Will and would

While shall and should are treated as two different verbs in modern English, will and would are considered to be the forms of the same verb, its original meaning being that of volition.

The meanings of the verb will:

1. Will and would express habitual, recurrent actions in the present or in the past.

She will sit for hours under the old oak tree looking at the beautiful country round her.

There were week-ends when he would ride over to the farm.

2. refusal to perform an action.

He was wet through, but he wouldn’t change.

This meaning is found in negative sentences where will/would is followed by the simple infinitive.

3. Used with lifeless things these modal verbs are to show that a thing fails to perform its immediate function: My pen won’t write.

In this meaning will/would is found in negative sentences and is followed by the simple infinitive.

4. Used with the first person these verbs express will, intention,determination: I said I would do anything for him. We decided that we wouldn't go there.

This meaning is found in affirmative and negative sentences.

Set phrases:

Will not have (won’t have) + object + infinitive means “I’ll see to it that it does not happen.”

(Я не допущу, чтобы ….)

Would rather (‘d rather) and would sooner (‘d sooner) +infinitive mean “to prefer”

I’d rather do it myself. He’d sooner die than be a failure.

Would mind + gerund in interrogative and negative sentences means “to object”

Would you mind my staying here for a while? I wouldn’t mind you telling them about it.

Need

The verb need may be used either as a defective (modal) or as a regular verb.

1. Need as a defective verb has only one form which is in the Present tense. In indirect speech it remains unchanged. It is followed by the infinitive without the particle to. It is used in the negative and interrogative sentences in the meaning of necessity: You needn’t worry. You needn’t be afraid of me.

Need I repeat it?

In negative sentences after the negation may be found elsewhere in the sentence:

I don’t think we need give her any more attention.

I need hardly say that I agree with you.

In combination with the perfect infinitive need expresses an action which has been performed though it was unnecessary. It implies a waste of time or effort: You needn’t have come. (зря, незачем)

2. As a regular verb need can have all the necessary forms, including the verbals. It also expresses necessity. It is followed by the infinitive with the particle “ to ”, the interrogative and negative sentences are formed by means of the auxiliary verbs: He didn’t need to explain. Did you need to read all these books?

It should be noted that the use of the regular verb need is less common than that of the defective verb need. The regular verb need may be followed by a noun or a pronoun: He needs a new coat. Does he need my help? I don’t need anything.

Dare

1. Dare as a detective verb has two forms: the present and the past. It means “to have the courage or impertinence to do something ”. It ‘s use is very restricted. In present – day English it is mainly found in questions beginning with “how” and in negative sentences: How dare you say that! How dare she come here! He dared not look at her.

2. Dare as a regular verb has all the necessary forms including the verbals. It has the same meaning as the defective verb dare. Its use is also restricted. It is mainly found in negative sentences.

He does not dare to come here again.

She told me she had never dared to ask him about it.

No one dared to love in the house since.

Set phrases:

I dare say. (осмелюсь сказать,)

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