Problems of occupational 6 страница

Unit 9. EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

Emergency managers are trained in a wide variety of disciplines that support them through out the emergency life-cycle. Professional emergency managers can focus on government and community preparedness (Continuity of Operations/Continuity of Government Planning), or private business preparedness. Training is provided by local, state, federal and private organizations and ranges from public information and media relations to high-level incident command and tactical skills such as studying a terrorist bombing site or controlling an emergency scene.

In the past, the field of emergency management has been populated mostly by people with a military or first responder background. Currently, the population in the field has become more diverse, with many experts coming from a variety of backgrounds and having no military or first responder history at all. Educational opportunities are increasing for those seeking undergraduate and graduate degrees in emergency management or a related field.

Professional certifications such as Certified Emergency Manager (CEM) and Certified Business Continuity Professional (CBCP) are becoming more common as the need for high professional standards is recognized by the emergency management community, especially in the United States.

In recent years the continuity feature of emergency management has resulted in a new concept, Emergency Management Information Systems (EMIS). For continuity and interoperability between emergency management stakeholders, EMIS supports the emergency management process by providing an infrastructure that integrates emergency plans at all levels of government and non-government involvement and by utilizing the management of all related resources (including human and other resources) for all four phases of emergencies.

Practitioners emergency management (disaster preparedness) come from an increasing variety of backgrounds as the field matures. Professionals from memory institutions (e.g., museums, historical societies, libraries, and archives) are dedicated to preserving cultural heritage—objects and records contained in their collections. This has been a major component within these fields, but now there is a heightened awareness following the events on 9/11 and the hurricanes in 2005.

To increase the opportunity for a successful recovery of valuable records, a well-established and thoroughly tested plan must be developed. This task requires the cooperation of a well-organized committee led by an experienced chairperson. Professional associations schedule regular workshops and hold focus sessions at annual conferences to keep individuals up to date with tools and resources in practice.

Задание. Выполните письменно аннотацию текста

Unit 10. EMERGENCY SERVICE

Emergency services are organizations which ensure public safety by addressing different emergencies. Some agencies exist solely for addressing certain types of emergencies whilst others deal with ad hoc emergencies as part of their normal responsibilities. Many agencies will engage in community awareness and prevention programs to help the public avoid, detect, and report emergencies effectively.

The availability of emergency services depends very heavily on location, and may in some cases also rely on the recipient giving payment or holding suitable insurance or other surety for receiving the service.

There are three services which are almost universally acknowledged as being core to the provision of emergency care to the populous, and are often government run. They would generally be summoned on a dedicated emergency telephone number, reserved for critical emergency calls. They are:

· Police — providing community safety and acting to reduce crime against persons and property

· Fire service — providing firefighters to deal with fire and rescue operations, and may also deal with some secondary emergency service duties

· Emergency medical service — providing ambulances and staff to deal with medical emergencies

· Other emergency services can be provided by one of the core services or by a separate government or private body.

· Army National Guard — to Provide emergency rescue and provide for the common defense and peace.

· Coastguard — Provide coastal patrols with a security function at sea, as well as invovlement in search and rescue operations

· Lifeboat — Dedicated providers of rescue lifeboat services, usually at sea (such as by the RNLI in the United Kingdom).

· Mountain rescue — to provide search and rescue in mountainous areas, and sometimes in other wilderness environments.

· Cave rescue — to rescue people injured, trapped or lost during caving explorations.

· Mine rescue — specially trained and equipped to rescue miners trapped by fires, explosions, cave-ins, toxic gas, flooding, etc.

· Technical rescue — other types of technical or heavy rescue, but usually specific to a discipline (such as swift water).

· Search and rescue — can be discipline-specific, such as urban, wildland, maritime, etc.

· Bomb disposal — to render safe hazardous explosive ordnance, such as terrorist devices or unexploded wartime bombs.

· Blood/organ transplant supply — to provide organs or blood on an emergency basis, such as the National Blood Service of the United Kingdom.

· Emergency management — to provide and coordinate resources during large-scale emergencies.

· Amateur radio emergency communications — to provide communications support to other emergency services.

Civil emergency services

These groups and organisations respond to emergencies and provide other safety-related services either as a part of their on-the-job duties, as part of the main mission of their business or concern, or as part of their hobbies.

· Public utilities — safeguarding gas, electricity and water, which are all potentially hazardous if infrastructure fails

· Emergency road service — provide repair or recovery for disabled or crashed vehicles

· Emergency social services

· Community emergency response teams — help organize facilities such as rest centers during large emergencies

· Disaster relief — such as services provided by the Red Cross and Salvation Army

· Famine relief teams

· Amateur radio communications groups — provide communications support during emergencies

· Poison Control — providing specialist support for poisoning

· Animal control — can assist or lead response to emergencies involving animals

· Wildlife services

Effective emergency service management requires agencies from many different services to work closely together and to have open lines of communication. Most services do, or should, have procedures and liaisons in place to ensure this, although absence of these can be severely detrimental to good working. There can sometimes be tension between services for a number of other reasons, including professional versus voluntary crew members, or simply based on area or division.

To aid effective communications, different services may share common practices and protocol for certain large-scale emergencies. In the UK, commonly used shared protocols include CHALET and ETHANE while in the US, the Department of Homeland Security has called for nationwide implementation of the National Incident Management System (NIMS), of which the Incident Command System (ICS) is a part.

Задание. Выполните письменно аннотацию текста

ПРОВЕРЬТЕ СЕБЯ

I. Выберите нужное:

1. Air pollution is ________ into the atmosphere of chemicals or biological materials that cause harm (deaths, respiratory diseases) or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the environment.

A. the introduction

B. the release

C. the injection

D. the launch

2. When fossil fuels burn, _______ are released into the atmosphere.

B. physical agents

B. chemicals

C. toxins

D. viruses and bacteria

3. When sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide transform into sulfuric acid and nitric acid in the atmosphere and come back to Earth in precipitation in the form of ______ _____.

A. dangerous smog

B. toxic metals

C. acid rains

D. ultraviolet radiation

4. Estimates suggest that nearly 1.5 billion people worldwide lack safe _____ _____ and that at least 5 mil­lion deaths per year can be attributed to waterborne diseases.

A. point sources

B. thermal groundwater

C. drinking water

D. underground water

5. Point sources discharge water ______ from specific locations, such as factories, sewage treat­ment plants, and oil tankers.

A. bodies

B. pollutants

C. spills

D. wastes

6. The technology exists to monitor and regulate _____ ______ of pollution, although in some areas this occurs only sporadically.

A. chemical agents

B. worldwide causes

C. point sources

D. non-point sources

7. Pollution from nonpoint sources occurs when rainfall or snowmelt moves over and through ______.

A. the ground

B. the discharges

C. the garbage

D. the dumps

8. Pollution arising from nonpoint sources accounts for a majority of _________ in streams and lakes.

A. the pesticides

B. the sewage

C. the contaminants

D. the bacteria

9. However, raw sewage, garbage, and oil spills have begun to overwhelm____ _____of the oceans, and most coastal waters are now polluted, threatening ma­rine wildlife.

A. the diffusing power

B. the diluting capabilities

C. the reducing abilities

D. the inner resources

10. As _______ moves, it picks up and carries away pollutants, such as pesti­cides and fertilizers, depositing the pollutants into lakes, rivers, wetlands, coastal waters, and even underground sources of drinking water.

A. the runoff

B. the landslide

C. the avalanche

D. the garbage

II. Дополните текст соответствующими формами слов из списка, представленного в правой колонке.

The mission of the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) is to improve the welfare of wild and domestic animals throughout the world by (11) commercial exploitation of animals, protecting wildlife habitats, and (12) animals in distress. IFAW was founded in 1969 to confront the cruel (13) slaughter of harp and hooded seals. Having (14) rallied worldwide (15) of the hunt, they have grown to become one of the largest interna­tional animal welfare (16) in the world. Today IFAW has offices in 12 countries and a staff of more than 200 experienced campaigners, legal and political experts, and (17) acclaimed scientists. They are a pragmatic and dedicated family of professionals who believe that animals suffer far too much from com­mercial (18), habitat (19), and needless cruelty. And they are joined in that belief (20)by more than 1.8 million supporters.

reduction assistance commerce success condemn organize international exploit destruct cruel believe

III. Восстановите связность текста, дополнив его необходимыми формами глагола «pollute»

When you (21) something you make it dirty or dangerous. In cities growing fast the (22) which rises to critical levels is a daunting problem. Thousands of cars on the city’s roads, buses, trucks produce millions of tonnes of (23) a year. The air is usually badly (24). Water (25), caused by human activities, is a major problem in the global context, too. (26) water kills more than 25 million people every year. Some (27) happens by accident. But a lot of (28) is deliberate as people intentionally dump their waste in dangerous ways because it is cheaper than doing it safely. Today the law in developed countries says: “The (29) – accidental or deliberate – must pay”. Strong laws are helpful; but how do you catch (30)?

Приложение 1

АНГЛО-РУССКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ

accident aerodynamic flutter air pollution alteration ambulance crews anthropogenic factor armed conflict arson average temperature aviation facilities avoid biological material biospherical biotic capacity catastrophic chemical chronic exposure Civil Defense civil disorder Civil Protection climate change climate scientist collide complete consequence cooling corrosion attack crime cycle cyclical nature deforestation delivery dendrochronology depletion of the ozone layer disaster disaster planning discharge division eliminate emergency evacuation emergency management emergency service emergency shelter engineering failure environmental disaster environmental impact error evidence experience explosion extraordinary situation extraterrestrial failure Federal Executive Power fire firestorm fluctuation fossil fuel combustion gas explosion geographical distribution geological glacial retreat glacier global warming greenhouse effect habitable hazard headquarters herbicide hostilities human activities human involvement humanitarian human-made disaster hydrological ice core impact impact event indicator industrial accident industrial hazard infrastructure insecticide insurance contract intensity introduction into the atmosphere involvement justice large-scale liquidation maintenance man-made hazard mass decontamination mass extinction military attack mine fire mitigation mobilization natural natural soil environment negligence occupational safety and health official designation OSH standards particulate matter pathogen pathway of attack pesticide phenomenon pollutant pollutant type power outage precipitation preparedness prevent prevention public awareness quarantine rainforest rapid response reconstruct recovery reduce reduction regenerate regiment release of radiation Rescue Corps rescue teams reshape resilience response root cause safety sea level security soil contamination solar activity solar flare source of emissions starvation structural collapse sunspot supplies terrorism terrorist attack thermal effect threat tragic event transport disaster ultimate source under-design vegetation victim of circumstances volcano eruption vulnerability war warfare water pollution welfare wildfire workplace environment

- несчастный случай - аэродинамическая вибрация, аэродинамический резонанс - загрязнение воздуха - изменение - бригады скорой помощи - антропогенный фактор - вооруженный конфликт - поджог - средняя температура - возможности авиации - избегать - биологический материал - биосферный - живой, жизненный, биотический - способность - катастрофический - химический препарат, вещество - постоянная незащищенность - гражданская оборона - нарушение общественного порядка - защита гражданского населения - изменение климата - ученый, изучающий климат - сталкиваться - полный, -ое, -ая - последствие - похолодание - интенсивная коррозия - преступление - цикл - циклический характер - вырубка леса - доставка - дендрохронология - уменьшение озонового слоя - катастрофа - предусматривать возможность катастрофы - выделение - дивизия, подразделение - уничтожить - аварийная эвакуация - предотвращение чрезвычайных ситуаций, обстоятельств - аварийная служба - аварийное, временное убежище - конструкторский просчет - природная катастрофа - воздействие на окружающую среду - ошибка - свидетельства, данные, факты - испытывать; опыт - взрыв - чрезвычайная ситуация - внеземной, находящийся за пределами земли - провал, просчет - федеральная исполнительная власть - пожар - верховой пожар - колебание - сгорание горючего топлива - взрыв газа - географическое распределение - геологический - отход ледников - ледник - глобальное потепление - парниковый эффект - обитаемый - опасность - штаб - гербицид - боевые действия - человеческая деятельность - вовлеченность человека, людей - гуманитарный, -ая,-ое - катастрофа, вызванная деятельностью человека - гидрологический - центральный слой льда - воздействие, воздействовать - последствие столкновения - показатель, индикатор - несчастный случай на производстве - опасность в промышленности - инфраструктура - инсектицид - договор (социального) страхования - интенсивность - выброс в атмосферу - вовлеченность - справедливость - крупномасштабный, -ое, -ая - ликвидация - содержание - опасность, вызванная деятельностью человека - массовое обеззараживание (дегазация) - массовое исчезновение - военная атака - пожар в шахте - смягчение - мобилизация - природный - естественная окружающая среда почвы - небрежность, неосторожность, халатность, недосмотр - производственная безопасность и здоровье (уст.: охрана труда) - официальное название - нормы производственной безопасности - вещество в форме частиц - патоген, болезнетворное вещество - путь загрязнения - пестицид - явление - загрязнитель - тип загрязнителя - (аварийное) отключение электроэнергии - выделение осадков - готовность - предотвратить - предотвращение - общественное осознание - карантин - тропический лес - быстрое реагирование - реконструировать - восстановление - сократить - сокращение - восстанавливать, регенерировать - полк - радиационное излучение - спасательный корпус - команды спасателей - менять (меняться) - восстановление физических и душевных сил - ответная реакция - основная причина - безопасность - уровень моря - безопасность - загрязнение почвы - солнечная активность - солнечная вспышка - источник выделений - голод - структурное обрушение, обвал - пятно на солнце - запасы - терроризм - террористическая атака - тепловой эффект - угроза - трагическое событие - катастрофа на транспорте - основной источник - проектная ошибка - растительность - жертва обстоятельств - извержение вулкана - уязвимость - война - боевые действия - загрязнение воды - благосостояние - пожар в незаселенной местности - производственная среда

Приложение 2

КЛЮЧИ К ТЕСТАМ

I.

A	B	C	C	B	C	A	C	B	A

II.

	reducing
	assisting
	commercial
	successfully
	condemnation
	organizations
	internationally
	exploitation
	destruction
	belief

III.

	pollute
	pollution
	pollutants
	polluted
	pollution
	polluted
	polluting
	pollution
	polluter
	polluters?

PROBLEMS OF OCCUPATIONAL

SAFETY AND HEALTH

Сборник текстов и упражнений

по безопасности жизнедеятельности

Составители:

ГЛУХОВА Наталья Николаевна

ФИЛИПЧУК Ольга Вячеславовна

Редактор

Л.С.Журавлева

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Марийского государственного технического университета

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