Figure 3.2: Research Results of a Hypothetical Semantic Differential Scale

Observation Forms. Observation of subjects has been a longstanding means of gathering information. While this method works well for informal research or research involving only a single subject, it is not an easy task to generalize to the greater population. Scientific methods require that any observation be as standardized and objective as possible if generalization is to occur. Observation forms are often used to allow researchers to detail their observations on an agreed upon scale and observer ratings are often correlated to determine if all are measuring the same behaviors.

Human behavior is complex and measuring it merely by watching behaviors presents unique challenges. Imagine measuring violent behavior is a group of 3^rd graders during recess. What one observer sees as violent, pushing another child for example, a second researcher may view as aggressive but not violent. A third observer may miss the behavior all together due to other behaviors or some distracter on the playground. To increase validity and reliability, the following steps are recommended:

1. Operationally define behaviors to be observed as much as possible

2. Practice observations before the study to correlate results in order to make sure all observers are measuring the same behaviors

3. Use at least two observers per subject when possible in order to minimize missed behaviors or misinterpretations

4. Retrain observers frequently and correlate these training observations.

Q-Sort. The Q-Sort is a technique adopted originally into humanistic psychology as a means for a client to self-evaluate his current status and then decide on treatment goals. Since the instrument is completed and interpreted by the client without the opinion of the therapist, it allows the client to be in complete control of what issues are to be worked on. This follows the humanistic view that the client, not the therapist, is the one with the answers to the client’s problems.

The Q-Sort consists of a number of cards, often as many as 40 or 50, each consisting of a single trait, belief, or behavior. The goal is to sort these cards into one of five columns ranging from statements such as, ‘very much like me’ to ‘not at all like me.’ There are typically a specific number of cards allowed for each column, forcing the client to balance the cards evenly. The qualities in each column are then recorded and the results are used to assist the client in determining issues he or she wishes to work on in treatment. The Q-Sort can also be completed during and after treatment to assess changes and progress toward the self-determined goals.

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