Pic. 2. A Sample IC-analysis diagram.

Those	tall	trees	framed	our	lovely	view	nicely

The version in Pic. 2 uses arrows to show how words and phrases are modified. Those, for example, modifies tall trees, and tall modifies trees. The vertical line between trees and framed divides the subject from the predicate, and the vertical between framed and our lovely view divides the verb from its object.

Working upward from the bottom, you can see how phrases contained within the sentence form its parts. The first vertical divides the entire subject, those tall trees, from the entire predicate, framed our lovely view nicely. Each of these, in turn, is divided into the parts that constitute it – parts considered to be its constituents. The subject, for instance, has two major constituents, those and tall trees. Tall trees have two constituents. The predicate is analysed first into two components framed our lovely view and nicely; then a verb is separated from its direct object, which can be divided into two components twice. The advantage of IC-analysis is that it allows to visualize a hierarchy of relations within a word group and layers of modification.

Phrase Structure Tree. The phrase structure tree diagrams(also called phrase markers), used in transformational generative grammar, show some relationships more clearly than through Reed-Kellogg diagramming or immediate constituency analysis boxes. This mode of analysis is very popular in analysing complex syntactic structures. Language’s syntax is decoded through the phrase-structure rules. The latter are used to break a natural language sentence down into its constituent parts – the noun phrase, verb phrase, prepositional phrase, etc. (also known as syntactic categories). Phrase structure rules were commonly used in transformational grammar and were adapted in computer science.

The basic rule in phrase structure analysis is the A → B C, meaning that the constituent A is separated into two subconstituents B and C. The most universal rules for natural English or Russian are:

S → NP VP

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