past Simple and Past Participle (Participle II) of the main verb:
He had finished his work by 5 o’clock.

We use past perfect: a) for an action which happened before another past action or before a stated time in the past.	She had finished work when she met her friends for coffee.
b) for an action which finished in the past and whose result was visible in the past.	He was happy. He had signed an important contract.
The past perfect is used with the following time expressions: just, for, since, till / until, when, before, after, already, by, by the time, never.
Note: We use past perfect or past simple with before or after without any difference in meaning: They went out after it stopped / had stoppedraining.

Exercise 11. Underline the verb in the Past Perfect Tense and define its meaning.

Model: I only wanted to know why he had lost his job. (action which happened before another past action)

1. When he reached home, Denny had gone to bed, but Fleur was waiting for him.

2. After she had cried she felt better. 3. Hardly had the sun risen when the expedition started. 4. She had known him long before he left for India. 5. At last she made him tell her that he had got into debt. 6. No sooner had the clock struck midnight than there was a loud knock on the door. 7. She had finished cooking by 6 o’clock. 8. She had forgotten about the quarrel; she spoke quite calmly.

Exercise 12. Answer the following questions using the Past Perfect Tense.

Model: Why didn’t you invite Dick to your party? (go to Moscow) – Because he had gone to Moscow.

l. Why did she refuse to go to the pictures with you? (see the film) 2. Why couldn’t you get into the flat? (lose the key) 3.Why did you come so soon from your holiday? (spend all the money) 4.Why didn’t you see Ann on Sunday? (go for the weekend) 5. Why did you rush to the cloak-room during the first break? (leave the books there) 6. Why didn’t you ring Tom up? (quarrel with him) 7. Why didn’t Mike bring the photos to the party? (not develop them) 8. Why didn’t you send him a letter at once? (send a telegram) 9. Why didn’t you give Nina the book yesterday? (give it to Lena) 10. Why were you late for classes yesterday? (miss the 8 o’clock train)

Exercise 13. Complete the sentences making use of the suggested Ukrainian phrases.

1. We walked home after (закінчили роботу). 2. They thought that (вона ще не прийшла). 3. Did you ever see him after he (закінчив інститут)? 4.1 went down to the beach after (вони пішли). 5. Before she entered the Medical Institute she (працювала нянечкою). 6. The girl felt easier after she (поговорила з ним). 7. When I turned round (вона вже вийшла з кімнати). 8. When mother came home (діти вже пішли до ліжка). 9. She didn’t want to speak to him (після того, як вони посварилися). І0.Не couldn’t believe that (ми зробили це самі).

Exercise 14. Jane arrived late at different places yesterday. What had happened when she arrived at each place?Model: When she arrived at the station her train had already left.

	The station	her train / already / leave
	The theatre	the play / already / start
	The post-office	it / already / close
	The dress shop	they / sell / the dress she wanted to buy
	Jack’s house	he / go out
	The tennis court	the game / nearly / finish
	The café	her friend / just / leave
	The university	her classes / already / begin
	The library	the librarian / just / close the door
	Home	everybody / already / have supper

Exercise 15. Make up a complex sentence combining two simple sentences.
Model: The children went to bed. They did their lessons. – The children went to bed after they had done their lessons.

l.She wrote a very good article. She studied the problem thoroughly. 2. The train started. He kissed her and wished good luck. 3. He rose to fame. He wrote the novel “Pickwick Papers”. 4. The sun rose. The party made for the top of the mountain. 5. She learned the poem by heart. She listened to the record many times.

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