Wiedemann-Franz Law

The ratio of the thermal conductivity of any pure metal to its electrical conductivity is approximately constant for any given temperature. This law holds fairly well except at low temperatures.

4SURE NEED TO KNOW

Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it.

The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being displayed in slant bold font); in this law the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector.

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Particles

Soliton. A stable solitary wave packet arising from a combination of waves. Solitons are found in many physical phenomena, large and small.

Phonon. A quantized sound wave.

Electron hole. The absence of a negatively-charged electron in a semiconductor, treated as if it were a positively-charged particle.

Cooper pair. A pair of electrons (fermions) in a superconductor, treated like a single boson.

Exciton. A bound state of an electron and an electron hole.

Magnon. A quantized spin wave.

Plasmon. A quantized plasma oscillation.

Polaron. A quantized polarization field.

Exotic baryons. Fermions composed of multiple particles, but not just three quarks. The pentaquark has five quarks.

Exotic mesons. Bosons composed of multiple particles, but not just two quarks. The tetraquark has four quarks. The glueball is composed of gluons.

Strings. String theory postulates that all elementary particles are really tiny strings with different vibration modes.

Neutrino variations. Standard left-handed neutrinos are detectable through weak interactions. Grand unified theories postulate right-handed neutrinos that may be too heavy to be detectable. Sterile neutrinos have no interactions except gravity.

Axions. Lightweight spin 0 particles proposed to solve the strong CP problem and explain the the absence of an electrical dipole moment for the neutron. Dark matter may be axions.

X and Y bosons. Grand unified theories postulate particles mediating the grand unified force, analogous to the W and Z bosons.

Magnetic monopoles. North and south monopoles, analogous to positive and negative charged particles. Grand unified theories postulate magnetic monopoles.

Graviton variations. The spin 1 graviphoton and the spin 0 graviscalar (also known as the radion or dilaton).

Tachyons. Particles that travels faster than light and backward in time.

Goldstone bosons. A type of spin 0 particle that that is necessary wherever there is a broken symmetry.

Baryons. (spin 1/2, 3/2) Baryons are fermions composed of three quarks. The most important baryons are the two nucleons: the proton (up-up-down quarks) and the neutron (up-down-down quarks). Some other baryons are the sigma, lambda, xi, delta, and omega-minus.

Mesons. (spin 0, 1) Mesons are bosons composed of a quark and antiquark. Some mesons are the pion, kaon, eta, rho, omega, and phi.

Graviton. (spin 2) Gravitons [predicted] carry the gravity force.

Gluon. (spin 1) Gluons carry the strong force, also called the nuclear force or color force. The strong force holds quarks together.

W^± and Z bosons. (spin 1) W^± and Z bosons carry the weak force. The weak force is responsible for radioactivity.

Photon. (spin 1) Photons carry the eletromagnetic force. Photons are particles of light. Light is an electromagnetic wave.

Higgs boson. (spin 0) The Higgs boson is an excitation the Higgs field. The Higgs field gives other particles their inertial mass.

Electroweak W and B bosons. (spin 1) W₁, W₂, W₃, and B bosons carry the electroweak force. When the electroweak force split into the electromagnetic and weak forces, the W₁, W₂, W₃, B, and Higgs remixed to make W^±, Z, photon, and Higgs.

Supersymmetric partners. Every standard particle may have a superpartner particle: a fermion for each boson and a boson for each fermion.

Standard Fermions	spin	Partner Bosons	spin
quark	1/2	squark
electron	1/2	selectron
neutrino	1/2	sneutrino

Standard Bosons	spin	Partner Fermions	spin
graviton		gravitino	3/2
gluon		gluino	1/2
W^±, Z		wino, zino	1/2
photon		photino	1/2
Higgs		Higgsino	1/2

Other particle names used in supersymmetry:

sparticle: The supersymmetric partner of any particle.
slepton: The partner of a lepton (electron or neutrino).
gaugino: The partner of a gauge boson (photon, W, Z, or gluon).
electroweak wino and bino: The partners of electroweak bosons (W and B).
neutralino: A mixture of neutral particles (photino, zino, and Higgsino, or electroweak wino, bino, and Higgsino). Dark matter may be neutralinos.
chargino: A mixture of charged particles (wino and Higgsino).

All particles are either fermions or bosons.

Fermions. (half-integer spin 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, etc.) Matter is made of fermions. Fermions obey the exclusion principle; fermions in the same state cannot be in the same place at the same time.

Bosons. (integer spin 0, 1, 2, etc.) Forces are carried by bosons with non-zero spin. Bosons do not obey the exclusion principle; bosons in the same state can be in the same place at the same time.

No.		Atomic Weight	Name	Sym.	M.P. (°C)	B.P. (°C)	Density* (g/cm^3)	Earth crust (%)*	Discovery (Year)	Group*	Electron configuration	Ionization energy (eV)
		1.0079	Hydrogen	H	-259	-253	0.09	0.14			1s^1	13.5984
		4.0026	Helium	He	-272	-269	0.18				1s^2	24.5874
		6.941	Lithium	Li			0.53				[He] 2s^1	5.3917
		9.0122	Beryllium	Be			1.85				[He] 2s^2	9.3227
		10.811	Boron	B			2.34				[He] 2s^2 2p^1	8.298
		12.0107	Carbon	C			2.26	0.094	ancient		[He] 2s^2 2p^2	11.2603
		14.0067	Nitrogen	N	-210	-196	1.25				[He] 2s^2 2p^3	14.5341
		15.9994	Oxygen	O	-218	-183	1.43	46.71			[He] 2s^2 2p^4	13.6181
		18.9984	Fluorine	F	-220	-188	1.7	0.029			[He] 2s^2 2p^5	17.4228
		20.1797	Neon	Ne	-249	-246	0.9				[He] 2s^2 2p^6	21.5645
		22.9897	Sodium	Na			0.97	2.75			[Ne] 3s^1	5.1391
		24.305	Magnesium	Mg			1.74	2.08			[Ne] 3s^2	7.6462
		26.9815	Aluminum	Al			2.7	8.07			[Ne] 3s^2 3p^1	5.9858
		28.0855	Silicon	Si			2.33	27.69			[Ne] 3s^2 3p^2	8.1517
		30.9738	Phosphorus	P			1.82	0.13			[Ne] 3s^2 3p^3	10.4867
		32.065	Sulfur	S			2.07	0.052	ancient		[Ne] 3s^2 3p^4	10.36
		35.453	Chlorine	Cl	-101	-35	3.21	0.045			[Ne] 3s^2 3p^5	12.9676
		39.948	Argon	Ar	-189	-186	1.78				[Ne] 3s^2 3p^6	15.7596
		39.0983	Potassium	K			0.86	2.58			[Ar] 4s^1	4.3407
		40.078	Calcium	Ca			1.55	3.65			[Ar] 4s^2	6.1132
		44.9559	Scandium	Sc			2.99				[Ar] 3d^1 4s^2	6.5615
		47.867	Titanium	Ti			4.54	0.62			[Ar] 3d^2 4s^2	6.8281
		50.9415	Vanadium	V			6.11				[Ar] 3d^3 4s^2	6.7462
		51.9961	Chromium	Cr			7.19	0.035			[Ar] 3d^5 4s^1	6.7665
		54.938	Manganese	Mn			7.43	0.09			[Ar] 3d^5 4s^2	7.434
		55.845	Iron	Fe			7.87	5.05	ancient		[Ar] 3d^6 4s^2	7.9024
		58.9332	Cobalt	Co			8.9				[Ar] 3d^7 4s^2	7.881
		58.6934	Nickel	Ni			8.9	0.019			[Ar] 3d^8 4s^2	7.6398
		63.546	Copper	Cu			8.96		ancient		[Ar] 3d^10 4s^1	7.7264
		65.39	Zinc	Zn			7.13		ancient		[Ar] 3d^10 4s^2	9.3942
		69.723	Gallium	Ga			5.91				[Ar] 3d^10 4s^2 4p^1	5.9993
		72.64	Germanium	Ge			5.32				[Ar] 3d^10 4s^2 4p^2	7.8994
		74.9216	Arsenic	As			5.72		ancient		[Ar] 3d^10 4s^2 4p^3	9.7886
		78.96	Selenium	Se			4.79				[Ar] 3d^10 4s^2 4p^4	9.7524
		79.904	Bromine	Br	-7		3.12				[Ar] 3d^10 4s^2 4p^5	11.8138
		83.8	Krypton	Kr	-157	-153	3.75				[Ar] 3d^10 4s^2 4p^6	13.9996
		85.4678	Rubidium	Rb			1.63				[Kr] 5s^1	4.1771
		87.62	Strontium	Sr			2.54				[Kr] 5s^2	5.6949
		88.9059	Yttrium	Y			4.47				[Kr] 4d^1 5s^2	6.2173
		91.224	Zirconium	Zr			6.51	0.025			[Kr] 4d^2 5s^2	6.6339
		92.9064	Niobium	Nb			8.57				[Kr] 4d^4 5s^1	6.7589
		95.94	Molybdenum	Mo			10.22				[Kr] 4d^5 5s^1	7.0924
	*		Technetium	Tc			11.5				[Kr] 4d^5 5s^2	7.28
		101.07	Ruthenium	Ru			12.37				[Kr] 4d^7 5s^1	7.3605
		102.9055	Rhodium	Rh			12.41				[Kr] 4d^8 5s^1	7.4589
		106.42	Palladium	Pd			12.02				[Kr] 4d^10	8.3369
		107.8682	Silver	Ag			10.5		ancient		[Kr] 4d^10 5s^1	7.5762
		112.411	Cadmium	Cd			8.65				[Kr] 4d^10 5s^2	8.9938
		114.818	Indium	In			7.31				[Kr] 4d^10 5s^2 5p^1	5.7864
		118.71	Tin	Sn			7.31		ancient		[Kr] 4d^10 5s^2 5p^2	7.3439
		121.76	Antimony	Sb			6.68		ancient		[Kr] 4d^10 5s^2 5p^3	8.6084
		127.6	Tellurium	Te			6.24				[Kr] 4d^10 5s^2 5p^4	9.0096
		126.9045	Iodine	I			4.93				[Kr] 4d^10 5s^2 5p^5	10.4513
		131.293	Xenon	Xe	-112	-108	5.9				[Kr] 4d^10 5s^2 5p^6	12.1298
		132.9055	Cesium	Cs			1.87				[Xe] 6s^1	3.8939
		137.327	Barium	Ba			3.59	0.05			[Xe] 6s^2	5.2117
		138.9055	Lanthanum	La			6.15				[Xe] 5d^1 6s^2	5.5769
		140.116	Cerium	Ce			6.77				[Xe] 4f^1 5d^1 6s^2	5.5387
		140.9077	Praseodymium	Pr			6.77				[Xe] 4f^3 6s^2	5.473
		144.24	Neodymium	Nd			7.01				[Xe] 4f^4 6s^2	5.525
	*		Promethium	Pm			7.3				[Xe] 4f^5 6s^2	5.582
		150.36	Samarium	Sm			7.52				[Xe] 4f^6 6s^2	5.6437
		151.964	Europium	Eu			5.24				[Xe] 4f^7 6s^2	5.6704
		157.25	Gadolinium	Gd			7.9				[Xe] 4f^7 5d^1 6s^2	6.1501
		158.9253	Terbium	Tb			8.23				[Xe] 4f^9 6s^2	5.8638
		162.5	Dysprosium	Dy			8.55				[Xe] 4f^10 6s^2	5.9389
		164.9303	Holmium	Ho			8.8				[Xe] 4f^11 6s^2	6.0215
		167.259	Erbium	Er			9.07				[Xe] 4f^12 6s^2	6.1077
		168.9342	Thulium	Tm			9.32				[Xe] 4f^13 6s^2	6.1843
		173.04	Ytterbium	Yb			6.9				[Xe] 4f^14 6s^2	6.2542
		174.967	Lutetium	Lu			9.84				[Xe] 4f^14 5d^1 6s^2	5.4259
		178.49	Hafnium	Hf			13.31				[Xe] 4f^14 5d^2 6s^2	6.8251
		180.9479	Tantalum	Ta			16.65				[Xe] 4f^14 5d^3 6s^2	7.5496
		183.84	Tungsten	W			19.35				[Xe] 4f^14 5d^4 6s^2	7.864
		186.207	Rhenium	Re			21.04				[Xe] 4f^14 5d^5 6s^2	7.8335
		190.23	Osmium	Os			22.6				[Xe] 4f^14 5d^6 6s^2	8.4382
		192.217	Iridium	Ir			22.4				[Xe] 4f^14 5d^7 6s^2	8.967
		195.078	Platinum	Pt			21.45				[Xe] 4f^14 5d^9 6s^1	8.9587
		196.9665	Gold	Au			19.32		ancient		[Xe] 4f^14 5d^10 6s^1	9.2255
		200.59	Mercury	Hg	-39		13.55		ancient		[Xe] 4f^14 5d^10 6s^2	10.4375
		204.3833	Thallium	Tl			11.85				[Xe] 4f^14 5d^10 6s^2 6p^1	6.1082
		207.2	Lead	Pb			11.35		ancient		[Xe] 4f^14 5d^10 6s^2 6p^2	7.4167
		208.9804	Bismuth	Bi			9.75		ancient		[Xe] 4f^14 5d^10 6s^2 6p^3	7.2856
	*		Polonium	Po			9.3				[Xe] 4f^14 5d^10 6s^2 6p^4	8.417
	*		Astatine	At							[Xe] 4f^14 5d^10 6s^2 6p^5	9.3
	*		Radon	Rn	-71	-62	9.73				[Xe] 4f^14 5d^10 6s^2 6p^6	10.7485
	*		Francium	Fr							[Rn] 7s^1	4.0727
	*		Radium	Ra			5.5				[Rn] 7s^2	5.2784
	*		Actinium	Ac			10.07				[Rn] 6d^1 7s^2	5.17
		232.0381	Thorium	Th			11.72				[Rn] 6d^2 7s^2	6.3067
		231.0359	Protactinium	Pa			15.4				[Rn] 5f^2 6d^1 7s^2	5.89
		238.0289	Uranium	U			18.95				[Rn] 5f^3 6d^1 7s^2	6.1941
	*		Neptunium	Np			20.2				[Rn] 5f^4 6d^1 7s^2	6.2657
	*		Plutonium	Pu			19.84				[Rn] 5f^6 7s^2	6.0262
	*		Americium	Am			13.67				[Rn] 5f^7 7s^2	5.9738
	*		Curium	Cm			13.5					5.9915
	*		Berkelium	Bk			14.78					6.1979
	*		Californium	Cf			15.1					6.2817
	*		Einsteinium	Es								6.42
	*		Fermium	Fm								6.5
	*		Mendelevium	Md								6.58
	*		Nobelium	No								6.65
	*		Lawrencium	Lr								4.9
	*		Rutherfordium	Rf
	*		Dubnium	Db
	*		Seaborgium	Sg
	*		Bohrium	Bh
	*		Hassium	Hs
	*		Meitnerium	Mt						9

Дата добавления: 2015-11-16