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Your homework for 10/09/12

1. Look through the theory in Russian:

Can, could and be able to

A) Глагол сan употребляется, чтобы сказать, что нечто может произойти, или некто способен сделать нечто. Отрицательная форма - can't

или cannot.

- He can speak English. - Can you translate this book? - I can't visit you every day.

Be able to является возможной заменой can, но can более употребительно:

- I'm not able to visit you every day.

Так как can имеет только две формы: can (настоящее время-present) и could (прошедшее время-past), то для других времен необходимо

употребление be able to.

- He hasn't been able to work recently. (can has no Present Perfect)

- She might not be able to fly to London. (can has no infinitive)

(b) Could и was able to:

Иногда could употребляется как прошедшее время от can.

- Tom could play football very well. - She couldn't speak English.

Could (not ‘be able to’) используется со следующими глаголами: see, hear, smell, taste, feel, understand, remember:

- He spoke so quickly that I couldn't understand him at all.

- Though I was sitting in the last row, I could see the film well.

Could используется также, чтобы отметить возможность кого-либо сделать что-либо вообще (general ability):

- My mother could speak five languages.

Но если мы имеем в виду, что некто справляется с чем-либо в одной конкретной ситуации (one particular situation) надо употреблять was/were able to (не could):

- He didn't want to buy a new suit but at last we were able to persuade him.

Отрицательная форма couldn't допустима во всех случаях ((general ability + one particular situation):

- He couldn't play tennis. - We couldn't persuade him to buy a new suit.

2 Lean the theory in English:

MODAL VERBS

Modal verbs do not denote actions or states, but only show the attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the infinitive. Moadal verbs may show that the action is viewed by the speaker as possible, obligatory, doubtful, certain, permissible, advisable, requested, prohibited, ordered, etc.

There are 12 modal verbs in English. They are: can, may, must, should ought, shall, will, would, need, dare, to be, to have (to have got).

Ten of them (that is, all but to be and to have) are also called defective verbs as they lack some features of other verbs:

1) they do not take -s in the third person singular;

2) they have no verbals, so they have no analytical forms;

3) they have (except for can and may) only one form and no past tense;

4) they are followed (except for ought, be, have to) by a bare infinitive

5) they need no auxiliary to build up the interrogative and negative forms:

Can he speak English? He can’t speak German.

6) Modal verbs are followed only by the infinitive.

		ACTIVE	PASSIVE
Non-perfect	Indefinite/Common	take	be taken
Continuous	be taking	-
perfect	Indefinite/Common	have taken	have been taken
Continuous	having been taken	-

Modal verbs have 2 negative forms, full and contracted.

full form may not /might not must not would not should not need not

contracted form mightn’t mustn’t wouldn’t shouldn’t needn’t

Some of them have peculiarities both in spelling and pronunciation:

cannot shall not will not

Can’t [ka:nt] Shan’t [∫a:nt] Won’t [wount]

I Can + non –perfect infinitive

Forms

Modal verb
	present	past	future
can	can	could	-
	am
To be able to	is are	able to	Was Were	able to	Will be able to

Meanings

2. Physical and mental ability or capacity The notion of ability is also expressed by "to be able to". Can/couldare interchangeable with "to be able to"when it denotes mere capacity. But!!! a)When necessary to use the form the verb “can” doesn’t have(infinitive, participle, perfect…) we use “be able to” When the reference is to the future,the meaning of ability is expressed only by "to be able to". b) Only "to be able to"is used to express attainmentor achievement of something through some capacity. In this case was able tomeans "managed to"or "succeeded in". c)With the verbs of perception see, hear, smell, taste, feel …and some verbs of thinking understand, remember …we use can/couldfor particular situations. d)We use couldn’tfor both general ability and particular situations.

1. I canlift this box. (I am able to...).   He cansolve the most difficult < problems. (He is able to...). That man could/was able to cureall diseases.   I’d like to be able to do it; I’ve been able to drive since 18;     Soon he will be able to speakEnglish quite fluently.   The fire brigade was able (succeeded inputtingout, managed) to put outthe fire before it destroyed the other buildings. They didn't want to come with us at first but in the end we were able(managed) to persuadethem. We could see the man in the garden. (particular situation)   My grandmother couldn’t dance.(general ability) He tried hard, but he couldn’t swimback to the boat.

2. Possibility   a) possibility due to circumstances b) possibility due to the existing rules of laws c) possibility of the idea (the so-called "theoretical" possibility Ingeneral statements of possibility canhas roughly the same meaning as “sometimes”. 3. Permission 4. Prohibition It is found only with the negative form of the modal verb, as prohibition may be understood as the negation of permission - not to be allowed to... 5. Request Could suggests a greater degree of politeness. 6. Can + a verb of perception (to see, to hear, to smell, etc.) (in the present or in the past indefinite)

Anybody canmake a mistake. You canhardly blame him, for that. In old days a man couldbe sentenced to death for a small crime.   The railways canbe improved. (It is possible for the railways to be improved, as they are not perfect yet). The sea canbe rough. = The sea is sometimes rough. Can we go home? The teacher said we could go home. You can cross the street here. You can't touch the exhibits in a museum. (It is not allowed). Can I have some water?(to a friend, waiter) Could you do me a favour? I can see a bird in that tree.=я вижу птицу I looked up, but couldn’t see anything.

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II. Can + any infinitive

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