PROBLEMS OF OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND HEALTH
Сборник текстов и упражнений
по безопасности жизнедеятельности
Йошкар-Ола
Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Федеральное агентство по образованию
Марийский государственный технический университет
PROBLEMS OF OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND HEALTH
Сборник текстов и упражнений
по безопасности жизнедеятельности
Йошкар-Ола
2009
УДК 802.0=20
ББК 81.2Англ-923
P 64
Рецензент: канд. филол. наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков МарГТУ И.В.Тер-Авакян
Печатается по решению
редакционно-издательского совета МарГТУ
P 64 Problems of occupational safety and health: сборник текстов и упражнений по безопасности жизнедеятельности. Сост.: Н.Н. Глухова, О.В.Филипчук. - Йошкар-Ола:Марийский государственный технический университет, 2009.- 60 с.
Цель сборника, составленного с использованием аутентичных материалов энциклопедии Wikipedia, - научить студентов читать и переводить тексты по специальности и помочь в усвоении профессионально-ориентированной лексики.
Для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов II курса специальностей 280101.65, 280200.62, 280302.65, 280400.62.
© Глухова Н.Н., 2009
©Филипчук О.В., 2009
© Марийский государственный
технический университет, 2009
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ/ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
I. МАТЕРИАЛЫ ДЛЯ АУДИТОРНОЙ РАБОТЫ………………………
Урок 1. Occupational safety and health……………………………………
Урок 2. Common workplace hazard groups………………………………..
Урок 3. Hazards, risks, outcomes…………………………………………..
Урок 4. Natural hazards…………………………………………………….
Урок 5. Man-made hazards…………………………………………………
Урок 6. Factors threatening the environment……………………………….
Урок 7. Climate change …………………………………………………….
Урок 8. Natural and man-made disasters…………………………………...
Урок 9. Emergency management……………………………………………
Урок 10. Ministry for the emergency situations…………………………….
II. МАТЕРИАЛЫ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ…………………
III. ПРОВЕРЬТЕ СЕБЯ………………………………………………………….
IV. ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 1. Англо-русский словарь……………………………….
V. ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 2 Ключи к тестам………………………………………...
I. МАТЕРИАЛЫ ДЛЯ АУДИТОРНОЙ РАБОТЫ
Unit 1
Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни:
cross-disciplinary, effect, public, reason, moral, risk, policy, criminal, potential, regulatory, action, medical, compensatory, factor, productivity, cooperation, technical, discipline, industrial, hygiene
Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
Occupational safety and health (OSH) is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment. As a secondary effect OSH may also protect employers, customers, suppliers, and members of the public who may experience an impact from the workplace environment.
The primary and the most prominent reason for establishing occupational safety and health (OSH) standards is moral - an employee should not have to expect that by coming to work life or limb is at risk.Thus, occupational safety is the prevention and reduction of the number of hazards at the places of employment with safe and healthful working conditions.Health and safety at work is one of the most important social policy areas in many countries. It is also one of the most challenging: every five seconds a worker in the countries of European Union, for example, is involved in a work-related accident, and every two hours one worker dies in an accident at work.
OSH standards are further reinforced in both civil law and criminal law; it is accepted that without the extra "encouragement" of potential regulatory action or litigation, many organizations would not act upon their implied moral obligations.
A further factor that favors OSH is economic. Many governments realize that poor occupational safety and health performance results in cost to the State (e.g. through social security payments to the incapacitated, costs for medical treatment, and the loss of the "employability" of the worker). Employing organizations also sustain costs in the event of an incident at work. They are legal fees, fines, compensatory damages, investigation time, lost production, lost goodwill from the workforce, from customers and from the wider community.
In many EU countries, USA and Canada there is strong cooperation between employer and worker organizations (e.g. Unions) to ensure good OSH performance as it is recognized this has benefits for both the worker (through maintenance of health) and the enterprise (through improved productivity and quality). Prevention of fire often comes within the remit of health and safety professionals as well.
Occupational safety and health may involve interaction among several technical disciplines, including occupational medicine, occupational (or industrial) hygiene, safety engineering, health physics, ergonomics, toxicology, and psychology.
Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики
occupational safety and health
protecting safety health welfare impact workplace environment prevention reduction hazard accident OSH standards legal fees compensatory damage benefit maintenance prevention remit | - производственная безопасность и здоровье (уст.: охрана труда) - защита - безопасность - здоровье - благосостояние - воздействие - производственная среда - предотвращение - сокращение - опасность - несчастный случай - нормы производственной безопасности - судебные издержки - компенсация за убытки - благо - содержание - предотвращение, предохранение - компетенция |
Задание I
А. Определите:
а) какой частью речи являются следующие слова:
protect, public, experience, standard, moral, social, criminal, payment, compensatory, reduction, factor, die, productivity, sustain, reinforce, encouragement
б) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов.
Б. Из приведенных ниже слов образуйте однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи. Переведите их (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю):
safety (v, adj); regulatory (v, adj); favour (adj); employability (v, n); healthful (n); hazard (adj); compensatory (v, n); productivity (v, n)
Задание II
А. Подберите эквиваленты к словам, обозначенным цифрами:
1. safety 2. accident 3. benefits 4. interaction | a) несчастный случай b) взаимодействие d) пособия f) безопасность |
Б. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:
1.experience an impact from the workplace environment 2.safe and healthful working conditions · 3.medical treatment · 4.the loss of the "employability" · 5.a work-related accident · 6.implied moral obligations · 7.sustain costs in the event of an incident at work | a) испытывать воздействие производственной среды b) медикаментозное лечение c) безопасные и здоровые условия работы d) несчастный случай на производстве e) потеря работоспособности f) обеспечить выплаты при несчастном случае на производстве g) подразумеваемые нравственные обязательства |
В. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова или словосочетания:
hazards, compensatory damages, an impact from the workplace environment, OSH standards, a work-related accident.
1. One of the results of the occupational safety and health standards implementation is the security of staff, clients, providers and general public who may experience____.
2. Safety at the places of employment is focused at prevention and reduction of ___with the aim of creating comfortable working conditions.
3. According to official statistics every five seconds a worker in the countries of European
Union can be injured in___________.
4. Both civil law and criminal law protect workers as _________are reinforced in the legal
systems of European countries.
5. If the occupational safety standards are not observed employers usually suffer heavy
financial losses as they have to pay legal fees, fines,_______ for those who have accidents at work.
Задание III
А. Найдите во втором абзаце текста прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени.
Б. Найдите во втором абзаце текста предложения со словом “one” и переведите их.
В. Найдите во втором абзаце текста числительные и определите их категорию (количественные - порядковые).
Г. Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых использованы модальные глаголы и или их эквиваленты.
Д. В первом и втором абзацах текста найдите герундий, укажите его функции в предложениях; предложения переведите.
Е. Найдите в первом абзаце текста случаи употребления причастия II, укажите его форму и функцию в предложении.
Ж. Найдите подлежащее и сказуемое в следующих предложениях:
1. Occupational safety and health (OSH) is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment.
2. Health and safety at work is one of the most important social policy areas in many countries.
3. Employing organizations also sustain costs in the event of an incident at work
4. A further factor that favors OSH is economic
5. Prevention of fire often comes within the remit of health and safety professionals as well.
Задание IV
А. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Is OSH a cross-disciplinary area?
2. What are the reasons for establishing OSH standards?
3. What spheres are the most challenging policy areas in many countries?
4. Why does poor occupational safety and health performance result in cost to the State?
Б. Завершите предложение в соответствии с содержанием текста:
1. 1. The reason for OSH standards being reinforced in both civil law and criminal law in the legal systems of European countries is simple: ____.
2. Governments of many European countries understand that insufficient safety at the place of employment results in cost ____.
В. Выберите предложение, смысл которого противоречит содержанию текста:
1. As is known without the extra "motivation" reinforced in legal parts of working agreement many employers would not act upon their implicit (unstated) moral responsibilities.
2. The most important social strategy spheres in many countries are devoted to the safety and health protection at the places of employment.
3. Many governments of European countries can not understand that non-observance of the occupational safety standards leads to heavy financial losses to the State and employers as they have to compensate the incapacitated costs for medical treatment and the loss of the "employability".
Задание V
Выпишите ключевые слова из второго и четвертого абзацев текста.
Unit 2
Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни:
occupation, organization, identify, biological, chemical, physical, stress, infectious, toxin, virus, bacteria, microorganism, parasite, allergic, reaction, concentration, active, anthropogenic, metal, aggression, procedure
Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь.
COMMON WORKPLACE HAZARD GROUPS
Occupation safety and health public organizations in different countries identify and describe the following common workplace hazard groups: biological, chemical and physical agents, workplace and workplace transport accidents, work stress related factors.
A biological agent is an infectious disease or toxin. They include prions, viruses, microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) and some unicellular and multicellular parasites and their associated toxins, found in water, soil, plants, and animals. They have the ability to adversely affect human health in a variety of ways, ranging from allergic reactions that are usually relatively mild, to serious medical conditions, even death. A toxin is a poisonous substance (molecules, peptides, or proteins) produced by living cells or organisms that is active at very low concentrations.
Chemical factors are also numerous. But the most harmful of them referred to anthropogenic factors are
· different gases (sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas (emitted from combustion);
· volatile organic compounds (VOC), such as hydrocarbon fuel vapors and solvents;
· heavy metals (lead, cadmium and copper) vapor;
· radioactive dust.
Physical agents, include noise (noise pollution), vibration and ionizing radiation. Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is displeasing human- or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life. Noise can damage physiological and psychological health causing annoyance and aggression, hypertension, high stress levels, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects. Vibration refers to mechanical oscillations about an equilibrium point. Prolonged exposure to vibration, especially on the shop floor, increases the risk of cognitive changes, acrophobia, visual limitations, low back trouble, and epilepsy among other diseases. The frequency of the vibration plays a crucial role in the possible risks of prolonged exposure to vibration. If it is above 24 Hz the human organism cannot cope with retaining its inner balance. The response to vibration is very individual.
Another dangerous workplace factor is ionizing radiation. There are different types of radiation: alpha (α); beta (β); gamma (γ). Various types of ionizing radiation may be produced by radioactive decay, nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Medical procedures (diagnostic X-rays, nuclear medicine, and radiation therapy) are by far the most significant source of human-made radiation exposure to the general public. The public also is exposed to radiation from consumer products (tobacco, some building and road construction materials, combustible fuels, airport X-ray systems etc.). Non-ionizing radiation is thought to be essentially harmless below the levels that cause heating.
To workplace accidents experts refer slips and trips, falls from height, workplace transport problems, dangerous machinery and electric appliances. For many businesses the times particular care should be taken are during maintenance, repair and alteration work.
Working overtime, emotional, verbal and psychological abuse are considered work-related stress causal factors.
To avoid workplace hazards the employers should also think of workplace comfort. Comfortable working conditions (certain temperature, humidity, lighting) can be achieved by the employment of good ergonomic equipment. Proper ergonomic design is necessary to prevent repetitive strain injuries, musculoskeletal disorders, which can develop over time and can lead to long-term disability.
Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики
workplace hazard group biological agent toxin physical agent transport accident work stress related factor allergic reaction poisonous substance anthropogenic factor harmful effect radiation ergonomic equipment strain injury disability | - группа опасностей на рабочем месте - биологический (вредный) фактор - токсин - физический (вредный) фактор - несчастный случай на транспорте - фактор на работе, вызывающий стресс - аллергическая реакция - ядовитое вещество - антропогенный фактор - вредное воздействие - излучение, радиация - эргономичное оборудование - ушиб, травма, связанная с растяжением - нетрудоспособность, инвалидность |
Задание I
А. Определите:
а) какой частью речи являются слова:
different, identify, describe, following, groups, biological, factor, infectious, include, unicellular, parasite, water, adversely, affect, usually, relatively, poisonous, cell, very, low, anthropogenic, occupational, retain, response, disability
б) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов.
Б. Из приведенных ниже слов образуйте однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи. Переведите их (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю):
health (adj), identify (n), describe (n, adj), accident (adj, adv), infectious (n,v), allergic (n), produce (n,adj), electric (n,adj), expose (n), emotional (n, adv), employer (v, n), ergonomic (n,adv)
Задание II
А. Подберите эквиваленты к словам, обозначенным цифрами:
1. activity 2. disrupt 3. annoyance 4. prevent 5. repetitive 6. aggression | a) повторяющийся b) агрессия c) раздражение d) предотвратить f) деятельность g) подорвать |
Б. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:
1. infectious disease 2. adversely affect human health 3. hearing loss 4. sleep disturbance 5. sulfur oxide 6. nitrogen oxide 7. carbon dioxide
8. volatile organic compound 9. heavy metals vapor 10. radioactive dust 11. noise pollution 12. prolonged exposure to vibration 13. consumer products 14. slips and trips 15. fall from height 16. dangerous machinery 17. overtime 18. emotional, verbal and psycho- logical abuse
| a) окись серы b) опасные станки и механизмы c) углекислый газ d) пары тяжелых металлов e) шум f) потеря слуха g) эмоциональное, словесное, психологическое давление (унижение) h) окись азота i) механические травмы, связанные с падением (‘скользить и падать’) j) длительное воздействие вибрации k)товары народного потребления l) радиоактивная пыль m) сверхурочная работа n) летучее органическое соединение o) травма, связанная с падением с высоты p) инфекционное заболевание q) неблагоприятно влиять на здоровье человека
|
В. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова:
hazards, radiation, response, equipment, health
1. Biological agents are known to have a negative effect on human____ as they can provoke serious allergic reactions leading to different consequences.
2. Extended exposure to mechanical oscillations known as vibration makes a person vulnerable to cognitive changes though the ____________to vibration might be different.
3. Radioactive decay of different elements might cause diverse varieties of a further hazardous factor at the working place – ionizing _____________.
4. Workplace comfort, being a prerequisite for safety working conditions, should be accomplished/obtained by the exploitation of good ergonomic ___________.
5. Comfortable temperature, humidity and lighting at workplaces, introduced by the employers, can prevent workplace _______________.
Задание III
А. Найдите в первом абзаце текста прилагательные и переведите их.
Б. Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых использованы модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты.
Г. Найдите во втором и четвертом абзацах текста причастия, укажите их форму и функцию в предложении.
Д. Определите время, вид и залог сказуемых в предложениях пятого абзаца текста, переведите их.
Задание IV
А. Укажите фрагмент текста, в котором описываются физические факторы, негативно влияющие на человека.
Б. Завершите предложение в соответствии с содержанием текста:
1. Noise, being one of the physical agents, can cause serious problems and have a bad effect on _________.
2. Ionizing radiation is dangerous not only at workplaces as people might be endangered by it from ____________.
3. The careful design of the equipment helps people to work better and more efficiently and is important to prevent ____________.
В. Выберите предложение, смысл которого противоречит содержанию текста:
1. Noise pollution is a very loud and continuous noise which is considered unpleasant and harmful to people and animals.
2. There are so many risks that cause accidents at workplace that occupation safety and health public organizations all over the world cannot identify and describe the most typical occupational hazards.
3. Experts in occupational safety and health discipline consider that such work-related factors as overtime, emotional, verbal and psychological abuse lead to continuous feelings of worry.
Задание V
Определите главную идею абзаца текста, начинающегося предложением: Physical agents, include noise (noise pollution), vibration and ionizing radiation.
Unit 3
Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни:
terminology, specific, situational, context, negative, synonymously, proportional, category,associated, transaction, global, socio-cultural, demographic, management,technological, standard, vandalism
Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь.
HAZARDS, RISKS, OUTCOMES
The terminology used in OSH (Occupational Safety and Health) discipline varies between states, but generally speaking:
For example, repetitively carrying out manual handling of heavy objects is a hazard (it can cause harm). The risk can either be expressed mathematically, (0.5 = a 50/50 chance) or just as "high/medium/low". The outcome would be a musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs).
Modern occupational safety and health legislation usually demands that a risk assessment be carried out prior to making an intervention. This assessment should:
In everyday usage, risk is often used synonymously with the probability of a known loss. Risk assessment and risk perception are essential factors for all human decision making. Risk is described both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitatively, risk is proportional to both the expected losses which may be caused by an event and to the probability of this event. Quantitatively risk is defined by the formula:
Or in more general terms:
The assessment should be recorded and reviewed periodically and whenever there is a significant change to work practices. The assessment should include practical recommendations to control the risk. There are several categories of risk:
Some risk experts combine above-mentioned categories into five bigger groups and describe only individual risk, social risk, technological risk, ecological risk, economic risk.
Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:
harm risk outcome safety and health legislation probability expected losses event assessment global economy demographic change food safety disposal of rubbish vandalism arson building related risks weather related risks risk expert | - вред - риск - результат, исход - законодательство о безопасности и здоровье - вероятность - ожидаемые потери - событие - оценка - мировая экономика - демографические изменения - пищевая (продовольственная) безопасность - удаление мусора - вандализм - поджог - риски, связанные со строительством - риски, связанные с погодой - специалист в области рисков |
Задание I
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