The Problem of pollution in Ukraine 1 страница

Pollution is the contamination of the environment, including air, water, and land, with undesirable amounts of material or energy. Such contamination originates from human activities that create waste products. An industrial and intensively farmed country, Ukraine contains some of the most polluted landscapes in Eastern Europe. Pollution became evident in Ukraine with industrial development in the 19^th century.

Air pollution is especially severe in many of the heavily industrialized cities and towns of south-eastern Ukraine, notably in Kharkiv, Luhansk, Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk and Zaporizhia. Coal-using industries, such as metallurgical coke-chemical plants, steel mills, and thermal power plants are major sources of high levels of uncontrolled emissions of sulphur dioxide, dust, unburned hydrocarbons, and other harmful substances.

Over one-third of the emissions into the atmosphere originate from automobile transport.

Almost all surface waters of Ukraine belong to the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov basins. The high population density, heavy industrial development, and relatively low freshwater endowment of those basins, and the low governmental priority placed upon environmental protection until very recently, have given rise to chronic and serious levels of water pollution throughout Ukraine. Widespread fear is growing in Ukraine that a substantial fraction of those water arteries are so polluted as to pose fatal health risks to the people who depend on them. About half of the chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides applied in the fields are washed off into rivers. Moreover, surface runoff from industrial territories is highly contaminated.

On 25 April 1986 the Number 4 reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear power station was being tested. The workers, however, didn’t follow the safety regulations. The emergency cooling system was shut down and almost all of the control rods were removed from the reactor. At 1.23 a.m. on April 26 the reactor exploded. The huge concrete and steel top of the reactor was blown off and radioactive material was released into the atmosphere.

All the people who lived within 30 kilometres of the power station had to be evacuated. Helicopters crews flew over the burning power station and dropped thousands of tones of concrete onto the burning reactor. It took nearly two weeks before the reactor was completely sealed. But by that time a huge cloud of radioactive material had been blown across almost the whole of Europe by the wind. As far away as Italy and Wales grass was polluted when the radioactive dust was washed down by rain. Milk and meat from animals that ate the grass could not be used.

Chernobyl was the world’s biggest nuclear accident. More than thirty people died, and another two hundred became seriously ill from radiation sickness. But we shall never know how many people will die as a result of the accident. Scientists say that anything between five and sixty thousand people could die of cancer from the radiation that they received. What Chernobyl showed most clearly was that one country’s nuclear power stations are everybody’s problem.

RECYCLING

The massive increase in public concern for protection of the environment has given a new prominence to the recycling industry, which covers everything from the collection of beverage cans and the reclamation of old car bodies to the treatment of industrial sludge.

Recycling is a processing of industrial and household waste (such as paper, glass, and some metals and plastics) so that it can be reused. The great advantage of recycling is that it saves a large proportion of energy needed to manufacture an article from the original raw materials. This is of paramount importance at a time when energy conservation is essential to reduce the use of fossil fuels which contribute to global warming – the greenhouse effect.

For instance, there is a 62 per cent energy-saving in the use of recycled scrap ferrous metal. The saving arises because the scrap is almost pure metal and the original impure ore.

Materials which are recycled are less expensive than primary raw materials and offer a considerable cost advantage to industry.

Recycling also avoids the need to dump large quantities of used materials in landfill sites, a process which is unpopular with the public and can have dangerous environmental side-effect. This is particularly important at a time when the cost of using good landfill sites has steady increased.

Above all, recycling is an important means of reducing dependence on finite natural resources. It offers the potential for averting the crisis often predicted by conservationists – a world eventually running out of raw materials.

Today, recycling is a major activity in the industrialized countries. Advanced technology is used to collect, sort and process materials that are discarded by industry or the public.

Technical advances mean that valuable metals from such complex equipment as computers and other electronic machines are recovered, instead of ending up on the scrap heap. Furthermore, used oils can be recycled as lubricants for industry and transport, while rubber from old types can be transformed into mats and carpet underlays.

Despite this activity, environmental pressure groups are highly vocal in their dissatisfaction with the scale of recycling.

Додаток 4

№ п/п	Початкова форма	Форма минулого часу	Дієприкметник (дієприслівник) минулого часу	Переклад
1.	abide	abided, abode	abided	перебувати, жити
2.	arise	arose	arisen	піднятися,виникнути
3.	awake	awoke, awakened	awoken	будити, прокинутися
4.	bear	bore	born, borne	нести, народжувати
5.	beat /bi:t/	beat /bi:t/	beaten /bi:t(ə)n/	бити
6.	become	became	become	ставати
7.	begin	began	begun	починати
8.	bend	bent	bent	згинати(ся)
9.	beseech	besought, beseeched	besought, beseeched	благати
10.	beset	beset	beset	оточити
11.	bet	bet	bet	закладатися
12.	bid	bade, bid	bid, bidden	пропонувати ціну
13.	bind	bound	bound	зв’язати
14.	bite	bit	bitten	вкусити, кусати
15.	bleed	bled	bled	стікати кров’ю
16.	bless	blessed, blest	blessed, blest	благословити
17.	blow	blew	blown	дути
18.	break	broke	broken	(з)ламати
19.	breed	bred	bred	вирощувати, розводити
20.	bring	brought	brought	приносити
21.	broadcast	broadcast	broadcast	транслювати
22.	browbeat	browbeat	browbeaten	залякувати
23.	build	built	built	будувати
24.	burn	burned, burnt	burned, burnt	горіти,спалити
25.	burst	burst	burst	розірватися,вибухнути
26.	bust	bust (BrE), busted (esp AmE)	bust (ВrE), busted (esp AmE)	розбиватися, закінчуватися поразкою
27.	buy	bought	bought	купувати
28.	cast	cast	cast	кидати, відливати (метал)
29.	catch	caught	caught	ловити, піймати
30.	choose	chose	chosen	вибирати, обирати
31.	cleave	cleaved, cleft, clove	cleaved, cleft	розсікти
32.	cling	clung	clung	чіплятися
33.	clothe	clothed	clothed	одягнути
34.	come	came	come	приходити
35.	cost	cost	cost	коштувати
36.	creep	crept	crept	повзти
37.	cut	cut	cut	різати
38.	dare	durst,dared	dared	сміти, наважитися
39.	deal	dealt /delt/	dealt /delt/	мати справу з
40.	dig	dug	dug	копати
41.	dive	dived, dove (AmE)	dived	пірнати
42.	do	did	done	робити
43.	draw	drew	drawn	тягнути, малювати
44.	dream	dreamed, dreamt	dreamed, dreamt	мріяти, бачити сни
45.	drink	drank	drunk	пити
46.	drive	drove	driven	гнати, їхати
47.	dwell	dwelt, dwelled	dwelt, dwelled	жити, мешкати, зупинитися на якомусь питанні
48.	eat	ate	eaten	їсти
49.	fall	fell	fallen	падати, впасти
50.	feed	fed	fed	годувати
51.	feel	felt	felt	відчувати
52.	fight	fought	fought	битися
53.	find	found	found	знаходити
54.	flee	fled	fled	бігти, тікати, рятуватися
55.	fling	flung	flung	кинути
56.	fly	flew	flown	літати
57.	forbid	forbade, forbad	forbidden	забороняти
58.	forecast	forecast	forecast	передбачати, прогнозувати
59.	forget	forgot	forgotten	забути,забувати
60.	forgive	forgave	forgiven	пробачити
61.	freeze	froze	frozen	заморозити
62.	get	got	got (BrE), gotten (АmЕ)	отримати
63.	gild	gilt	gilt	позолотити
64.	give	gave	given	давати
65.	go	went	gone	йти,ходити
66.	grind	ground	ground	перемелювати
67.	grow	grew	grown	рости
68.	hamstring	hamstrung	hamstrung	підрізати (крила)
69.	hang	hung, hanged	hung, hanged	(по)вішати
70.	have	had	had	мати,володіти
71.	hear	heard	heard	чути
72.	heave	heaved, hove	heaved,hove	напружуватися, підніматися
73.	hew	hewed	hewed, hewn	рубати,тесати
74.	hide	hid	hidden, hid	ховати(ся)
75.	hit	hit	hit	вдарити, бити
76.	hold	held	held	тримати(ся)
77.	hurt	hurt	hurt	завдати болю
78.	input	inputted, input	inputted, input	вводити, ввести
79.	interweave	interwove	interwoven	вплітати
80.	keep	kept	kept	зберігати, тримати
81.	kneel	knelt, kneeled (esp AmE)	knelt, kneeled (esp AmE)	ставати навколішки
82.	knit	knitted, knit	knitted, knit	плести, в’язати
83.	know	knew	known	знати
84.	lay	laid	laid	класти, покласти
85.	lead	led	led	вести, очолювати
86.	lean	leaned, leant (esp BrE)	leaned, leant (esp BrE)	спиратися, спертися
87.	leap	leapt, leaped (esp AmE)	leapt, leaped (esp AmE)	стрибати, скакати
88.	learn	learned, learnt	learned, learnt	вивчати, вчитися
89.	leave	left	left	залишати
90.	lend	lent	lent	позичати, позичити
91.	let	let	let	дозволити
92.	lie	lay	lain	лежати
93.	light	lit, lighted	lit, lighted	освітлювати
94.	lose	lost	lost	губити
95.	make	made	made	робити
96.	mean	meant	meant	означати, мати на увазі
97.	meet	met	met	зустрічати(ся)
98.	mistake	mistook	mistaken	помилитися
99.	misunderstand	misunderstood	misunderstood	неправильно зрозуміти
100.	mow	mowed	mown, mowed	косити
101.	pay	paid	paid	платити, сплачувати
102.	plead	pleaded, pled (esp AmE)	pleaded, pled (esp AmE)	прикликати
103.	prove	proved	proved (also proven AmE)	виявитися
104.	put	put	put	класти
105.	quit	quit	quit	залишати, звільнятися
106.	read	read/red/	read/red/	читати
107.	rid	rid	rid	позбавитися
108.	ride	rode	ridden	їхати верхи
109.	ring	rang	rung	дзвонити
110.	rise	rose	risen	піднятися
111.	run	ran	run	бігти, бігати
112.	saw	sawed	sawn, sawed	пиляти
113.	say	said	said	сказати
114.	see	saw	seen	бачити
115.	seek	sought	sought	шукати
116.	sell	sold	sold	продавати
117.	send	sent	sent	надсилати
118.	set	set	set	встановити, встановлювати
119.	sew	sewed	sewn, sewed	шити
120.	shake	shook	shaken	трясти
121.	shave	shaved	shaved, shaven	голити
122.	shear	sheared	shorn, sheared	стригти
123.	shed	shed	shed	скинути
124.	shine	shone, shined	shone, shined	сяяти
125.	shoe	shod	shod	взувати(ся)
126.	shoot	shot	shot	стріляти
127.	show	showed	shown, showed	показувати
128.	shrink	shrank, shrunk	shrunk	скорочуватися, стискатися
129.	shut	shut	shut	закривати
130.	sing	sang	sung	співати
131.	sink	sank, sunk	sunk	зануритися
132.	sit	sat	sat	сидіти, сідати
133.	slay	slew	slain	вбивати
134.	sleep	slept	slept	спати
135.	slide	slid	slid	ковзати
136.	sling	slung	slung	підвішувати
137.	slink	slunk	slunk	відходити, відступати
138.	slit	slit	slit	розірвати, розкрити
139.	smell	smelted, smelt (esp BrE)	smelled, smelt (esp BrE)	пахнути, смердіти, нюхати
140.	smite	smote	smitten	вдаряти, вражати
141.	sow	sowed	sown, sowed	сіяти
142.	speak	spoke	spoken	говорити
143.	speed	sped, speeded	sped, speeded	прискорювати(ся)
144.	spell	spelled, spelt (esp BrE)	spelled, spelt (esp BrE)	писати або вимовляти по буквах
145.	spend	spent	spent	витрачати, проводити
146.	spill	spilled, spilt (esp BrE)	spilled, spilt (esp BrE)	розлити
147.	spin	spun, span	spun	прясти
148.	spit	spat (also spit AmE)	spat (also spit AmE)	плювати, сплюнути
149.	split	split	split	розщеплювати
150.	spoil	spoiled, spoilt	spoiled, spoilt	псувати
151.	spread	spread	spread	розповсюджувати(ся)
152.	spring	sprang (also sprung AmE)	sprung	виникати
153.	stand	stood	stood	стояти
154.	stave	staved, stove	staved, stove	пробити,запобігти
155.	steal	stole	stolen	красти
156.	stick	stuck	stuck	приклеїти
157.	sting	stung	stung.	вжалити, пекти (про біль)
158.	stink	stank, stunk	stunk	смердіти
159.	strew	strewed	strewn, strewed	сіяти
160.	stride	strode	stridden	ступати,крокувати
161.	strike	struck	struck	бити, бастувати
162.	string	strung	strung	нанизувати,натягати
163.	strive	strove, strived	striven, strived	намагатися
164.	swear	swore	sworn	присягатися
165.	sweep	swept	swept	мести
166.	swell	swelled	swollen, swelled	напнутися
167.	swim	swam	swum	плавати
168.	swing	swung	swung	качатися
169.	take	took	taken	брати, взяти
170.	teach	taught	taught	навчати, викладати
171.	tear	tore	torn	розірвати
172.	tell	told	told	розповідати
173.	think	thought	thought	думати
174.	thrive	thrived, throve	thrived	процвітати
175.	throw	threw	thrown	викидати
176.	thrust	thrust	thrust	штовхати
177.	tread	trod	trodden	ступати, виконувати танець
178.	understand	understood	understand	розуміти
179.	wake	woke, waked	woken, waked	прокидатись
180.	wear	wore	worn	носити (одяг)
181.	weave	wove, weaved	woven, weaved	плести, ткати
182.	wed	wedded, wed	wedded, wed	одружувати(ся), вінчати
183.	weep	wept	wept	плакати
184.	wet	wetted, wet	wetted, wet	змочувати, робити вологим
185.	win	won	won	перемогти, виграти
186.	wind /waind/	wound	wound	заводити (механізм)
187.	withdraw	withdrew	withdrawn	взяти назад
188.	withhold	withheld	withheld	відмовлятися, утримуватися
189.	withstand	withstood	withstand	чинити опір
190.	wreak /ri:k/	wreaked, wrought/rƆ:t/	wreak, wrought /rƆ:t/	наносити, нанести
191.	wring	wrung	wrung	скрутити, стиснути
192.	write	wrote	written	писати

Додаток 5

Англо-український словник

A

ability [əʹbiliti] n здібності

able [ʹeib(ə)l] adj 1.могти, бути здатним 2.здатний

about [əʹbaut] adv 1. навколо, prer. 1. довкола 2. про

absorb [əbʹsə:b, -ʹz Ɔ:b] v 1. всмоктувати, поглинати

academician [ə:kædəʹmi∫(ə)] n академік

accept [əkʹsept] v 1. приймати 2. признавати

accessories [əkʹsesəriz] n 1. аксесуари, принада

accidentally [͵æksiʹdenteli] adv 1. випадково

accomplished [əʹk∧mpli∫t ͵əʹkom] adj завершений, виконаний

according [əʹk Ɔ:diῃ] adv відповідно

account [əʹkaunt] n 1. рахунок 2. розрахунок

accurately [ʹækjurətli] adv точно

achievement [əʹt∫i:vmənt] n досягнення

acid [ʹæsid] n кислота

acquainted [əʹkweintid] adj 1. знайомий

acquire [əʹkwaiə(r)] v 1. придбати 2. засвоювати

across [əʹkr Ɔ s] adv поперек; prep 1. через 2. поперек

act [ʹækt] v діяти, приймати

actually [ʹækt∫uəli] adv 1. дійсно, фактично

addition [əʹdi∫(ə)n] n 1. додаток, прибавлення

administrative [ədʹministretiv] adj адміністративний, організаційний

admit [ədʹmit] v 1. допускати,приймати, вміщувати

adopt [əʹd Ɔ pt] v 1. всиновлювати 2. приймати 3.вибирати

advance [ədʹva:nse] n 1. продвижение 2. прогрес 3. підвищення; v продвигати

advanced [ədʹva:nst] adj 1. продвинутий, передовий

advantage [ʹədʹva:ntidʒ] n 1. перевага 2. вигода, позика

affair [əʹfeə(r)] n 1.справа; 2. любовний роман

affect [əʹfekt] v 1. діяти 2. стосуватися

affordable [əʹf Ɔ:dəbl] adj 1.той, що можна собі дозволити

afraid [əʹfrəid] adj 1. наляканий

after [ʹa:ftə(r)] prep 1. після, за, через

age [ʹeidʒ] n 1. вік 2. старість

agree [əʹgri:] v 1. погоджуватись 2. підходити

agricultural [͵ægriʹk ∧ lt∫ər(ə)l] adj сільськогосподарський

aim [ʹeim] n 1.ціль 2. цілити

air-sick ['eəsik] adj який відчуває нудоту під час перельоту

ale [ʹeil] n ель, пиво

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