Text 1.19

Найдите в тексте следующие словосочетания и запишите их.

1. завести двигатель

военный инженер

паровой двигатель

великое достижение

запас пара

2. встретило большое сопротивление

дальнейшее развитие

законодательные акты

транспортное средство

отмена

3. вне закона

местная газета

губернатор

появиться на улицах

проводить в полицейский участок

возбудить уголовное дело

Part 2

2.1 Automobile

Automobiles are trackless self-propelled vehicles for land transportation of people, or goods, or for moving materials. There are three main types of automobiles. These are passenger cars, buses and lorries (trucks). The automobile consists of the follow­ing components: the engine, the framework, the mechanism that transmits the power to the wheels, the body.

Passenger cars are, as a rule, propelled by an internal com­bustion engine. They are distinguished by the horse-power of the engine, the number of cylinders on the engine, the type of the body, the type of transmission, wheelbase, weight and overall length.

In the mid-15th century there already were self-propelled vehicles powered by means of springs, clockworks, and the wind. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot of France built the first true automobile in 1769. The vehicle, which was designed as an artillery carriage, was a steam-powered tricycle capable of carrying 4 passengers for 20 minutes at 2.25 miles (3.6 km) per hour. In Britain, during the first half of the 19th century, steam-powered vehicles, although noisy, smelly and dangerous because of the possibility of boiler explosions were used on several routes for public transportation.

Despite the development of the 4-stroke gasoline-powered engine in 1876 by the German engineer Nikolaus August Otto, steam remained the most widespread form of automotive power until the beginning of the 20th century. Gasoline-powered engines eventually prevailed because they allowed vehicles to travel at higher speeds and for longer distances and were safer than steam-powered engines.

The pioneers of automobile manufacturing in Europe were Gottlieb Daimler and Carl Benz from Germany, who began, sepa­rately, to make cars in the 1880s. In the United States, Alexander and James Packard were among the first builders of automobiles. In 1908 Henry Ford revolutionized the manufacturing of automobiles with his assembly-line style of pro­duction and brought out the Model T, a car that was inexpensive, versatile, and easy to maintain. By the late 1920s the car was common in modern industrial nations.

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