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The R.- a broad social, ideological and cultural movement that marks the end of the middle ages and the beginning of th modern era.
Start- XIV cent. In Italy, then- to the other countries.
Socially and politically it is connected with the growth of the bourgeois and the development of feudalism.
Literature, art, philosophy, religion- flowering.
Growth of capital, it was changing the whole structure of the society. New classes were emerging.
The great expansion of territory, new markets. Great geographical discoveries. Social mobility.
The development of new nationalism. England became a nation state.
The rise of the middle classes.
The main feature- humanism. The discovery of man and the world. Medieval other-worldy views on life were replaced with new ideas (the dignity and potential of man and the value of life in the world).
Secularization of art (it became less religious).
A new type of men- well-rounded, universally talented, thoroughly educated. Leonardo da Vinci.
Revival of the classics (antiquity, philosophy, art). Literature was recovered in its entirety. Aristotle, Homer, Plato (books were used as modals).
Reasons for looking for classics:
Cultural memory of the importance of classical writers
It was promoted by wealthy Italian families who wanted to prove that Italy was rising, it was the centre of European culture.
The texts were studied by monks (able to recover).
A wide spread ideology. This is how they identified themselves. A self-fulfilling prophecy (people believed in that).
Achieved self-definition through evaluation of the past.
Europe had changed. Through Christianity. People tried to incorporate classical humanistic ideal into the framework of the Christian belief.
Cultural shifts. The development of printing. The spread of literacy. The critique of the church. The reformation.
What did Renaissance brought to literature:
In England the R. came later. 1485- the start. Convenient because of 2 events: the accession of Henry VII, the invention of printing.
Henry became the king after winning the war of the Roses. He was a Lancaster but married Catherine from the house of York. The church supported his power. Strong central authority, Stability.
The Reformation. An attempt to clear the church of corruption and to return to pure Christianity. There should be no one between you and God. Did not come for ideological reasons. Why: Henry VIII wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Established his own church, divorce.
Thomas More- Lord Chancellor, refused to enter the new church, executed. Author of “Utopia” (2 parts- England, politics; Utopia)
1 part- meets Portuguese Raphael Hithloday, wants to listen to the stories. R. wants to give the English king some advice. He denies private property as such. Utopia- communist life, everybody does their share of work. They have no chance to practice negative aspects of their personalities. If Utopian does this, he become’s a slave. People do not have any freedom at all. More saw it in a different light. He tried to fight against tyranny.
The word “Utopia” passes into the general use.
Next Utopia- by Francis Bacon (XVIII cent). “New Atlantis”. Political philosophy. Technology & science. The decline of hunmanist ideas.
The Elizabethan age (2nd part of the XVI cent.)
Money for writing came from patrons, not readers. Whoever wrote a book had a potential patron and was writing to satisfy his tastes, not the tastes of all people.
Principles of esthetics:
- Elizabethans valued complexity (Believed that themes naturally beautiful can be still improved by art, craft). Literature need rigid form to control it.
- Literary modals, conventions, traditions (looked up to classical writes)
Elizabethan poetry
Thomas Wyatt, Henry Surrey- introduced sonnet. From Italian poetry. Had a number of peculiarities.
Edmund Spencer- greatest non-dramatic poet (Shepherdes calendar, the Fairee Qweene) Sh. C.- eclogues, the joys of simple rural life, talks а shepherds. 16 different metres. Some were invented, some were adapted, most- new. The poets’ poet. The F. Q.- romantic epic with levels. Historical allegory, moral allegory. To educate a gentleman.
Elizabethan prose.
John Lyly. Aspiration- to say a thing well. “Eupheus” (Anatomy of wit). Very polular. Graceful style. Special name- Eupheuism. (Char-s: 1) excessive use of parallelism and antithesis + alliteration; symmetry in sent. Prose written in such a way become as measured & regulated as verse. Today appears as extravagant and artificial. 2) Numerous allusions. Problem; lack of nature knowledge.)
Drama. The Golden Age of English drama.
Reasons:
- Theatre appealed to all social classes
- Plays could be understood by the illiterate
- The language of drama was less artificial that that of poetry
- People had both time and money to go to the theatre
- The thetre was patronized by the court and aristocracy + ordinary people
- The stage attracted the most technically accomplished writers- it offered literary career with prospect of financial reward
- There were a number of talented & educated playwrights who produced extraordinary plays
There existed a great tradition of play- going. Medieval popular drama- mystery and morality plays. Most popular- the mystery. The story of the Bible in a short way. Judgement day. A religious play played outdoors. Existed in cycles. 4: York, Chester, Towneley, N-town. The word = trade or craft. Universal salvation. Set in the real world + hell, paradise. Historical time. Humor.
Wakefield master- a couple of plays in alliterative verse. (name- unknown)
I KNOW HIM. HE WAS AT THAT FUCKING CULTURAL CONGRESS LAST YEAR. HE’S WEIRD…AND STUPID) SO PROUD OF HIMSELF, HUH? I’M A NAKED
CATWOMAN!!!!!
HAVE U SEEN AUGUST RUSH MOVIE? THERE’S JONATHAN THERE) Henry VIII) HE’S A GREAT SINGER BTW) HYPNOTIZING)
WE’LL NOT GO INTO IT NOW- YEAAAAAAAAH, RIGHT) UR SO LACONIC!
WHAAAACK!!!)) UR BORING UR BORING UR BORING
TIME’S UP, END UR FUCKING STORY!
I’M GONNA WORK IN A MYSTERIOUS PLACE….) NO PEOPLE THERE….CREEPY)
MY KNIGHT MOVED TO MOSCOW….JACKASS!!!!He certainly is)
WHAT’S SHE TALKING ABOUT? PURPOSE FOR WHAT
COMEDIES WERE COMIC….OH REALLY?))
English comedy was born (with the mystery plays).
Miracle plays - similar to mystery. The distinction- only in France. Biblical stories + miracles by saints. Suppressed by the church and state.
The morality plays- the greatest influence on the development of Elizabethan drama. No religious material. An allegoric play, focus on individual salvation. Set inside the soul. Lifetime of an individual. In the centre- a man, others- virtues, sins,...- allegoric figures. Inspiration from allegorical texts, religious texts. Serious in intent, didactic. Comic + farcical elements but in context of serious and tragic events. The borderline between the comedy and tragedy. A real drama (has a conflict resolved within 1 play). Main themes: struggle between the vices and verses, summoning by death, debate between the daughters of God (justice & truth vs. mercy & charity).
1st morality play- “Castle of Perseverance” very long, lots of characters, could be staged). Needed a permanent stage. A lot of preparation. Simple allegoric primitive plot. A man had a good and a bad angel. 7 deadly sins- in the castle the sins could not reach him. The siege of the castle. Roses- to the vices (symbol of Jesus Christ). The mankind succors to the temptation, here’s the death. Counteraction with the audience, humor (the audience sat in circle).
The best loved morality play- “Everyman ” – end of the XV cent. A translation from Dutch (doubtful). Audience = sinners. God sends Death to summon Everyman. He’s shocked. Wants a deal. Asks permission to find someone who could go with him. Everyone refuses. Only Good Deeds said yes. But it’s so weak- can’t go. Knowledge- wants to go (only to the edge). How to strengthen Deeds. A gloomy play. Lacks humor.
Some morality plays were revived in the XX cent, were successful.
End of the XV cent- non religious pieces of plays -> Interludes. Short, funny, full of lively action.
It is to Elizabethan drama that owes a lot to popular drama (community spirit). But mature drama needs intelligence & sophistication. <- antique drama. Began adapting into English drama.
1st English tragedy – “Gorboduc” or “Ferrix & Forrex” (by Thomas Sackville). Based on English material. Written in blank verse, a revenge play. No action.
The era of great English drama had started.
Drama is a complex art. A playhouse, actors, audience, … There were professional entertainers (more like circus performers)- could be jailed (beggars, travelers). They didn’t get any salary of the Duc with whom they lived.
Actors- accused of the absence from work. Lack of money. Began to build platforms inside of inns, palaces, … Put boxes in the entrance (->box-office)
1566- “The Theatre”- the 1st purpose-built playhouse. Then- 20 thetres in London
1599- The Globe (3-storeyed, 3000 spectators)
Plays- usually at 2 o’clock. No illumination. The spectators stood around the stage. Higher price- sitting, roof. The highest- on the stage. No scenery. The costumes were contemporary English. Lasted for 2 hrs. Only men could play.
Demanded new plays. Produced by playwrights. As soon as sold to the troupe- became theirs. Shakespeare was the House playwright, took a share of the income. No professional writers before but plays were in such demand that you could make a living writing plays.
The 1st generation of professional playwrights- University wits (Robert Nashe, Robert Greene, Christopher Marlowe, John Lyly, George Peele)- superior education. Managed to combine the influence of roman drama, French and Italian contemporary drama, morality plays and created first plays with intelligible structure, powerful language, interesting plot. Extremely influential, helped to create a theatrical world. No Shakespeare without them. Middle-class, patriotic, sensational.
The greatest playwright before Sh.- C. Marlowe. Rumors- he was the Elizabethan secret agent. 1st drama- “Tamberlain”. “The Jew of Malta”, “Dr. Faustus”.
Rememebred for:
-powerful blank verse (Marlowe’s mighty line)
-titanic characters
-untimely tragic mysterious death
Genre: heroic tragedy. Challenge the possibility of a human being. Passion, desire for power.
Was killed in the fight by his friend at the age of 29. Atheist. Left a lasting mark on English drama.
William Shakespeare - a cultural icon. 38 plays survive. 154 sonnets, 5 poems. Can find everything in his works. All human relationships, political views. People still continue to interpret him by their own way.
Mystery- No Shakespeare at all?- Was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, went to London, was an actor, returned, wrote a book, died. Started in the XIX cent- literature started to be studied thoroughly. No biography. Candidates who wrote the plays- extremely long (Marlowe, Francis Bacon. The Earl of Oxford, Queen Elizabeth,…) -> anti-stratfordians. No manuscripts- belonged to the theatre (The Globe burned down)
Biography: born in 1564. Father- a glover. Presumably educated at the local grammar school. A the age of 18 married Anne Hathaway (3 children- boy Hamlet). A gap. Reemerges in London in 1599 (as an actor, never excelled in his profession). The 1st mentioning as a playwright- 1592 (R. Greene ventures a critical appreciation of Sh.’s work). 1594- cofounds the Lord Chamberlain’s company. Applies for the status of the gentleman. Financially successful. End of the cent.- built The Globe. Retires to Stratford-upon-Avon, dies in 1616.
He was a man of the theatre. No desire for reading audience (only to see his plays, lively audiences). He himself has not published any plays. Piracy (writing lines during the play).
1st published after his death- the 1st foliar
Phases of writing career:
-1589-1592 (almost all bistiry plays, most of the comedies, 2 tragedies- R& J, J. Caesar) -. Blank verse, stopped blank verse, optimism, lively.
-1595-1600 (most famous comedies – 12th night, much ado about nothing) -> more mature style, flexible syntax, concentrated imaginmery, complexity, seriousness in comedies.
-1600-1604 (all great tragedies, dark comedies)
-1604-1612 (reconciliation plays- comedy & tragedy, “The tempest”)
WILL, WE’RE STAGING A PLAY, COULD YOU PLEASE HELP US?)))
PEOPLE WOULD WRITE MEMOIRES “HOW I ONCE MET SHAKESPEARE’
Nov 1 2012
W. Shakespeare
38 plays, 5 acts, 5 to 25-50 scenes
Stories from all kinds of sources (Greece, Rome, Middle Ages, Bible)
At that time the skill at which the familiar story was handled valued.
Shakespeare’s theatre was a flexible structure. Lots of actors on the stage. The audience stood around, it was close to the stage -> it was possible to create intimate scenes. Soliloquy- the actor stands alone, performs to the audience.
Characters of remarkable fullness & depth. Sh. Seems intimately acquainted with human condition, with human heart. “Sh. invented the thing that we now call “self”. He let the self speak. He gave artistic form to the fact that people are complex beings. They have private lives that sometimes stand in opposition to their public image.
Sh.’s Colleagues gathered together 36 plays and published them in 1 large volume. The tried to organize the abundance of his plays in 3 categories: comedies, tragedies & histories. It’s suggestive but in no way definitive. Sh’s plays are mixed in nature. He strains the boundaries of the genre. Some end good, some – bad. The magisterial plot- the thing that keeps everything together (for tragedy- men, for history-time, for comedy-nature).
Evolution of his outlook. Division of his career into 3 phases reflects it.
1595- Creates 3 theatrical masterpieces- A Midsummer Night Dream, Romeo & Juliet, Richard II (period of early mastery). A master in resilient & skillful, architectural form of his plays; the resourceful use of the language.
1600- The very essence of his genius seems comic. Most-comedies. The conflict strives to the conclusion. All the obstacles are easily removable. Comedies of errors.
The plays are getting more serious. Interested in the correlation between the inner-self and the disguise we’re wearing. Gloomier. New character- a fool (шут). Hardly writes comedies- dark comedies (problem plays)
Romeo & Juliet. Clear structure. 3 big scenes. 4 days. The violence also in Capulet family. Physical expression of feelings. R & J are contrasted to the violence. They created their own world. Intense privacy. No last names, no family history. The means- poetry.
Great tragedies – Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lire, Othello. The means- making the characters themselves seek for the tragic meanings, they explore why they suffer, what it takes, what are they undergoing. Speculations about the nature and meaning of tragedy. He explores the greatest humanist principle- man is the measure of all things. Dramatic foil- a plotline or a character to characterize the main character better, to show how unique he is, different form his surrounding. The central character is standing out. In all the plots the central characters lose their singularity. The last attempt of the protagonists to adjust themselves to a foul world. They fail. Either die or become foul themselves.
1608- Utopian-like. A series of plays- reconciliation plays (примирение). The Winter’s Tale, the Tempest. Fairytale-like plots.
WHAT’S WITH HER NAIL COLOR? FLUORESCENT ORANGE MANIAC?)
‘’OOOHHH, I’M SO LONELY, I’LL GO SLEEP WITH A RANDOM GUY!”
YOU GREEKS ARE SO POSITIVE! EVERYBODY DIES EVERYWHERE. WHY WRITE THEN?)
SAW IT IN A SOCIAL NETWORK: HEY, CHUCK NORRIS IS JUST AN ACTOR, HE COULDN’T COME HERE AND CUT MY HEAD! IT WOULDN’T FALL ONTO THE KEYBOGHRIGHIHGBHNNNNBKGHJTIOHI
HAVE YOU READ “AS YOU LIKE IT?” – NO. – YOU PROBABLY REMEMBER A CHARACTER…. WHAAAAAAAT?
OMG. L, YOUR HAIR IS SO SOFT!!!!! I INVEST SO MUCH MONEY IN IT AND IT’S NO USE…) COCONUT OIL COSTS 600 RUR! IT SMELLS AWESOME. ALSO SHAMPOO, CONDITIONER, SPRAY, AND SOMETHING FOR THE ENDS…I DON’T EVEN REMEMBER THE NAME OF IT) YOURS IS GOOD WITHOUT IT! MINE USED TO BE WHEN I WAS A CHILD…NOW IT SUCKS.
AUTO CORRECTOR, FUCK YOU!
SHALL I COMPARE THEE TO A SUMMER’S DAY,
THOU ART MORE LOVELY AND MORE TEMPORATE.
ROUGH WINDS DO SHAKE THE DARLING BUDS OF MAY
AND SUMMMER’S LEASE HATH ALL TO START A DATE)
IT’S A BOY GIRL THING) NICE MOVIE)
THAT STUFF IS SO UNBELIEVABLE…
I READ 30 PAGES. BORED TO DEATH)
I HATE THE WORD JUXTAPOSITION! WHY SO LONG???
I REMEMBER THE GLOBE FROM THE OLSEN SISTERS FILM ABOUT LONDON)
THEATRE AS THE METAPHOR FOR THE THEATRE????
SIKA WHOM???
Nov 8 2012
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| Lecture . Jeffrey Chaucer. | | | XVIIth century literature |