> 3 > < > < 5 = B 0,? >: 0 A 0 < = 5 C A; K H 0;,: 0: > * 2 K A B C? 8; 0? 5 @ 5 4 = 0 @ > 4 > < = 0 C; 8 G = > <? 5 @ 5: @ 5 A B: 5. > A; 5 2 A B @ 5 G 8 0 2 8 4 > < 5 = - C @ 8 > = > <,: > B > @ K 9? > A 5 B 8; 8; C >: 8, 2 5 @ 1 C O A B > @ > = ^ = 8: > 5, > = 0 > B? @ 0 2 8; 0 A L 2 0; 5 A B 8 = C. 5 < C 6 > @ @ 8 A = 5 > E > B = >? A; 5 4 > 2 0; 7 0 = 5 9.
> @ @ 8 A 0 8 >; 4 C? @ 8 3; 0 A 8; 8? > 6 8 B L 2 < 0; 5 = L: > <: 8 1 C F 5 @ 0 2 8 O (5 3 > = 0 7 2 0 = 8 5 > 7 = 0 G 0 5 B ｫ > 6 L 8? @ > A B > @ K ｻ), 1; 0 3 > 4 0 @ O, = K < > 1 @ 0 7 > <, 3 @ 0 < < > D > = C 8: >;; 5: F 8 8?; 0 A B 8 = >: > @ @ 8 A 0. > 1 K A B @ >? @ 8 A? > A > 1 8; 0 A L:? 5 @ 2 >? @ > E > 4 G 5 A: > 9 6 8 7 = 8 2: 8 1 C F 5, C E 0 1 6 8 2 0; 0 7 0 A: > B > <, @ 0 1 > B 0; 0 2? >; 5, A B 8 @ 0; 0 1 5; L 5 8? 5:; 0 E; 5 1, B > 2 0 @ 8 I 8 > B < 5 B 8; 8 5 5 B @ C 4 >; N 1 8 5 8 8 = 8 F 8 0 B 8 2 = > A B L, 8 7 1 @ 0 2? @ 5 4 A B 0 2 8 B 5; 5 <: 8 1 C F 0 2 > A 5 > 1 I 5 9 D 5 4 5 @ 0 F 8 8 B @ C 4 0 8 A B 0 4 @ C? B 5. 0 6 5 2 B 5 E B @ C 4 = K E C A; > 2 8 O E A 5; L A: > 9 6 8 7 = 8 > = 0 2 K 4 5; O; 0 ｻ A 2 > 8 < 8 A? > A > 1 = > A B O < 8 @ C: > 2 > 4 8 B 5; O.
> @ @ 8 A 6 5 = 5 2 K B 5 @? 5; 6 8 7 = 8? 5 @ 2 >? @ > E > 4 F 0. ‑ = 8? 5 @ 5 5 E 0; 8) 3 > @ > 4 8 >: > = G 0 B 5; L = > > A 5; 8 2? K; L = > <: 2 0 @ B 0; 5 5 @ C A 0; 8 < 0. @ 5 >; 4 0 @ > 4 8; 0 4 2 C E 4 5 B 5 9 5 = 0 E 5 < 0 8! 0 @ C. E 6 8 7 = L 2 B 5 3 > 4 K ^? > A; > 2 0 < A 0 < > 9 >; 4 K, 1 K; 0 > B < 5 G 5 = 0 ｫ= 8 I 5 B > 9, B O 6 5; > 9 8 1 5 A? >: > 9 A B 2 > < ｻ.
5 @ > 4 8 B 5; 8? > A 5; 8; 8 A L 2 5 @ F; 8 5 = 0? > 1 5 @ 5 6 L 5, 8 > 4 F 5? > = @ 0 -? 2 8; > A L C G 0 A B 8 5 > B F 0 2 < 5 A B = > 9 A; C 6 1 5 1 5 7 >? 0 A = > A B 8 8 2 4 5 O B 5; L = A 8 A B 0 4 @ C B 0. >; 4 0 1 K A B @ > 4 5; 0; 0: 0 @ L 5 @ C 2? @ > D A > N 7 = > 9 D 5 4 5 @ 2 1928 3. > = 0 A B 0; 0 A 5: @ 5 B 0 @ 5 < 5 5 A > 2 5 B 0, 0 2 1934 3. G; 5 = > < 5 5 8 A? >; = 8 B 5; L = > 3 >: > < 8 B 5 B 0. ‑ 4 = 0: > ^5? >; 8 B 8 G 5 A: 0 O 4 5 O B 5; L = > A B L > B 4 0?
; O; 0 5 5 > B A 5 < L 8 8? > 4 @ K 2 0; 0 5 5 1 @ 0:. ‑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
# G 0 A B 2 C O 2: > = D 5 @ 5 = F 8 8? > 5 2 @ 5 9 A: 8 < 1 5 6 5 = F 0 < 2 > $ @ 0 = F 8 8 2 1938 3., >; 4 0 8 7? 5 @ 2 K E @ C: C 7 = 0; 0 > B > <, G B >? @ 0 2 8 B 5; L A B 2 5 = = K 5 G 8 = > 2 = 8: 8 2 @ >? K = 5 7 0 8 = B 5 @ 5 A > 2 0 = K 2? @ 5 4 > A B 0 2; 5 = 8 8 C 1 5 6 8 I 0 6 5 @ B 2 0 < = 0 F 8 A B A: > 3 >? @ 5 A; 5 4 > 2 0 = 8 O. > 2 @ 5 < O @ 0 7 2 O 7 0 = = > 9 2 A: > @ 5 2 > 9 = K >; 4 0 > @ 3 0 = 8 7 > 2 0; 0 A >? @ > B 8 2; 5 = 8 5 1 @ 8 B 0 = A: > 9: >; > = 8 0; L = > 9 B 8 @ 0 = 8 8. 1939 3. 5; 8: > 1 @ 8 B 0 = 8 O? @ 8 > A B 0 = > 2 8; 0 5 2 @ 5 9 A: C N 8 < < 8 3 @ 0 F 8 N 2 0; 5 A B 8 = C 8 7 >? 0 A 5 = 8 O, G B >? @ 8 B >: 1 5 6 5 = F 5 2? > 1 C 4 8 B 0 @ 0 1 > 2? > 4 4 5 @ 6 0 B L 8 B; 5 @ 0 (= 5: > B > @ K 5 8 7 = 8 E B 0: 8? > A B C? 0; 8, 2 B > < G 8 A; 5 < C D B 8 9 5 @ C A 0; 8 < 0).! 8 > = 8 A B A: 8 5 @ C: > 2 > 4 8 B 5; 8 A C < 5; 8 = 5; 5 3 0; L = > 2 2 5 7 B 8 = 5 1 >; L H C N 3 @ C?? C 1 5 6 5 = F 5 2. ‑ 4 = 0: > 1 @ 8 B 0 = A: 8 5 > 3 @ 0 = 8 G 5 = 8 O? @ 8 2 5; 8: 3 8 1 5; 8 < = > 6 5 A B 2 0 5 2 @ 5 5 2 > B @ C: = 0 F 8 A B > 2 2 B > 2 @ 5 < O,: 0: A 8 > = 8 A B K 2 @ > 4 5 >; 4 K < > 3; 8 A? 0 A B 8 < = > 3 8 5 6 8 7 = 8.
5 7 @ 0 7; 8 G 8 5 1 @ 8 B 0 = A: 8 E 2; 0 A B 5 9 C: @ 5? 8; > 4 C E A 8 > = 8 A B > 2,? > 4 3 > B > 2 8 2 8 E: 2 5; 8 G 0 9 H 8 <? > A; 5 2 > 5 = = K < 8 A? K B 0 = 8 O <. 1946 3. < = > 3 8 5 A 8 > = 8 A B A: 8 5; 8 4 5 @ 0 1 K; 8 0 @ 5 A B > 2 0 = K 7 0 A 2 > N B 0 9 = C N? >; 8 B 8 G 5 A: C N 4 5 O B 5; L = > A B L. @ 8 B 0 = A: 8 5 2; 0 A B 8 2 A 5 6 5 > A B 0 2 8; 8 2? >: > 5 ｫB C 6 5 = I 8 = C ｻ > 4 4 C. A: > @ 5 > = 0 A B 0 = > 2 8 B A O @ C: > 2 > 4 8 B 5; 5 < >?? > 7 8 F 8 8, A > 7 4 0 5 B 2 A B @ 0 = 5 A 5 B L? > 4? >; L = K E 2 > 5 = 8 7 8 @ > 2 0 = = K E? > 4 @ 0 7 4 5; 5 = 8 9 8? K B 0 5 B A O 2 5 A B 8? 5 @ 5 3 > 2 > @ K ^ 1 @ 8 B 0 = F 0 < 8.
> 3 4 0 ‑ ‑ @ 5: > < 5 = 4 C 5 B @ 0 7 4 5; 0; 5 A B 8 = K 8 A > 7 4 0 = 8 5 5 2 @ 5 9 A: > 3 > 3 > A C 4 0 @ A B 2 0, >; 4 0 >: 0 7 0; 0 A L? > 4 @ C: > 9 4; O B @ C 4 = K E? 5 @ 5 3 > 2 > @ > 2 A: > @ >; 5 < " @ 0 = A 8 > @ 4 0 = 8 8 8? > 4? 8 A 0 = 8 O 5:; 0 @ 0 F 8 8 > = 5 7 0 2 8 A 8 < > A B 8 7 @ 0 8; O. > 3 4 0 2 > 7 = 8:; 0 C 3 @ > 7 0 0 @ 0 1 A: > 3 > 2 B > @ 6 5 = 8 O 2 7 @ 0 8; L, 8 < 5 = = > >; 4 0 > B? @ 0 2 8; 0 A L 2 < 5 @ 8: C 4; O A 1 > @ 0 A @ 5 4 A B 2 4; O 7 0: C?: 8 > @ C 6 8 O. 5 2 5; 8: >; 5? = > 5 2 K A B C?; 5 = 8 5? 5 @ 5 4 5 2 @ 5 9 A: > 9 > 1 I 8 = > 9 2 ' 8: 0 3 >? > 1 C 4 8; > 0 < 5 @ 8: 0 = A: 8 E 5 2 @ 5 5 2? @ 8; > 6 8 B L > 3 @ > < = K 5 C A 8; 8 O? > A 1 > @ C A @ 5 4 A B 2 4; O < >; > 4 > 3 > 3 > A C 4 0 @ A B 2 0. > < > 9 >; 4 0 2 5 @ = C; 0 A L A? O B L N 4 5 A O B L N < 8;; 8 > = 0 < 8 4 >;; 0 @ > 2. > 7 6 5 5 = - C -@ 8 > = A: 0 6 5 B: ｫ > 4 8 =? @ 5: @ 0 A = K 9 4 5 = L,: > 3 4 0 1 C 4 5 B = 0? 8 A 0 = 0 8 A B > @ 8 O, 2 = 5 9 1 C 4 5 B C: 0 7 0 = >, G B > > 4 = 0 5 2 @ 5 9: 0 4 > A B 0; 0 4 5 = L 3 8, > 1 5 A? 5 G 8 2 H 8 5 A C I 5 A B 2 > 2 0 = 8 5 = 0 H 5 3 > 3 > A C 4 0 @ A B 2 0 ｻ.
> A; 5: @ 0 B: > 3 >? @ 5 1 K 2 0 = 8 O 2 > A: 2 5 2: 0 G 5 A B 2 5? 5 @ 2 > 3 > 8 7 @ 0 8; L A: > 3 >? > A; 0 2! > 2 5 B A: > <! > N 7 5 (1 5 6 5 =: 0 8 7 > A A 8 8 2 5 @ = C; 0 A L ｫ4 > < > 9 ｻ: 0:? @ 5 4 A B 0 2 8 B 5; L = 8 F 0 5 2 @ 5 9 A: > 3 > 3 > A C 4 0 @ A B 2 0) >; 4 0 1 K; 0 8 7 1 @ 0 = 0 2 8 7 @ 0 8; L A: 8 9? 0 @; 0 < 5 = B?3: = 5 A A 5 B, 2: > B > @ > <? @ > @ 0 1 > B 0 -
100 % !
‑
; 0 A 1949? > 1974 3 3. @ > < 5 B > 3 >, 2 1949 1956 3 3. = 0? > A B C < 8 = 8 A B @ 0 B @ C 4 0 >; 4 0 8 A? >; L 7 > 2 0; 0 A 2 > 9 >? K B @ 0 1 > B K 2 8 A B 0 4 @ C B 5 C? @ 0 2; 5 = 8 O A B @ 0 = > 9 2 > 2 @ 5 < 5 = 0: 0 @ B > G = > 9 A 8 A B 5 < K 8 4 @ C 3 8 E M: > = > < 8 G 5 A: 8 E B O 3 > B. ‑ = 0? > < > 3; 0 @ 0 7 2 8 B 8 N 6 8; > 3 > A B @ > 8 B 5; L A B 2 0 4; O 8 < -| < 8 3 @ 0 = B > 2, N B 8 2 H 8 E A O 2? 0; 0 B: 0 E, 1 > @ >; 0 A L A 1 5 A? @ 0 2 8 5 < 6 5 = I 8 = *| 2 C? @ 0 2; O 2 H 8 E A O < C 6 G 8 = 0 < 8 A @ 5 4 8 7 5 < = > < > @ A: 8 E A B @ 0 = 0 E 8 2 = 5 4 @ 8; 0 A > F 8 0; L = K 5? @ > 3 @ 0 < < K 4; O? @ 5 A B 0 @ 5; K E, = 5 8 < C I 8 E, = 5 < > I = K E 1 5 7 @ 0 1 > B = K E.
A 5 @ 5 4 8 = 5 1950-E 3 3.? > B @ 5 1 > 2 0 = 8 N 5 = - C @ 8 > = 0 > = 0 8 7 < 5 = 8 ^; 0 A 2 > N D 0 < 8; 8 N = 0 1 >; 5 5 1; 0 3 > 7 2 C G = C N A 5 2 @ 5 9 A: > 9 B > G: 8 7 @ 5 = 8 O - 5 8 @. ‑ = 0 = 5 > G 5 = L -B > > 3; O 4 K 2 0; 0 A L = 0 A 2 > N? @ > H; C N 6 8 7 = L > A A 8 8 (@ 0 7 2 5 G B > A 3 > @ 5 G L N) 8 2! ((2 A 5 3 4 0 A 1; 0 3 > 4 0 @ = > A B L N).^ 7 @ 0 8; L A B 0; 5 5 @ > 4 8 = > 9 A? 5 @ 2 K E 6 5 4 = 5 O _6 8 7 = 8 2: 8 1 C F 5.
> 2 @ 5 < O! 8 = 0 9 A: > 9: 0 <? 0 = 8 8 1956 3. > = 0 1 K; 0 = 0 7 = 0 G 5 = 0 < 8 -1 = 8 A B @ > < 8 = > A B @ 0 = = K E 4 5;. 0 I 8 B 0 5 N 7 @ 0 8; O 2 ‑ ‑ 2 > 2 @ 5 < O: @ 8 -; 7 8 A 0? >; C G 8; 0 H 8 @ >: > 5 > A 2 5 I 5 = 8 5 2? @ 5 A A 5? > 2 A 5 < C A 2 5 B C. B > B ] 6 5? 5 @ 8 > 4 > = 0 @ 0 7 @ 0 1 > B 0; 0? @ > 3 @ 0 < < K B 5 E = 8 G 5 A: > 3 > 8 M: > = > < 8 G 5 A -!: > 3 > A > 4 5 9 A B 2 8 O @ 0 7 2 8 2 0 N I 8 < A O A B @ 0 = 0 < D @ 8: 8.
1966 3. > = 0 C H; 0 8 7? @ 0 2 8 B 5; L A B 2 0, G B > 1 K? > A 2 O B 8 B L A 5 1 O 2 = C: 0 <. 9 1 K; >? > G B 8 A 5 < L 4 5 A O B; 5 B, 8 > = 0 C A B 0; 0 > B 3 > A C 4 0 @ A B 2 5 = = > 9 ] A; C 6 1 K 8? >; 8 B 8: 8. : > = F 5 1960-E 3 3. > = 0 > A B 0 2 0; 0 A L = 0 2 8 4 C, C 1 5 6 4 0 O 5 2 @ 5 9 A: 8 5 > 1 I 8 = K < 5 @ 8: 8 >: 0 7 0 B L? > 4 4 5 @ 6: C 7 @ 0 8; N 8: 0 7 K 2 0 O 5 3 >? @ 8 2 5 @ 6 5 = = > A B L < 8 @ C, 0 = 5 2 > 9 = 5. 3 8? 5 B A: 8 9; 8 4 5 @ C 0 A 5 @ = 5 2 = O; 5 5? @ 8 7 K 2 0 <: < 8 @ C, 8 2 1967 3. @ 0 7 @ 0 7 8; 0 A L (5 A B 8 -* 4 = 5 2 = 0 O 2 > 9 = 0. > 4 M = 5 @ 3 8 G = K <: > < 0 = 4 > 2 0 = 8 5 < > H 5 0 O = 0 8 7 @ 0 -1 8; L A: 8 5 2 > 9 A: 0 = 0 = 5 A; 8? > @ 0 6 5 = 8 5 0 @ 0 1 0 <, 5 @ C A 0; 8 < 1 K; > 1 J 5 4 8 = 5 =? > 4 8 7 @ 0 8; L A: 8 <? @ 0 2; 5 = 8 5 <, 8 1 K; 8 C: @ 5?; 5 = K 8 7 @ 0 8; L A: 8 5 |? > 7 8 F 8 8 = 0! 8 = 0 9 A: > <? >; C > A B @ > 2 5, 2 A 5: B > @ 5 0 7 0 8 = 0 >; 0 = A: 8 E | 2 K A > B 0 E.
> A; 5 2 = 5 7 0? = > 9 A < 5 @ B 8 < C 4 @ > 3 > - H: >; 0 2 1969 3.? @ 0 2 O I 0 O -! 0 @ B 8 O B @ C 4 0 (2 > 4 0) > 1 @ 0 B 8; 0 A L: A 2 > 5 < C 3 5 = 5 @ 0; L = > < C A 5: @ 5 B 0 @ N I >; 4 5. # A B 0 2 H 0 O > B @ 0 1 > B K 2? @ 0 2 8 B 5; L A B 2 5 8 C 6 5 1 >; L = 0 O; 5 9: 5 < 8 -| 5 9, > B: > B > @ > 9 > = 0 C < @ 5 B G 5 @ 5 7 4 5 2 O B L; 5 B, >; 4 0 A B 0; 0? 5 @ 2 > 9 6 5 = -| I 8 = > 9 ? @ 5 < L 5 @ -< 8 = 8 A B @ > < 7 @ 0 8; O.
> 4 K, > A B 0 2 0 2 H 8 5 A O 4 > > G 5 @ 5 4 = > 9 0 @ 0 1 A: > -8 7 @ 0 8; L A: > 9 2 > 9 = L 1973 3., 1 K; 8 8 A? >; L 7 > 2 0 = K 4; O C 2 5; 8 G 5 = 8 O 0 @ < 8 8 8? 5 @ 5 2 > > @ C 6 5 ^& = 8 O 5 5 1 >; 5 5 A > 2 @ 5 < 5 = = K < > @ C 6 8 5 <, 0 B 0: 6 5 4; O? > A B > O = = K E? > 8 A: > 2? C B 5 9 C A B 0 = > 2; 5 = 8 O 1 >; 5 5 4; 8 B 5; L = > 3 > < 8 @ 0. 5 B > < 1973 3. @ 0 7 -| 2 5 4: 0 4 > = > A 8; 0 > = 0 @ 0 I 8 2 0 = 8 8 0 @ 0 1 A: 8 E 2 > 9 A: = 0 3 @ 0 = 8 F 0 E 8 > B 7 K 2 5 A > 2 5 B A: 8 E A > 2 5 B = 8: > 2 8 7! 8 @ 8 8. >; 4 0 A > 1 8 @ 0; 0 A L? @ 8 2 5 A B 8 0 @ < 8 N 2 1 > 5 2 C N 3 > B > 2 = > A B L, = > = 5 A 4 5; 0; 0 M B > 3 >? > = 0 A B > O = 8 N A 2 > -
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
> 3 4 0 @ 0: > B = O; 5 5 6 8 7 = L 2 1978 3., < 8 @? > < 8 = 0; >; 4 C 5 8 @: 0: 7 0 I 8 B = 8 F C A 2 > 5 3 > = 0 @ > 4 0 8 > 1 @ 0 7 5 F 4; O 6 5 = I 8 = 8 < C 6 G 8 =? > 2 A 5 < 5 A B = >. 0 @ > 4? @ 8 7 K 2 0; 5 5: @ C: > 2 > 4 A B 2 C 2 B @ C 4 = K 5 2 @ 5 < 5 = 0.! = 0 G 0; 0 2: 0 G 5 A B 2 5? 5 @ 2 >? @ > E > 4 F 0, 7 0 B 5 < 2: 0 G 5 A B 2 5 1 > @ F 0 7 0 A > F 8 0; L = C N A? @ 0 2 5 4; 8 2 > A B L > = 0 >; 8 F 5 B 2 > @ O; 0; C G H 8 5: 0 G 5 A B 2 0 5 2 @ 5 5 2. > 4 > 1 = > 1 8 1; 5 9 A: > 9? @ > @ > G 8 F 5 5 1 > @ 5, >; 4 0? >: 0 7 0; 0 2 A 5 < 6 5 = I 8 = 0 <? @ 8 < 5 @,: 0: 2 5 A B 8 0 @ < 8 N A 8; L = K E 1 > 9 F > 2 = 0 7 0 I 8 B C @ > 4 8 = K, = 8: > 3 4 0 = 5 7 0 1 K 2 0 O > A > 1 A B 2 5 = = > 9 G 5; > 2 5 G = > A B 8 8 2 A 5 3 4 0 C: 0 7 K 2 0 O? C B L: 4; 8 B 5; L = > < C A? >: > 9 A B 2 8 N.
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(1720-1797)
-; 8 O 3 C 1 5 =! >; > < > = 0; L < 0 =, 8 7 2 5 A B = K 9: 0: 8; 5 = A: 8 9 0 > = ^ (8; 8 5 = 8 9 8 7 8; L = > *), 1 K;, 2 = 5 A > < = 5 = 8 O, 2 5; 8 G 0 9 H 8 < < K A; 8 B 5 -1; 5 < 2 4 >; 3 > 9 8 A B > @ 8 8 5 2 @ 5 9 A: 8 E < C 4 @ 5 F > 2. 0 2 2 8 = A: 8 5 C G 5 = K 5 = 0 -| H 8 E 4 = 5 9 A @ 0 2 = 8 2 0 N B 5 3 > < K A; 8 B 5; L = K 5 A? > A > 1 = > A B 8 A >? 5 @ 0 B 8 2 = > 9 |? 0 < O B L N A > 2 @ 5 < 5 = = K E: > <? L N B 5 @ > 2.
5 A > < = 5 = = > 5 3 > 2; 8 O = 8 5 = 0 @ 0 7 2 8 B 8 5 5 2 @ 5 9 A: > 9 D 8; > A > D A: > 9 8 ' @ 5; 8 3 8 > 7 = > 9 < K A; 8, = > = 8 G B > 6 = > 5 3 > 2 > 7 4 5 9 A B 2 8 5 = 0 = 5 5 2 @ 5 9 A: 8 9 | < 8 @. > G 5 < C B > 3 4 0 4 C E > 2 = > 5; 8 F @ 8 7 7 0? 5 @ B > 3 > 3 5 B B > 2:; N G 5 = > A? 8 A >: A 0 < K E 2; 8 O B 5; L = K E 5 2 @ 5 5 2 2 < 8 @ > 2 > 9 8 A B > @ 8 8? 8; L = N A A: 8 9 ]! < C 4 @ 5 F ? > A; 5 4 = 8 9 8 7 2 5; 8: 8 E @ 0 2 2 8 = > 2 B 0: = 0 7 K 2 0 5 < > 3 > 3 5 @ > 8 -| G 5 A: > 3 > 2 5: 0. < 5 A B 5 A > A 2 > 8 < 8 A > 2 @ 5 < 5 = = 8: 0 < 8 A 2 5 B A: 8 < D 8; > -1 A > D > < = 5 < 5 F: > 3 > @ > A 2 5 I 5 = 8 O > 7 5 A > < 5 = 4 5; L A > = > < 8 > A = > 2 0 -1 B 5; 5 < M: A B 0 B 8 G 5 A: > 3 > E 0 A 8 4 8 7 < 0 A @ 0 M; 5 < 0 0; > < (5 < " > 2 > < 8 ~>; 5 = A: 8 9 0 > =? @ 5 4 A B 0 2; O 5 B B @ 5 B L 5 = 0? @ 0 2; 5 = 8 5 @ 0 7 2 8 B 8 O 8 C 4 0 8 7 < 0! B > 9 M? > E 8,: C; L < 8 = 0 F 8 > = = K 9? C =: B @ 0 2 2 8 = A: > 3 > 8 7 C G 5 = 8 O " > @ K 8 5 5 4 > 3 <. - B 8 B @ 8 2 5; 8: 8 E < K A; 8 B 5; O A D > @ < 8 @ > 2 0; 8 A > 2 @ 5 < 5 = = K 9 8 C 4 0 8 7 < = 0 @ 0 A A 2 5 B 5 8 = 4 C A B @ 8 0; L = > 9 M @ K 8 A 4 5; 0; 8 M B C @ 5; 8 3 8 N B 0: > 9,: 0: > 9 > = 0 O 2; O 5 B A O A 5 3 > 4 = O.
‑ = 1 K; > 4 = 8 < 8 7 = 5 > 1 K: = > 2 5 = = > > 4 0 @ 5 = = K E; N 4 5 9 2 5 2 @ 5 9 A: > 9! 8 A B > @ 8 8. 0: 8 7 2 5 A B = >, > = = 0 G 0;.C 2; 5 G 5 = = > 8 7 C G 0 B L " 0; < C 4 : > < -! < 5 = B 0 @ 8 8: 7 0: > = C > 8 A 5 5 2 C 2 H 5 A B L; 5 B 8 3 > 4 > <? > 7 6 5 C 6 5 2 K A B C -1? 0; A; 5: F 8 O < 8? >? @ 0 2 > 2 K < 8 = @ 0 2 A B 2 5 = = K <? >; > 6 5 = 8 O < 2 3; 0 2 B | = > 9 A 8 = 0 3 > 3 5 8; L = >. 2 > A 5 < = 0 4 F 0 B L; 5 B > = 6 5 = 8; A O = 0 1 > 3 0 B > 9 6 5 = I 8 = 5, @ > 4 8 2 H 5 9 5 < C B @ 5 E A K = > 2 8 > 1 5 A? 5 G 8 2 H 5 9 5 < C C N B, G B > -?| 1 K > = < > 3 = 5 7 0 @ 0 1 0 B K 2 0 B L A 5 1 5 = 0? @ >? 8 B 0 = 8 5, 0 B >; L: > 8 7 C G 0 B " 0; < C 4? > 2 > A 5 < = 0 4 F 0 B L G 0 A > 2 2 A C B: 8 4 5 = L 7 0 4 = 5 < 8 3 > 4 7 0 3 > 4 >: 2?; > B L 4 > A 2 > 5 9 A < 5 @ B 8 = 0 A 5 < L 4 5 A O B 2 > A L < > < 3 > 4 C. ‑ = = 8: > 3 4 0 = 5 7 0 = 8 < 0; = 8: 0: 8 E > D 8 F 8 0; L = K E? > A B > 2. M B > < = 5 1 K; > = C 6 4 K, 8 > *
* 8; L = > = K = 5 8; L = N A, A B >; 8 8 / 8 B 2 K. ( @ 8 <. @ 5 4.).
B >; L: > 8 7 C G 0;,? 8 A 0; 8? @ > 2 > 7 3; 0 H 0;. ‑ = A B 0; 1 5 A A? > @ = K <; 8 4 5 @ > < 2 > A B > G = > 5 2 @ >? 5 9 A: 8 E B @ 0 4 8 F 8 > = = K E 8 C 4 5 5 2.
- B > B 0 A: 5 B 8 G 5 A: 8 9 3 5 = 8 9,? > 4 > 1 = > 0 9 < > = 8 4 C, 2 K A >: > A B 0 2 8; C G 5 = > A B L 2 @ 0 A H 8 @ 5 = 8 8? > = 8 < 0 = 8 O G 5; > 2 5: > < 8 C 4 5 9 A: > 3 > 7 0: > = 0. ‑ =? @ 8 7 K 2 0; C G 5 = 8: > 2 8 7 C G 0 B L? 5 @ 5 2 > 4 K = 0 8 2 @ 8 B = 0 C G = K E 8 < 0 B 5 < 0 B 8 G 5 A: 8 E @ 0 1 > B. - B > 1 K; @ 5 2 >; N F 8 > = = K 9? > 2 > @ > B,: > B > @ K 9? @ 8 2 5; 8 7 C G 5 = 8 5 " 0; < C 4 0 2 A > > B 2 5 B A B 2 8 5 A > A = > 2 = > 9 B 5 = 4 5 = F 8 5 9 > 1 I 5 A B 2 0. ‑ 4 = 0: > > = = 0 A B 0 8 2 0; = 0 B > <, G B > B 0: > 5 8 7 C G 5 = 8 5 4 >; 6 = > 2 A 5 3 4 0 A B > O B L = 0 A; C 6 1 5 7 0: > = 0 8 = 8: > 3 4 0 = 5? @ > B 8 2 > @ 5 G 8 B L 5 < C.
‑ =? 5 @ 5 A < > B @ 5; 8 C 4 5 9 A: 8 9 < >; 8 B 2 5 = = 8:, > B 1 @ > A 8 2 B K A O G 5; 5 B = N N? > M 7 8 N 8 2 = 5 4 @ 8 2? 5 = 8 5 2 1 > 3 > A; C 6 5 = 8 5. = > 3 > 5 8 7 < C 7 K: 8 0 H: 5 -= 0 7 8,: > B > @ C N = 0 1 > 6 = K 5 5 2 @ 5 8 7 = 0 N B A 5 3 > 4 = O, 2 > A E > 4 8 B: > 2 @ 5 < 5 = 8 8; L = N A A: > 3 > < C 4 @ 5 F 0.
> G 5 < C M B > B 3 5 = 8 9 B @ 5 1 > 2 0; > B A 5 1 O A B >; L A: @ C? C; 5 7 = K E 8 4; 8 B 5; L = K E? > 2 A 5 4 = 5 2 = K E 7 0 = O B 8 9? > 2 > @ 8; 8 B 0:: 5 A; 8 1 K 0 > = = 5 7 0 = 8 < 0; A O 2 > A 5 < = 0 4 F 0 B L G 0 A > 2 2 4 5 = L, B > 3 4 0 > A B 0; L = K 5 @ 0 2 2 8 = K? > 2 A 5 9 2 @ >? 5 7 0 = 8 < 0; 8 A L 1 K 5 I 5 < 5 = L H 5 8 7 0 1 K; 8 1 K, G B >? @ > 8 A E > 4 8 B A 0 A A 8 < 8; 8 @ > 2 0 = = K < 5 2 @ 5 5 <!
3 > = 0 1 > 6 = > A B L @ 0 2 = O; 0 A L 6 5 A B: > 9 8 E >; > 4 = > 9; > 3 8: 5 8 1 5 A? > 4 > 1 = > < C 7 = 0 = 8 N? >? 0 < O B 8! 2 O I 5 = = > 3 > 8 A 0 = 8 O 8: > < < 5 = B 0 @ 8 5 2: = 5 < C. ‑ = = 8: > 3 4 0 = 5 1 > O; A O C: 0 7 K 2 0 B L = 0 = 5 A > > B 2 5 B A B 2 8 O 2 " 0; < C 4 5 8? @ 5 4; 0 3 0; A > 1 A B 2 5 = = K 5 @ 0 F 8 > = 0; L = K 5 @ 5 H 5 = 8 O. 3 > 0 = 0; 8 B 8 G 5 A: 8 9 < 5 B > 4? @ 5 4 2 > A E 8 B 8;, = 0 4 2 0 A B >; 5 B 8 O A > 2 @ 5 < 5 = = K 9 0: 0 4 5 < 8 G 5 A: 8 9? > 4 E > 4:? > = 8 < 0 = 8 N 7 0: > = 0 > 8 A 5 5 2 0.
‑ =? > G B 8 = 5 A? 0;. > @ 0 A A: 0 7 0 < 5 3 > A K = > 2, > = > 1 E > 4 8; A O 4 2 C E G 0 A > 2 K < A = > < 2 4 5 = L. ' 0 A B > C 4 @ 5 F 4 5 @ 6 0; = > 3 8 2 E >; > 4 = > 9 2 > 4 5, G B > 1 K = 5 7 0 A = C B L 2 > 2 @ 5 < O = 0 C G = K E 7 0 = O B 8 9.
> 3 4 0 5 < C A B 0; > 8 7 2 5 A B = > >? > G B 8 D 0 = 0 B 8 G 5 A: > < M = B C 7 8 0 7 < 5 E 0 A 8 4 > 2 8 > 1 8 E B @ 0 4 8 F 8 > = 5-= K E 1 @ > 4 O G 8 E C G 8 B 5; O E,? @ 8 E > 4 8 2 H 8 E 2 M: A B 0 7 > B < >; 8 B 2 K, > =? @ 8 7 2 0;: 8 E? @ 5 A; 5 4 > 2 0 = 8 N. C 4 @ 5 F A G 8 B 0;, G B > 0: F 5 = B E 0 A 8 4 > 2 = 0? K;: > 9 < >; 8 B 2 5, A? > -
100 %
G B 8 1 5 7 C < = > 9 A B @ 0 A B L N? @ 5 4 A B 0 2; O; C 3 @ > 7 C B @ 0 4 8 F 8 > = = > < C 8 7 C G 5 = 8 N ^ 7 0: > = 0 > 8 A 5 5 2 0. 2 8 6 5 = 8 5 E 0 A 8 4 > 2, > 4 = 0: >, = 0 A B 0 2; O; > > 1 K G = > 3 >! G 5; > 2 5: 0 = 0? C B L 8 A B 8 = = K 9 B 0: 8 < A? > A > 1 > <, A: > B > @ K < > B H 5; L = 8:,:: 0: > 2 K < 1 K; 8; L = N A A: 8 9 < C 4 @ 5 F, = 5 < > 3 8 = 5 6 5; 0; < 8 @ 8 B L A O. ‑ =? > 4 3 > B > 2 8; 4 >: C < 5 = B K = 0 > B; C G 5 = 8 5, = 0 A B 0 8 2 0 O = 0 B > <, G B >? @ 0 2 > -, 2 5 @ = K < 5 2 @ 5 O < = 5 3 > 4 8 B A O 8 < 5 B L G B > -; 8 1 > > 1 I 5 5 A E 0 A 8 4 8 7 < > <.
- B > B @ 0 A: >; 2 @ 5; 8 3 8 > 7 = > 9 < K A; 8 1 K;? @ 5 > 4 >; 5 = B >; L: >? > A; 5 '" 5 3 > A < 5 @ B 8 (A > 3; 0 A = > E > @ > H > 8 7 2 5 A B = > 9; 5 3 5 = 4 5, E 0 A 8 4 K?; O A 0; 8 = 0 1! 5 3 > < > 3 8; 5),: > 3 4 0 = 0 4? @ 0 2 > 2 5 @ = K < 8 C 4 0 8 7 < > < = 0 2 8 A; 0 C 3 @ > 7 0 5 2 - ', @ 5 9 A: > 3 > @ > A 2 5 I 5 = 8 O.
! ‑
(1859-1941)
‑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
5 @ 3 A > = = 5 > 1 @ 0 I 0; 2 = 8 < 0 = 8 O = 0 M B C: @ 8 B 8: C,? > A: >; L: C A G 8 B 0;, G B > 2 K @ 0 6 5 = 8 5 5 3 > 8 4 5 9 B @ 5 1 > 2 0; > = > 2 > 3 >? > 4 E > 4 0. 5 3 > 4 8; > A L < 5 E 0 = 8 A B 8 G 5 A -1: > 5 8; 8 < 0 B 5 @ 8 0; 8 A B 8 G 5 A: > 5 < 8 @ > 2 > 7 7 @ 5 = 8 5. @ 5 < O, = 0? @ 8 < 5 @, O 2; O 5 B A O = 5 B >; L: > = 0 C G = K <? > = O B 8 5 <,: > B > @ > 5 < > 6 5 B 1 K B L 8 7 < 5 @ 5 = >,: 0:? 5 A >: 2? 5 -
100 % !
! ‑
A > G = K E G 0 A 0 E. " 5 > @ 8 8 5 A B 5 A B 2 5 = = K E = 0 C: = 5 < > 3; 8 > 1 J O A = 8 B L,; N 4 8 = 5? > A @ 5 4 A B 2 5 = = > G C 2 A B 2 C N B 2 @ 5 < O. ‑ B < 5 @ O 5 < K 5 G 0 A 0 < 8 A B 0 = -1 4 0 @ B = K 5 5 4 8 = 8 F K 2 @ 5 < 5 = 8? @ 5: @ 0 A = K 4; O 2 K @ 0 6 5 = 8 O A 5: C = 4, < 8 -| = C B, G 0 A > 2 8; 5 B. = > 3 > 5 8 7 B > 3 >, G B > < K 4 5; 0 5 <, > B < 5 G 5 = > B 5 <,: 0 -|: > 5 A 5 9 G 0 A 2 @ 5 < O,: 0: > 5 2 @ 5 < O? @ > H; > 8: 0: > 5 2 @ 5 < O = 0 A B C? 8 B.
; O 5 @ 3 A > = 0 2 @ 5 < O 1 K; > = 5? @ > A B > 5 4 8 = 8 F 5 9, > B < 5 @ O 5 < > 9 < 0 -| H 8 = > 9, 0 B 5 G 5 = 8 5 < 6 8 7 = 8, B 5 <, G B > > = = 0 7 K 2 0; G 8 A B K < 2 @ 5 < 5 = 5 < 8; 8 @ 5 0; L = > 9 4; 8 B 5; L = > A B L N. @ 5 < O > I C I 0 5 B A O = 5? @ > A B @ 0 = A B 2 5 = = >, 0 |: 0:? > A B > O = = K 9 2 > 4 > 2 > @ > B, B 5: C I 8 9 A = 5 8 7 1 5 6 = > A B L N. >? K B: 8! 8 7 > 1 @ 0 7 8 B L 2 @ 5 < O 0 1 A B @ 0: B = K < 8; 8? @ > A B @ 0 = A B 2 5 = = K < > 1 @ 0 7 > < A = 8 -| 6 0 N B = 0 H 5? > = 8 < 0 = 8 5 B > 3 >, G B > < K 8 7 A 5 1 O? @ 5 4 A B 0 2; O 5 <. > B; 8 -| G 8 5 > B 2 5; 8: > 3 > 5: 0 @ B 0,? @ > 2 > 7 3; 0 A 8 2 H 5 3 >: ｫ K A; N, A; 5 4 > 2 0 B 5; L -^ = >, A C I 5 A B 2 C N ｻ, 5 @ 3 A > =? @ 8 7 K 2 0;: ｫ/ B >, G B >? @ > 4 >; 6 0 5 B A O ｻ.
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