LESSOK 4. IT TAKES AH SORTS OF PEOPLE TO MAKE THE UNDERWORLD |
PART I. CRIME DOES N01 PAY |
1. Work in pairs. Make a list of things you can expect a criminal case begins in the USA. Listen to other students’ ideas and add them to your list. 2. Work in pairs. In the text below find the synonyms of the words in the box. criminal policeman illegal act first round comprise behavior summons regulation permission pass on supposed lawfol carry out accusation detention announcement There are four common ways to begin a criminal case; the filing of a complaint by a private citizen; the return of an indictment by a grand jury; in certain cases, a proper arrest without a warrant, followed by the filing of a complaint; and the issuance of a summons or citation. A criminal case can begin when a person goes to court and files a complaint that another person has committed an offence. The complaint is followed by an arrest warrant or a summons which is served on the defendant by a peace officer. The arrest or service of summons constitutes service of process which, as in civil cases, gives the accused notice of the case against him. The complaint in a criminal case is a statement of the essential facts constituting the crime charged. It must designate the statute or ordinance which the accused is alleged to have violated. A warrant is executed by arresting the defendant and taking him into custody. An officer can issue a summons instead of arrest if it appears the defendant will come to court without being arrested. A summons tells the defendant when and where he must appear in court, and is delivered to the defendant without placing him under arrest. A criminal case can begin with an indictment. Like a complaint, an indictment is an accusation. In general, indictments are accusations of felonious conduct against persons who have already been arrested and referred to the grand jury by a municipal or county court through a process called “preliminary hearing”. Grand juries, however, do not have to wait for cases to be referred, but can make direct indictments. When this is done, the indictment begins the case. 3. For questions 1-17, read the text below and then decide which word best fits each space. The exercise begins with an example (0). |
A criminal (0)___________ (1) can_________ (2) when a____________ (3) citizen_________________ (4) a complaint. The complaint is a written statement of the____________________ (5) facts constituting the offence charged. If any __________________ (6) has probable cause to believe that an__________ (7) has been committed and that the defendant committed it, the judge must issue an arrest warrant to a ___________________________ (8) officer authorized to |
(9) it. When more than one person is |
(10) |
to have participated in the commission of an offence, the issuing authority shall accept a complaint for each person charged. At the request of an attorney for the govemment, the judge must issue a summons,_____________________ (11) a warrant, to a person authorized to serve it. A summons has the same form as a warrant except that it must require the____________ (12) to appear before the judge at a stated time and place. A summons is_____________ (13)__________ (14) to the defendant without arresting him. If the defendant fails to appear in response to the summons, the judge may, and upon request of an attorney for the govemment must,___________________ (15) a warrant. A warrant is executed by arresting the defendant and____________________ (16) him into custody. If the defendant is charged with a felony, the judge must inform about the defendant’s right to a____________________ (17) hearing. |
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3 11 12 |
A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. |
17 A. |
criminal example adjourn public files ordinary defender offence peace exercise admitted in spite of complainant essentially delivered draft seizing prior |
B. civil B.reason B. begin B. secret B. applies B. essential B. criminal B. outrage B. army B. realize B. alleged B. despite B. plaintiff B. actually B. presented B. write B. arresting B. former |
C. public C. matter C. continue C. covert C. lodges C. special C. plaintiff C. action C. public C. exert C. stated C. instead of C. defendant C. exclusively C. sent C. publish C. taking C. preliminary |
D. private D.case D. end D. private D. recalls D. common D. person D. espionage D. general D. execute D. confirmed D. regardless of D. prosecutor D. mutually D. distributed D. issue D. apprehending D. previous |
4. Listen to the text on the arrest in the criminal procedure in the USA and fill in the gaps. You will hear the text twice. |
Arrest. A criminal case can begin with an arrest. Under certain_____________________ (1), a person can be_________ (2) without a (3). If any person - whether a peace___________ (4) or a private_______________ (5) - has probable |
_________ (6) to believe that a felony (a serious crime punishable by death or a ____________ (7) term) has been_______________ (8) and that a particular__________ (9) committed it, that person may place the________________ (10) under___________ |
(12). This is known as a citizen’s arrest. In cases ___ (13) officers can make an arrest. They |
(11) and then file a other than a felony, only law can arrest without a warrant for any_______ ______________ (15). They can also______ misdemeanours if they have reasonable (18) or offence of______________ (19) has been committed and that the suspect |
___ (14) committed in their (16) without a warrant for (17) to believe a theft |
__ (20) it. In any _ (23), an officer can |
(21) in which an arrest without a _ (24) a summons in lieu of__________________________ |
(22) is |
(26) cases, the |
_______ (25). In traffic (27) can issue a____________ (28) ___________ (29) only by a__________ |
cases, or minor____________ instead of arrest. (A minor misdemeanour is an offence (30) not exceeding $100.) A citation (a traffic_______________ (31) is an example) is a form of ____________ (32) complaint and_____________ (33). When a person is arrested, or______________ (34) a summons or citation in lieu of arrest, the arresting officer must file a complaint without ____________ (35). Similarly, where a person makes a citizen’s_________________ (36), that person must file a complaint without delay. In citation cases, the_________________ (37) itself is filed because it includes the_____________ (38). Filing the______________ (39) after the arrest (or service of the |
summons) is necessary because it formally |
(40) the criminal case in the court. |
5. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below on the basis of exercises 2 and 4. Then use the table to tell your partner everything you know about Criminal law in the USA. |
, HOW A CRIMINAL CASE BEGINS IN THE USA | |
Four common ways to begin a criminal case |
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Complaint by a private citizen: how |
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Return of an indictment by a grand jury: how? |
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Proper arrest without a warrant: how? |
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Issuance of a summons or citation: how? |
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What is a complaint in a criminal case? |
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How is a warrant executed? |
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What is a summons in a criminal case? |
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What is an indictment in a criminal case? |
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ARREST | |
Circumstances under which a person can be arrested without a warrant |
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Situations in which an offender may not be arrested |
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What should the arresting officer do after the arrest or service of summons? Why? |
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6. Work in pairs. Choose the correct verb form in the sentences below. 1. The grand jury found no probable cause to believe that Mr. Black has committed /had committed a crime. 2. A peace officer has served /had served a summons on Jack Carter by seven o’clock yesterday. 3. Mr. Miller went to court and filed a complaint that Mr. Brown has committed /had committed an offence. |
4. By the time they knew everything a peace officer delivered /had delivered a summons to the defendant without placing him under arrest. 5. Before the judge informed about the defendant’s right to a preliminary hearing they were discussing /had been discussing that matter for an hour. 6. The officer issued a citation in lieu of arrest. He has never done /had never done it before. 7. Tim was exhausted as he was waiting /had been waiting for the results of the preliminary hearing for a long time. 8. By the time Kate came, a peace officer has made /had made Mike’s arrest. 9. They were committing /had been committing offences for two years until officers arrested them. 10. Tom was scared as he has never violated /had never violated laws before. 7. Translate into English Кримінальна справа може розпочатися, коли особа подає позовну заяву до суду про те, що інша особа вчинила правопорушення. Після подання позовної заяви поліцейськиіі пред’являє обвинуваченому ордер на арешт або вручає повістку до суду. Позовна заява у кримінальній справі - це виклад основних фактів злочину, за якими пред’явлено звинувачення. Вона повинна містити посилання на закон або постанову, які звинувачений порушив. Ордер на арешт виконується шляхом арешту звинуваченого та його ув’язнення. Поліцейський може видати повістку до суду замість арешту, якщо зрозуміло, що підсудний з’явиться до суду сам. У повістці зазначається, коли та куди повинен з’явитися звинувачений. Повістка вручається, якщо особу не заарештовують. Кримінальна справа може розпочатися з пред’явлення обвинувального акта. Обвинувальний акт - це обвинувачення у кримінальній поведінці особи, яку вже заарештовано та чию справу вже передано з муніципального або окружного суду на розгляд великого журі, внаслідок так званого «попереднього слухання». Кримінальна справа може розпочатися з арешту. За деяких обставин особа може бути заарештована без ордера. Коли особа - поліцейський чи пересічний громадянин - має вагомі підстави вважати, що було вчинено кримінальний злочин і що конкретний підозрюваний вчинив його, тоді ця особа може затримати його й згодом подати позовну заяву. Це називається громадянським арештом. У випадках менш серйозних правопорушень право затримання мають тільки представники правоохоронних органів. Вони можуть заарештувати особу без ордера за незначні правопорушення, вчинені в їх присутності. Вони також мають право арешту без ордера за скоєння незначних правопорушень, коли є серйозні підстави вважати, що правопорушення було вчинено і що саме підозрюваний вчинив його. VOCABULARY ENGLISH - UKRAINIAN accusation звинувачення accused обвинувачений allege припускати attorney прокурор authorized уповноважений bind over зобов’язувати (постати перед судом) charge звинувачення circumstances обставини citation виклик до суду citizen’s arrest громадянський арешт |
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commit an offence confer constitute criminal case dismiss essential exceed execute felonious felony fine grand jury guilty party in essence indict indictment law enforcement officer minor misdemeanour municipal court no bill offence peace officer preliminary hearing probable cause punishable reasonable cause refer return screening devices suspect take into custody theft traffic case traffic ticket true bill violate warrant |
вчиняти правопорушення надавати становити кримінальна справа знімати (обвинувачення) суттєвий перевищувати виконувати злочинний кримінальний злочин штраф велике журі винна сторона по суті обвинувачувати (за обвинувальним актом) обвинувачення (пред’явлення обвинувального акту) правоохоронець незначний; неповнолітній незначне правопорушення; місдімінор муніципальний суд незатверджений проект обвинувального акту правопорушення поліцейський попереднє слухання вагома (достатня) підстава що заслуговує на покарання розумна підстава передавати справу до іншої інстанції пред’явлення (обвинувачення) засоби відсіювання підозрюваний брати під варту крадіжка порушення правил дорожнього руху квитанція за порушення правил дорожнього руху затверджений проект обвинувального акту порушувати ордер (на арешт) |
UKRAINIAN - ENGLISH |
брати під варту вагома (достатня) підстава велике журі виклик до суду виконувати винна сторона вчиняти правопорушення громадянський арешт засоби відсіювання затверджений проект обвинувального акту звинувачення злочинний знімати (обвинувачення) зобов’язувати (постати перед судом) |
take into custody probable cause grand jury citation execute guilty party commit an offence citizen’s arrest screening devices true bill accusation; charge felonious dismiss bind over |
квитанція за порушення правил дорожнього руху крадіжка кримінальна справа кримінальний злочин місдімінор муніципальний суд надавати незатверджений проект обвинувального акту незначне правопорушення незначний неповнолітній обвинувачений обвинувачення (пред’явлення обвинувального акту) обвинувачувати (за обвинувальним актом) обставини ордер (на арешт) перевищувати передавати справу до іншої інстанції підозрюваний по суті поліцейський попереднє слухання порушення правил дорожнього руху порушувати правоохоронець правопорушення пред’явлення (обвинувачення) припускати прокурор розумна підстава становити суттєвий уповноважений штраф що заслуговує на покарання |
traffic ticket theft criminal case felony misdemeanour municipal court confer no bill misdemeanour minor minor accused indictment indict circumstances warrant exceed refer suspect in essence peace officer preliminary hearing traffic case violate law enforcement officer offence return allege attorney reasonable cause constitute essential authorized fine punishable |
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PART 2. CRIME DOES HOT PAY - AT LEAST, |
1. Work in pairs. Make a list of steps necessary to bring a defendant to trial in the US criminal procedure. Listen to other students’ ideas and add them to your list. 2. Work in pairs. In the text below find the synonyms of the words in the box. guilty verdict mental illness responsibility financial guarantee contest have enough money lawyer statement meaning After the accused is indicted, he is brought into court and arraigned. “Arraignment” consists of reading the indictment to him or telling him the nature of the charge, making sure he has a copy of the indictment, and asking him to make a plea to the indictment. If the accused has no attorney, the court must inform him that he has a right to an attorney, and a right to have an attorney provided at state expense if he cannot afford one. He must also be informed of his right to bail, and his right to remain silent. This “reading the rights” must also be done at other stages of the proceedings against the accused, including at the time of his arrest and at the time of the preliminary hearing. There are several pleas the accused can make. He can plead “not guilty”, which means that he denies the charge against him. He can plead “not guilty by reason of insanity”. This means that while he may have done the criminal act, he is not subject to criminal liability because of a mental disease or mental defect. He can plead “no contest”, which means that he does not admit guilt but does admit the truth of the facts in the accusation (the no contest plea is sometimes used where the accused realizes that a guilty plea could be used against him in a civil suit). Finally, he can plead “guilty”, which is an admission that he committed the crime, and has the same effect as a conviction following a trial. Arraignment is usually a separate proceeding in felony cases. In misdemeanour cases, arraignment usually takes place at the beginning of the trial itself, rather than as a separate proceeding before trial. |
3. For questions 1-18, read the text below and then decide which word best fits each space. The exercise begins with an example (0). __________ (0) is the very first court appearance the defendant will |
have, and it is the process by which a person is brought before a court to hear and answer________________ (1) charges against him or her. The defendant’s personal presence is required. If the defendant is out of custody, s/he has to make sure to come to court on time. Six things______________ (2) at arraignment. The_________________ (3) is ______________ (4) of his or her constitutional rights. An _________ (5) is appointed, and if the accused cannot ____________ (6) the attorney, he or she has the right to have an attorney provided at the________________ (7) of the state. The ____________ (8) are read to the accused, and a________________ (9) the complaint is provided. The defendant is invited to __________________ |
(10) “guilty” or “not guilty” to the charges. If s/he pleads “not guilty”, it means that s/he ____________ (11) the charge against him/her. S/he can plead “not guilty by reason of ____________ (12)”. This means that s/he is not subject to criminal___________________ (13) because of a mental disease or mental defect though s/he may have done the criminal_____________________ (14). If s/he pleads “guilty”, it means that s/he ____________________ (15) the crime. Then____________ (16) is determined, which may be different from the presumptive bail amount, or the defendant may be released on his or her own recognizance. The date for the defendant’s next court appearance is set. On that day a ____________________ (17) hearing, if at least one of the charges is a ____________ (18), or a pretrial hearing, if the charges are misdemeanours only, may be held. |
A. accusation | B. arraignment | C. indictment | D. complaint | |
A. criminal | B. civil | C. common | D. public | |
A. start | B. finish | C. take place | D. begin | |
A. convicted | B. accused | C. acquitted | D. released | |
A. provided | B. said | C.told | D. informed | |
A. witness | B. prosecutor | C. attorney | D. judge | |
A. afford | B. let | C. allow | D. peniiit | |
A. account | B. expense | C. price | D. extent | |
A. sentences | B. charges | C. verdicts | D. convictions | |
A. duplicate | B. original | C. reproduction | D.copy | |
A. plead | B. claim | C. allege | D. assert | |
A. agrees | B. admits | C. denies | D. affirms | |
A. incapacity | B. insanity | C. disease | D. disability | |
A. inability | B. jurisdiction | C. amenability | D. liability | |
A. affair | B.event | C. act | D. incident | |
A. committed | B. permitted | C. completed | D. accomplished | |
A. bail | B. pledge | C. guarantee | D. loan | |
A. prior | B. fonner | C. preliminary | D. previous | |
A. misconduct | B. misdemeanour | C. malfeasance | D. felony |
4. Listen to the text on the bail in criminal procedure in the USA and fill in the gaps. You will hear the text twice. |
Bail When a person of eighteen years old or older is____________________ (1), he or she is usually entitled to be free pending trial provided he can_______________ (2) the court that he will come to all _______ (4) |
court |
(3). An arrested person who qualifies for bail must be given the |
to be free on bail as soon as possible. Different guarantees of |
(5) in court may be |
required. “Personal recognizance” is the defendant’s written “unsecured appearance__________ (7)” is defendant’s promise to_ personal, unsecured promise to__________ |
(9) a certain amount of |
not appear. Bail may be money or |
(11) deposited as |
_ (6) to appear. An (8), coupled with his _____ (10) if he does __________ (12) for ________ (13) |
defendant’s appearance in court. Bail can also be in the form of a kind of policy, called a “bail bond.” The amount of the appearance___________________ (14) or bail for any given________________ (15) is usually fixed by the________________ (16) through a published bail _____________ (17). In such cases, bail can be_____________ |
initial____ set by the |
(19) before a judge. In felony cases, the |
(18) at the police station without a _____ (20) is usually held until the (21), at which time the conditions of his________________ (22) pending trial are _ (23). These_____________ (24) may include personal________________ (25), bail _____ (26) defendant’s _______ (27) for trial. It |
plus any other conditions the judge believes are required to ___________________ appearance in court. It is important to remember that bail is not a______________ was formerly true that some courts, particularly in ____________________ (28) cases, allowed bail forfeitures and treated them the same as a__________________ (29) of guilty, waiver of trial, and ____ (31) |
payment of |
(30). The Ohio Supreme Court’s Rules of Superintendence |
this practice. If a person does not________ _______ (33), or bail, he forfeits any _ bail, and is subject to re-arrest and |
(32) as required by his personal recognizance, |
but is a |
________ (36) until trial. Failure to appear on a (37) recognizance not only subjects the_______________ (38) to re-arrest and detention, ________ (39) offence in_______________ (40). |
5. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below on the basis of exercises 2 and 4. Then use the table to tell your partner about arraignment and bail in the US Criminal Law. |
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What does the arraignment consist of? |
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What happens if the accused has no attorney? |
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What is “reading the rights”? |
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What kinds of pleas can the accused make? |
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What does “not guilty” plea mean? |
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What does “not guilty by reason of insanity” plea mean? |
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What does “no contesf ’ plea mean? |
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What does “guilty” plea mean? |
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How is arraignment different in misdemeanour and felony cases? |
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Who is entitled to be free on bail? |
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What guarantees of appearance in court are required? |
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