Feodor Romanov

- a prelot (religious, church man, monk)

- released from prison by son, Mikhail (now Tsar)

- Became Patriarch Filaret returned of Moscow and dominated Mikhail’s reign until his death

Themes:

Things that DID happen under the Zemskii Sobor:

1.) Autocracy ruled in Moscow/Russia: Boyars trying to weaken the system of autocracy (examples being support of foreigners)

- in the end: the same or stronger autocracy (to many, the alternative - chaos - was worse --- think of the law and order under the Mongol Tatars)

Things that COULD have happened:

1.) speasants could have been freed from serfdom

- landlords had to have income from land - only feesible if peasants stay, but many running away (that's where the Cossacks come from)

- government says "we'll help ensure the peasants stay, but can't enforce fully - eventually through slow

processes the peasants are fully enserfed/enslaved

2.) Zemskii sobor continued in importance for a time (could have been the foundation for something like a Parliament, even before England, but didn't have it as autocracy grew)

Financial woes: "Fifth money" tax (1614); "Tenth money" tax;

***peasant flight to Poland and the south (cossacks)

- Great fire in Moscow in 1626

- Foreign affairs: turned down the offer of Azov (1634)

** Patriarch Filaret was the father of the head of the state (sets a pattern in some way reminiscent of the Byzantine Empire - the Church and State walk very, very close, almost hand in hand - not same struggle between Church and State as in Europe)

** Edward Keenan: believes Kurbskii - Ivan correspondence written by later descendants of Kurbskii (question of Zemskii or Tsar?)

- Taxes as high as 20% = one time tax, hard on peasants/poor

- then another tax of 10% of everything a person had = caused peasant flight into Poland

Aleksei Mikhailovich (1645-1676) "The Pious"

Major events of his reign:

- Ulozhenie of 1649

- Union of left bank Ukraine with Muscovy

- Rebellion of Stepan Razin

- Raskol

- Dynastic crisis at end of reign

- Two marriages: Miloslavskaia and Naryshkina

Ulozhenie (Law Code) of 1649 - passed with the intent of prosecuting rioters (1648 riots)-"nails down serfdom"

- Necessitated by search for punishments in wake of urban riots of 1648. (first in 100 years, and last law code

for the next 200 years, down until the 1830s there was not a new law code - thus one of the most significant

in Russian history)

- First wholesale revision of civil and criminal codes since 1550

- Closed the door on Krepostnoe pravo (serfdom)

- Earlier: forbidden years and limitation to two weeks following St. George's day in late November

- Followed by: statute of limitations of 5, then 10 years

- Now set at 1627: all runaway peasants since then to be returned

(English translation by Richard Hellie --- Law code - GOOGLE - Ulozhenie of 1649)

SIDE NOTE ONLY – EXTA INFORMATION – NOT NECESSARY TO REMEMBER:_____________

à *"Serfdom" perhaps a poor word to use as being largely descriptive of the relationship between the peasant and the land owners in Europe, particularly in stateless, state-governmentless voids --- in Russia, the word isn't used, rather it's a concept of Contract Law - some of the laws said 5 years - some previous laws said 10 years - this new law said those running away after 1627: government forces would capture and return them - SLAVERY - "enserfed"

*In Western Europe: only a few vestiges of serfdom left

In Central Europe: a little more proliferation

In Russia: thoroughly implanted at that time

Peasant Response to Gradual Enserfment Over the Years:

- Peasants had been fleeing for some time to Poland and the south

- Poland tried to limit the number of registered cossacks, taxing the others as peasants and turning them into serfs

- Hetmans looked for a solution -- rebellions and...

- Bogdan Khmelnitsky sought union with Muscovy, 1654

* GOOGLE: statue of Bogdan Khmelnitsky in Kiev

- By 1660, Cossacks not in agreement, but Peace of Andrusovo (1667) recognized Moscow's control of Left Bank Ukraine

à Poles had been welcoming the Russian peasants: but then it became a problem for the Poles as they were all Orthodox (Poland being Catholic), and too many were coming. None wanted to be tied to the land and wanted to remain Cossacks (wanderers, ramblers… in other words FREE to move about). ---

- Essentially, the policy of persuading people to come over from Russia was too successful --- thus the Orthodox peasants were turned back into serfs in Catholic Poland

--- Hetmans (think "head man"): leaders elected by Cossacks. Try to play Moscow against Poland. Find themselves being squeezed as the frontier slowly disappears for these would-be serfs. -- Hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky suggests union with Moscow, for protection, and to take land from Poland in partnership with fellow Orthodox Russia

Rebellion of Stepan (Stenka) Razin:

- Don Cossack, but spread to peasants

- Tensions within cossack sech': senior vs. junior

- One of the largest social revolts in Europe's history

- raiding down the Volga River and on the Caspian Sea

- Rebellion flared up - 1669/1670 - largest peasant Rebellion Europe had seen up until that point (note: nearly 100 years later, there would be a larger one, beginning in the same village as this one -- i.e. the tensions remained for a long time afterwards) - (question: were Cossacks peasants?)

- Rebellion lasted for about a year and a half – peasants joined the rebellion – as many as 200,000 is reported as having taken part (though likely exaggerated) – after first major defeat, the campaign fell apart and Razin was betrayed and given up to the Russians by some of his own men – tortured, executed

-GOOGLE: look up song about Stenka Razin

Raskol (Schism):

- Importance in Orthodoxy of "proper praising" (Pravosavie)

- Differences in practice between Russian church and other Orthodox churches known for some time (Maksim Grek in 16th c.)

- Theological academy in Kiev founded 1634 (Petr Mogila) - in part a ripple of the Rennaissance - under influence from Poland, Western Europed - their findings indicate that Russian worship is indeed wrong - the Greeks are right

- Election of Nikon as patriarch, early 1650s

- Opposition of "zealots" and people like Archpriest Avvakum

- New Jerusalem monastery

- Nikon's withdrawal

- Church councils of 1666, 1667: state backs the reform

*Orthodox prided themselves that they praised God the right way, and the Catholics did not. - In the early 1500s, Maksim Grek criticized the Russians for not worshiping the way the Orthodox did in Greece, and the Balkans - they threw him in jail - if you don't praise rightly, your praise won't be accepted - 10 great church councils determined how praise should be done

*split largely over not theological issues of salvation, but over the liturgical order of the Orthodox service

* Philaret, remember, was Tsar Mikhail's father and was perceived as the dominant (in terms of importance) - the Patriarch of the time, Nikon, felt that this was the natural order of importance, and tried to exert his influence - tried to get the government to back him, saying that unless you go along with the reforms then you're gonna go to Hell - but 20% of the population said no for the same reasons in belief of thier own worship styles --- many simply left to the far North into Poland, Finland - went to Siberia - referred to as Old Believers (non-Schismatics)

* Avvakum (the Russianization of Habbakuk) - leader of those refusing to accept the reforms

*State backed all of Nikon's reforms, but due to his withdrawal from Patriarchal duties, the state opposed Nikon's official status as Patriarch (for the reforms... against the man) - sent to a monastery

*For 8 years the Russian army beseiged the Solovetsky Monastery, housing the monks who opposed the reforms

* Old Believers: those who opposed and never went along with the Nikonian reforms

- both sides of the Schism largely over worship... style (but for them the substance was in the style/the worship) - at least 20,000 people in total known of who burned themselves in churches to keep from having to kiss the cross in submission to new worship reforms, in order to keep from going to Hell

*Avvakum and 4 supporters burned at stake - he wrote first autobiography in Russian (the life of the Archpriest Avvakum, by Himself)*the Old Believers heavily taxed, persecuted - many who emerged as first Russian industrialists in the 1700s were the Old Believers (Old Ritualists)

Patriarch Nikon - Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich (recent 16 part tv series done in Russia on the Raskol) *When the SU fell apart, there was a fascination with the Old Believers as being perhaps the true, unchanged, pure Russians, using old Russian language

GOOGLE: painter and painting - Vasilii Surikov, "Boiarina Morozova" (Morozova exiled from Moscow for being an Old Believer

GOOGLE: New Jerusalem Monastery, Russia (Nikon invested so much money in it) - fortefied - not far from Moscow - Soviets shut it down - Germans completely destroyed it during WWII - after collapse of Soviet Union it was rebuilt by German government and German coporations in 1990s.

Aleksei Mikhailovich's Two Marriages

Marka Miloslavskaia Natalia Naryshkina

- Dmitri (1648-1649) - Peter I (1672-1725)

- Yevdokia (1650-1712) - Natalya (1673-1716)

- Marfa (1652-1707) - Fyodora (1674-1677)

- Alexei (1654-1670)

- Anna (1655-1659)

- Sofia (1657-1704) - emerges as leader of the family

- Ekaterina (1658-1718)

- Maria (1660-1723)

- Fyodor III (1661-1682)

- Feodosia (1662-1713)

- Siemon (1665-1669)

- Ivan V (1666-1696)

- Yevdokia (1669-1669)

Дата добавления: 2015-11-16