British Nobel Laureates

Science and scientific research in GB (in retrospective)

Edward Jenner – smallpox vaccination 1796

Sir Joseph Wilson Swan – light bulb in 1850

Vacuum cleaners – Hubert Cecil Booth 1903

The first practical Telephone 1876 – Alexander Graham Bell

The flush toilet 1596 – Sir John Harrington

British Nobel Laureates

Chadwick was born at Cheshire the 20th of October 1891. He went to Manchester High School, (England) and studied at the Universities of Manchester and Cambridge. In 1914 Chadwick went to work with Hans Geiger at the Technische Hochschule inBerlin (today the Technical University of Berlin). He also worked with Lord Rutherford. During the First World War Chadwick was interned in Germany as an enemy alien.

Chadwick’s discovery made it possible to create elements heavier than uranium in the laboratory. His discovery particularly inspired Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist and Nobel laureate, to discover nuclear reactions brought by slowed neutrons, and led Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist, to the discovery of nuclear fission, which triggered the development of an atomic bomb.

Sir Alexander Fleming (August 6, 1881 - March 11, 1955) was a Scottish biologist and pharmacologist. Fleming published many articles on bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy. His most well known achievements are the discovery of the enzyme lysozyme in 1922 and isolation of the antibiotic substance penicillin from the fungus Penicillium notatum in 1928, for which he shared a Nobel Prize with Florey and Chain.

The discovery of penicillin was ranked as the most important discovery of the millennium when the year 2000 was approaching by at least 3 large Swedish magazines. It is impossible to know how many lives have been saved by this discovery, but some of these magazines placed their estimate near 200 million lives.

British Linguistics and Philologists. The names I’m about to introduce might prove valuable as extra sources for your scientific research; most of the scholars are living persons, they all have their own home page, most have publications free for downloading.

Roy Harris is Emeritus Professor of General Linguistics in the University of Oxford and Honorary Fellow of St Edmund Hall. He has also held university teaching posts in Hong Kong, Boston and Paris and visiting fellowships at universities in South Africa and Australia, and at the Indian Institute of Advanced Study. His books on integrationism, theory of communication, semiology and the history of linguistic thought include 'The Language Myth', 'Rethinking Writing', 'Saussure and his Interpreters' and 'The Necessity of Artspeak'. The main focus of Harris's research has been the development of an integrational approach to signs and semiological systems, and hence to all human communication..

Professor Rodney Huddleston is a linguist and grammarian specializing in the study and description of English. Rodney Huddleston is the primary author of The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (ISBN 0521431468), which presents a comprehensive descriptive grammar of English. He is an Emeritus Professor of the University of Queensland, where he taught until 1997.

Professor Peter Trudgill born 1943 in Norwich, England, UK, is a sociolinguist, academic and author. Trudgill is a well-known authority on dialects, as well as being one of the first to apply Labovian sociolinguistic methodology in the UK, and to provide a framework for studying dialect contact phenomena.

Fairclough's line of study, also called textually oriented discourse analysis, to distinguish it from philosophical enquires not involving the use of linguistic methodology, is specially concerned with the mutual effects of formally linguistic textual properties, sociolinguistic speech genres, and formally sociological practices. He is thus interested in how social practices are discursively shaped, as well as the subsequent discursive effects of social practices.

Language and Power (1989; now in a revised second edition 2001) explored the imbrications between language and social institutional practices and of "wider" political and social structures. In the book Fairclough developed the concept of synthetic personalisation to account for the linguistic effects providing an appearance of direct concern and contact with the individual listener in mass-crafted discourse phenomena, such as advertising, marketing, and political or media discourse. This is seen as part of a larger-scale process of technologisation of discourse, which englobes the increasingly subtle technical developments in the field of communication that aim to bring under scientifically regulated practice semiotic fields that were formerly considered suprasegmental, such as patterns of intonation, the graphic layout of text in the page or proxemic data. His book New Labour, New Language? looks at the rhetoric used by the political party New Labour in the United Kingdom. Fairclough's theories have been influenced by Mikhail Bakhtin and Michael Halliday on the linguistic field, and ideology theorists.

Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday (born 1925) is a linguist who developed an internationally influential grammar model, the systemic functional grammar (which also goes by the name of systemic functional linguistics (SFL). In addition to English, the model has been applied to other languages, both Indo-European and non-Indo-European.

With his seminal lecture "New Ways of Meaning: the Challenge to Applied Linguistics" held at the AILA conference in Saloniki (1990), he became one of the pioneers of eco-critical discourse analysis (a discipline of ecolinguistics).

John Christopher Wells, Ph.D. (London) (born March 11, 1939), is a British phonetician and Esperanto teacher at University College London. He is best known for his book and cassette Accents of English, the book and CD The Sounds of the IPA (international phonetic alphabet), Lingvistikaj Aspektoj de Esperanto, and the Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Since 2003 he has been president of the International Phonetic Association. Wells is a member of the Akademio de Esperanto, and was president of the World Esperanto Association from 1989 to 1995.

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