Nutrients, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, metabolism, researches, cytology, absorption.

Ex. 6. Read and translate the following text:

Cell biology (also called cellular biology or formerly cytology) comes from the Greek word kytos, which means "container". Cytology is an academic discipline that studies cells both on a microscopic and molecular level. It also studies physiological properties of cells, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death. Cell biology refers to single-celled organisms like bacteria and multicellular organisms like humans. Composition and functioning of cells are fundamental to all biological sciences. Similarities and differences between different cell types are particularly important to the fields of cellular and molecular biology. These similarities and differences allow scientists to make generalizations about other cell types. Research in cytology is closely related to genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology and developmental biology.

Ex. 7. Answer the following questions:

1. What do you know about cytology? What does it study?

2. What does the word “cytology” mean?

3. What are the synonyms to the word “cytology”?

4. Does cytology study humans?

5. Why is it important to know the composition and structure of cells?

6. What other disciplines is cytology connected with?

Ex. 8. Find and correct the mistakes in the following questions:

1. Is the word cytology come from the Greek word kytos ("container")?

2. What is cytology an academic discipline that studies cells?

3. Cytology studies physiological properties of cells, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death, aren’t they?

4. What cell biology refers to?

5. What are particularly important to the fields of cellular and molecular biology?

6. Research in cytology is closely related to molecular biology or to physics?

Ex. 9. Retell the text using the following scheme:

Ex. 10. Read and translate the following text:

Cells are capable to phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Phagocytosis (“cell eating”) is the cellular process of absorptionof solid particles through the cell membrane. During phagocytosis the cell can take in different bacteria, dead tissue cells, and small mineral particles. Phagocytosis is also involved in removal of pathogens and metabolic products from the cell. Pinocytosis ("cell-drinking") is a process of absorptionof liquids through the cell membrane. The cell takes in surrounding fluids, including all solutes present. Pinocytosis is similar to phagocytosis, the only difference is that during phagocytosis the cell actually absorbs whole food particles, which are later broken down by the enzymes inside the cell. During pinocytosis, on the other hand, the cell absorbs already dissolved/broken down food.

Ex. 11. Fill in the table:

Process	Meaning of the term	Definition	Substances for absorption	Differentiation
phagocytosis
pinocytosis

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