TO HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO

MUST

The modal verb “must” has only one form which is used with reference to the present or to the future. In past-time contexts this form is used only in reported speech; the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with “must”.

The modal “must” has the following meanings:

PRIMARY

Real necessity/obligation (the obligation comes from the speaker). In this meaning “must” is found in affirmative and interrogative sentences and is followed only by the simple infinitive. It corresponds to the Russian надо, нужно, должен.

e.g.: I must be back by 2 o’clock. I want to do some cleaning.

Must you really go now?

Must he do it himself?

Obligations expressed by “must” refer to the present or future, in reported speech they may refer to the past.

e.g. She told the children they must get up at once

Future obligations can be made more precise with the Future Indefinite of the verb “to have”.

e.g.: I shall have to read it again.

We’ll have to give you a new copy of the book.

The absence of obligation is expressed by don’t have to, haven’t got to, needn’t (with reference to the present or future) and didn’t have to, hadn’t got to (with reference to the past).

e.g.: You don’t have to be back by two.

She hadn’t got to be back by two.

IMPERATIVE

1) order:

~ arising from the circumstances

e.g.: The children must go to bed. It’s late.

~ arising from the intentions of the speaker

e.g.: You must be here by eight o’clock at the latest.

2) emphatic/strong advice.

e.g.: You mustn’t miss the film. It’s very good.

You must go to the seaside this summer.

You mustn’t cry.

Persuasive invitations.

e.g.: You must come and see us when you’re in London.

You must come and have dinner with us.

4) absolute prohibition due to laws and rules (=нельзя, не разрешается).

e.g.: Cars must not be parked in front of the entrance.

You must not move any of the papers on my desk.

You musn’t come into the ward, it’s against the rules.

SECONDARY.

Near certainty, strong probability. In this meaning “must” is used with all the forms of the infinitive in affirmative sentences only. It corresponds to the Russian вероятно, должно быть.

MUST+SIMPLE IFINITIVE (with verbs which do not admit of the continuous aspect)

e.g.: He must be over fifty.

He must know all about it as he has read a lot on the subject.

MUST+CONTINUOUS INFINITIVE

e.g.: Let’s have something to eat. You must be starving.

John isn’t here. He must be working in the garden.

MUST+PERFECT INFINITIVE

e.g.: He must have finished his work.

It’s 6 o’clock. She must have come home.

He must have been here since breakfast.

MUST+PERFECT CONTINUOUS INFINITIVE

e.g.: It must have been raining all the night. There are big puddles in the garden.

They must have been discussing the question for two hours.

NB.: Occasionally the combination of “must” with the perfect continuous infinitive may express an action going on at a given past moment.

e.g.: He must have been writing a letter when I came.

“Must” in this sense is not used:

a) with reference to the future. This meaning is conveyed with the help of modal words and expressions.

e.g.: He will probably come tomorrow.

I probably won’t see you.

He will evidently know all about it.

I am sure they will come tomorrow.

Undoubtedly he will take first place.

b) in negative and interrogative forms. There are several ways of expressing the negative meaning of probability: by negative affixes, negative pronouns or lexically.

e.g.: You must have mis understood me.

He must have met nobody.

He must never have guessed the truth.

He must have failed to get in touch with her.

Eventually it isn’t raining there now.

Besides the above mentioned shades of meaning, the modal “must” may be used solely for the sake of emphasis. In this case it is not translated into Russian, it merely emphasizes some action or idea.

e.g.: Just when we were ready to go away for the holidays, the baby must catch

measles (...возьми и заболей корью).

As we were starting what must he do but cut his finger (...он возьми да и

порежь себе палец).

TO HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO

“To have to” as a modal verb is not defective. It can have the category of person and number and all tense-aspect forms as well as the verbals.

e.g. We have to attend classes every day.

George can’t come out with us this evening. He has to work.

He is always having to exercise judgement.

She has had to wear glasses since she was very young.

I’ve been having to spend some time with the research people.

She knew what she had to do.

My impression was that he was having to force himself to talk.

I shall have to reconsider my position.

We may have to wait long here.

The interrogative and the negative are formed like those of a regular verb, i.e. in accordance with the general rules.

e.g. Why do I have to do everything?

Did he have to tell them about it?

We’ve got plenty of time. We don’t have to go yet.

Edward won’t have to come back till September.

The modal verb “to have to” serves to express:

1) obligation or necessity imposed by some authority or circumstances (impersonal obligation). In this meaning it is found in all kinds of sentences – affirmative, interrogative and negative – and is combined only with the simple infinitive. It is rendered in Russian as вынужден, приходится.

e.g.: You can’t turn right here. You have to turn left. (because of the traffic system).

My eyesight isn’t very good. I have to wear glasses for reading.

I have to get up early tomorrow. I’m going away and my train leaves at 7.30.

“Have to” replaces “must” where “must” cannot be used:

Дата добавления: 2015-11-16