Complete the sentences by choosing the appropriate prepositions. Translate the completed sentences into Ukrainian.

1 A patient may have minor operation on/in his finger or major op­eration on/in his heart.

2 A surgeon operates to/on a patient for/to e.g. appendicitis.

3 Surgery is usually painful and is performed under/by anaesthesia.

4 Stereotactic surgery is performed through a very small hole in/on the skull and guided by/with computed tomography scanning.

5 Arterial bypass grafts are commonly taken from/by a site in/on the chest, arm or leg.

6 It is also possible to reattach fingers, hands and arms which have been severed from/at the body if the part is kept clean in/on ice and the procedure is performed as quickly as possible after/before the accident.

7 Emergency surgery should be performed as quickly as possible to deal with/by a crisis such as rapid internal bleeding which threatens a person's life.

8 Elective surgery such as hip replacement is planned in/at advance as the delay has no ill effects.

9 In laparoscopic surgery the images are projected onto/into a televi­sion monitor and the surgeon manipulates surgical instruments within/on the body.

10 Doctors should assess the physical condition of the patient and the response of/by the patient's natural defensive mechanisms to/on infective conditions.

Say whether the following statements are true or false. Comment your answer.

1 Nowadays surgery is absolutely safe.

2 The patient's condition before the operation doesn't matter much if the operation is urgent.

3 Both general and local anesthesia are used to put patient asleep.

4 Autoclaves are used to control patient's condition during the ope­ration.

The area to be operated on is cleaned, shaved and painted with a solution of ammonium chloride.

6 It is not recommended to redress the wound frequently with sterile bandages.

7 There are different types of operations depending on urgency, pro­cedure, body system involved, degree of invasiveness, and special instrumentation.

8 Both surgeons and patients must be prepared for operative intru­sions.

9 Anesthesia, antiseptics and asepsis are the main controlling factors in surgery.

10 In every operation the variable human factor is present.

11) What questions would you ask to obtain the following information?

• Surgery as a branch of health care

• Pathological conditions treated by surgery

• Controlling factors of surgery

• General principles of operative treatment

• Pre-operative procedures

• Equipment used during operation

• Types of sterilization

• Types of anaesthesia

• Types of operations

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