А. Определите:
а) какой частью речи являются слова:
occur, occurrence, used, known, disorder, perception, likelihood, qualitatively, describe, quantitatively, expected, greater, review, situational, avoided, associated, ability, retain, exchange, related, demographic, disposal, mobile
б) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов.
Б. Из приведенных ниже слов образуйте однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи. Переведите их (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю):
harmful (n, adv), probability (adj, adv), perception (v), qualitatively (n), quantitatively (n), situational (n,v), mobile (n)
Задание II
А. Подберите эквиваленты к словам, обозначенным цифрами:
7. contractual 8. repetitively | a) устаревание b) категория c) приобретение, получение d) техника, технология e) договорной f) повторно g) установить очередность, распределить приоритеты
|
Б. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:
| a) управлять риском, регулировать риск b) управление транспортом c) пищевая (продовольственная) безопасность d) потенциальная проблема e) принятие решения
|
В. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова или словосочетания:
hazard, risk assessment, occupational safety and health legislation, outcome, risk
1. Something that may be dangerous, or cause accidents or problems is called a _____.
2. The possibility that something unpleasant, or dangerous may happen and it is likely to cause harm is defined as __________.
3. The _____ is the final result when no one knows what it will be until it (hazard) actually happens.
4. Contemporary__________ ___ _________ implies, as a rule, that a__ ____should be organized and planned before making any decision.
Задание III
А. Найдите в первом абзаце текста и переведите причастие в функции определения.
Б. Определите значения глагола “can” в первом и втором абзацах текста.
В. Найдите в тексте группы прилагательных (относительные и качественные).
Г. Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых использованы модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты.
Д. Найдите в тексте примеры аббревиатур, переведите их.
Е. Найдите в сложных предложениях текста придаточные дополнительные.
Ж. Определите время, вид и залог сказуемых в следующих предложениях:
1. The outcome would be musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs).
2. Modern occupational safety and health legislation usually demands that a risk assessment be carried out prior to making an intervention.
3. Risk communication and risk perception are essential factors for all human decision making.
4. Risk is described both qualitatively and quantitatively.
5. The assessment should include practical recommendations to control the risk.
Задание IV
А. Укажите фрагмент текста, в котором говорится об описании риска с количественной и качественной сторон.
Б. Завершите предложение в соответствии с содержанием текста:
1. Usually, risk is described as
a) the possibility that something bad, unpleasant, or dangerous may happen
b) a harmful or negative effect of some action
c) an essential factor for all human decision making.
В. Выберите предложение, смысл которого противоречит содержанию текста:
1.Contemporary occupational safety and health legislation strongly recommend to periodically carry out a risk assessment the results of which should be recorded if there are radical changes at workplaces.
2. The risk evaluation must contain proposals which could be applied for the risk control.
3. Greater loss and greater event likelihood do not result in a greater overall risk.
Задание V
Выполните письменный перевод следующих предложений:
1. Modern occupational safety and health legislation usually demands that a risk assessment be carried out prior to making an intervention.
2. This assessment should: identify the hazards; identify all affected by the hazard and how; evaluate the risk; identify and prioritise the required actions.
3. The assessment should be recorded and reviewed periodically and whenever there is a significant change to work practices.
Unit 4
Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни:
reaction, negative, geophysical, volcano, hydrological, climatic, atmospheric, cyclonic, storm, hurricane, tropical, cyclone, typhoon, tornado, catastrophic, potential, biospherical, phenomenon, communication
Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь.
NATURAL HAZARDS
A hazard is a source of potential harm. A hazard has three modes: 1. Dormant(there are no people around; there is no risk). 2. Active (human reaction time is too slow to combat the effect of the hazard; it is too late to prevent the consequences of the hazard). 3. Armed (there is a person or people in the vicinity; there is risk). A hazard, for instance a natural hazard, or geophysical hazard is a t hreat of an event that will have a negative effect on people or the environment.
Many naturalhazards are related and may lead to disasters e.g. earthquakes can result in tsunamis, drought can lead directly to famine and disease. Hazards are consequently relating to a future occurrence and disasters to past or current occurrences.
Among geological hazards experts differentiate avalanches, landslides and mudflows, volcano eruptions.
Another group of natural hazards includes the so-called hydrological hazards. They are: floods, limnic eruptions, whirlpools, maelstroms, seiches, tsunamis. Meteotsunamis are caused by meteorological phenomena. A megatsunami is an informal term used to describe very large tsunamis. The largest waves are caused by very large landslides, such as a collapsing island, into a body of water. The highest tsunami ever recorded was estimated to be of 524m (1742 ft.) vertical run-up on July 9, 1958, in Lituya Bay, Alaska.
One more group includes climatic and atmospherichazards. Under this heading come blizzards, droughts, hailstorms, heat waves, cyclonic storms (hurricanes, tropical cyclones, typhoons), an ice age, ice storms, tornadoes, wildfires. Scientists warn that global warming may result in extensive droughts in coming years. Extended droughts can result in deaths by starvation or disease, and can result in wildfires. On the other hand there is a potential danger of an ice age which could be viewed in the light of a catastrophic naturalhazard, since in an ice age, the climate all over the world would change and places which were once considered habitable would then be too cold to permanently inhabit.
Epidemics, pandemics, famines fall into the category of biospherical hazards. There have been many epidemics throughout history, such as Black Death. Famine is a social and economic crisis that is commonly accompanied by widespread malnutrition, starvation, epidemic disease and increased mortality.
Extraterrestrial hazards are classified into impact events and solar flares. An impact event is a natural hazard in which an extraterrestrial piece of rock or other material collides with the Earth. The exact consequences of a direct Earth impact would vary greatly with size of the colliding object. In cases of medium to large impacts there is usually a short-term climate change and a general failure of agriculture. A solar flare is a phenomenon where the sun suddenly releases a great amount of solar radiation, much more than normal. It is theorized that these releases of radiation could cause a widespread failure of communications technology across the globe. The exact implications of such a failure are unknown. Further studies are being carried out.
Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:
hazard natural hazard threat avalanche meteorological phenomenon landslide volcano eruption whirlpool maelstrom global warming starvation tornado habitable place epidemics pandemics famine malnutrition impact event solar flare release of radiation | - опасность - стихийное бедствие - угроза - лавина - метеорологическое явление - оползень - извержение вулкана - водоворот - водоворот, вихрь - глобальное потепление - голод, голодание - торнадо - место, пригодное для жизни - эпидемия - пандемия - голод - недоедание - последствие столкновения - солнечная вспышка - радиационное излучение |
Задание I
А. Определите:
а) какой частью речи являются слова:
source, consequently, differentiate, informal, threat, related, describe, extensive, used, caused, negative, warn, habitable, change, solar, starvation, atmospheric, extraterrestrial, implication
б) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов.
Б) Из приведенных ниже слов образуйте однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи. Переведите их (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю):
potential (adv), active (v, adv), prevent (n), natural (adv, n), consequently (n, adj), lead (n), directly (adj, v, n), describe (n), extensive (adv, n), permanently (adj), climatic (n), collide (n), atmospheric (n), starvation (v).
Задание II
А. Подберите подходящую пару к словам, обозначенным цифрами. Полученные словосочетания переведите:
| a) occurrence b) harm c) phenomenon d) island e) hazard f) malnutrition g) eruption |
Б. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:
| a) ледниковый период b) время реакции человека c) эпидемические заболевания d) солнечное излучение e) предотвратить последствия f) бороться с последствиями опасного события |
В. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова:
future, collides, past, landslides, current, meteotsunamis, earthquakes, releases of radiation
1. Some natural hazards, such as tsunamis, can be result of_____ and ___________.
2. When ecologists speak of hazards they mean that they can happen in the ________, speaking about disasters experts refer them to ________ or _________ events.
3. The largest waves caused by extreme conditions and which can cause a lot of damage when it reaches land are called ____________.
4. When a meteorite _______ with the Earth the results of the impact event depend on the size of extraterrestrial rocks or metals.
5. Extraterrestrial hazards also include such a phenomenon when the sun’s activity is much more than normal and the ________ might lead to communication disruption all over the world.
Задание III
А. Найдите во втором и пятом абзацах текста предложения, включающие модальные глаголы. Укажите на значения модальных глаголов, переведите предложения.
Б. Найдите в четвертом абзаце текста прилагательные в превосходной степени. Переведите содержащие их предложения.
В. Определите время, вид и залог сказуемых в следующих предложениях:
1. Among geological hazards experts differentiate avalanches, lahars, landslides and mudflows, volcano eruptions.
2. Another group of natural hazards includes the so-called hydrological hazards.
3. Extraterrestrial hazards are classified into impact events and solar flares
4. The exact implications of such a failure are unknown.
5. On the other hand there is a potential danger of an ice age which could be viewed in the light of a catastrophic natural hazard.
Г. Найдите в тексте случаи употребления причастия II и укажите форму и функцию этих причастий в предложении.
Задание IV
Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
1. What is a hazard?
2. What is a difference between a hazard and a disaster?
3. How many types of hazards are differentiated by experts?
Задание V
Выпишите ключевые слова из текста.
Unit 5
Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни:
structural, collapse, commercial, context, corrosion, aerodynamic, balcony, personal, activity, escalate, proportion, active, volcano, agricultural, resources, terrorism, stigma, population, sabotage, religious, ideological, racial, segregation, military, personnel, conflict, economy
Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь.
MAN-MADE HAZARDS
Man-made hazards are threats having an element of human intent, negligence, erroror involving a failure of a system. They are divided into technological hazards and sociological hazards. Technological hazards include industrial hazards, structural collapses, power outages.
Industrial disasters occur in a commercial context, such as mining disasters. They often have an environmental impact. Structural collapses are often caused by engineering failures. Bridge failures may be caused in several ways, such as under-design, by corrosion attack and by aerodynamic flutter of the deck. Failure of dams is not infrequent nowadays. Other failures include balcony collapses. A power outage is an interruption of normal sources of electrical power. Short-term power outages (up to a few hours) are common and have minor adverse effect, since most businesses and health facilities are prepared to deal with them. Extended power outages, however, can disrupt personal and business activities as well as medical and rescue services, leading to business losses and medical emergencies. Only very rarely do power outages escalate to disaster proportions, however, they often accompany other types of disasters, such as hurricanes and floods, which hampers relief efforts.
Bush fires, forest fires and mine fires are generally started by lightning. Other common causes include human carelessness, slash-and-burn farming, arson, volcano eruption, pyroclastic cloud from active volcano, and underground coal fire. They can burn thousands of square kilometers. If a fire intensifies enough to produce its own winds and "weather", it will form into a firestorm. A wildfire (also known as a wildland fire, forest fire, brush fire, vegetation fire, grass fire, peat fire, bushfire (in Australasia), or hill fire) is an uncontrolled fire often occurring in wildland areas, but which can also consume houses or agricultural resources. Heat waves, droughts, and cyclical climate changes can also dramatically increase the risk of wildfires.
A mine fire (a coal seem fire) is the underground smouldering of a coal deposit, often a coal mine. Such fires have economic, social and ecological impact. Because they are underground, they are extremely difficult and costly to reach and extinguish. Mine fires may begin as a result of an industrial accident, generally involving a gas explosion. Some fires along coal seams are natural occurrences. Some coals may self-ignite at temperatures as low as 40 °C (104 °F) in the right conditions of moisture and grain size. Besides destruction of the affected areas, coal fires emit gases that may contribute to global warming.
Sociological hazards include crime, arson, civil disorder and riot, terrorism and war.
Crime is the breach of a rule or law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a punishment. The label of "crime" and the accompanying social stigma are normally reserved for those activities that are injurious to the general population or the State, including some that cause serious loss or damage to individuals. Two common types of employee crime exist: embezzlement and sabotage.
Arson is the criminal intent of setting a fire with intent to cause damage. The definition of arson was originally limited to setting fire to buildings, but was later expanded to include other objects, such as bridges, vehicles, and private property. Sometimes, human-induced fires can be accidental: failing machinery such as a kitchen stove is a major cause of accidental fires.
Civil disorder is a broad term that is typically used by law enforcement to describe forms of disturbance. Although civil disorder does not necessarily escalate to a disaster in all cases, the event may escalate into general chaos. Rioting has many causes, from low minimum wage to racial segregation.
Terrorism is a controversial term with multiple definitions. One definition means a violent action targeting civilians exclusively. Another definition is the use or threatened use of violence for the purpose of creating fear in order to achieve a political, religious, or ideological goal. Under the second definition, the targets of terrorist acts can be anyone, including civilians, government officials, military personnel, or people serving the interests of governments. War is conflict between relatively large groups of people, which involves physical force inflicted by the use of weapons. Warfare has destroyed entire cultures, countries, economies and inflicted great suffering on humanity. Other terms for war can include armed conflict, hostilities, and police action. Acts of war are normally excluded from insurance contracts and disaster planning.
Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:
man-made hazard technological hazard sociological hazards industrial hazard structural collapse power outage environmental impact engineering failure under-design corrosion attack aerodynamic flutter fire firestorm wildfire mine fire industrial accident gas explosion arson civil disorder terrorism warfare insurance contract disaster planning | - опасность, вызванная деятельностью человека - техногенная опасность - опасность для общества - опасность в промышленности - структурное обрушение, обвал - (аварийное) отключение электроэнергии - воздействие на окружающую среду - конструкторский просчет - проектная ошибка - интенсивная коррозия - аэродинамическая вибрация, аэродинамический резонанс - пожар - верховой пожар - пожар в незаселенной местности - пожар в шахте - несчастный случай на производстве - взрыв газа - поджог - нарушение общественного порядка - терроризм - боевые действия - договор (социального) страхования - предусматривать катастрофу |
Задание I
А) Определите:
а) какой частью речи являются слова:
element, system, include, deal, disrupt, rarely, carelessness, enough, produce, also, consume, dramatically, increase, typically, low, minimum, wage
б) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов.
Б) Из приведенных ниже слов образуйте однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи. Переведите их (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю):
system (adj, v) technological (n, adv), industrial (n, adv), disaster (adj), personal (n, adv), escalate (n), include (n,adj), deal (n), carelessness (v, n, adj), produce (n, adj), consume (n), dramatically (n, adj), typically (n, adj)
Задание II
А. Пользуясь текстом и предложенными словами, составьте и переведите все возможные словосочетания:
| a) collapse |
| b) disaster |
| c) impact |
| d) hazard |
| e) outage |
Б. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:
| a) industrial hazards b) bridge failure c) disrupt business activities d) medical and rescue services e) escalate to disaster proportions f) industrial accident |
В. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова и словосочетания:
self-ignite, lightning, a riot, power outages, dams, employee crime
1. Miscalculation and errors in engineering can cause failure of ____ which is quite common nowadays.
2. Hurricanes and floods can happen at the same time with______ _____.
3. During thunderstorms ________ can often be the cause of an uncontrolled fire in wildland areas.
4. Some industrial accidents in the mines can happen if there is a ‘right’ combination of certain temperatures and the content of moisture which makes coal _____.
5. Illegal actions, which can be punished by law, such as embezzlement and sabotage, are usually classified as sociological hazards and refer to ______ _______.
6. Civil disorder which can have a form of ______ may have different roots – from being underpaid to being racially segregated.
Задание III
Задайте к тексту пять общих и специальных вопросов.
Задание IV
А. Найдите фрагмент текста, в котором рассматриваются различные определения терроризма.
Б. Завершите предложение в соответствии с содержанием текста:
Hazards caused by people are dangerous events
a) creating fear with the aim of achieving certain (a political, religious, or ideological) goals.
b) having an element of human purpose, carelessness, mistake or including a failure of a system.
c) disrupting personal and business activities as well as medical and rescue services, causing business losses and medical emergencies.
В. Выберите предложение, смысл которого противоречит содержанию текста:
1. Man-made hazards are divided into technological hazards and sociological hazards.
2. Various engineering failures, caused by gradual destruction of metal or by aerodynamic factors, are referred to natural disasters.
3. Consequences of man-made hazards are not usually mentioned in insurance contracts and disaster planning.
Задание V
Составьте и напишите фрагмент аннотации текста с использованием следующих клише:
The key point of the text under the title “Man-made hazards”is ….
According to the text….
Particular attention is given to ….
The presented data are supposed to be ….
Unit 6
Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни:
ozone, critical, proportion, stratospheric, introduction, respiratory, emission, contribute, photosynthesis, organic, toxin, thermal, spectrum, application, pesticide, phenomenon, intensity, carcinogenic, leukemia.
Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь.
FACTORS THREATENING THE ENVIRONMENT
Environment comprises all of the external factors affecting an organism. These factors may be other living organisms (biotic factors) or nonliving variables (abiotic factors), such as temperature, rainfall, day length, wind and ocean currents. The problems facing the environment are vast and diverse. Global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer in the atmosphere, and destruction of the world’s rainforests, air, water pollution and soil contamination are just some of the problems that many scientists believe will reach critical proportions in the coming decades.
Air pollution has been responsible for global warming and stratospheric ozone depletion during the last century. Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm (deaths, respiratory diseases) or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the environment. The greatest source of emissions is mobile sources, mainly automobiles. Gases such as carbon dioxide, which contribute to global warming, have recently gained recognition as pollutants by climate scientists, while they also recognize that carbon dioxide is essential for plant life through photosynthesis. Pollutants can be classified as either primary or secondary. Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary. The most dangerous primary pollutants produced by human activity include: sulfur oxides (SOx); nitrogen oxides (NOx); carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas; toxic metals, such as lead, cadmium and copper; radioactive pollutants produced by nuclear explosions, war explosives, and natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon.
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater caused by human activities, which can be harmful to organisms and plants which live in these water bodies. Water pollution is a major problem in the global context. It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases. Water pollution has many causes and characteristics. Industries discharge a variety of pollutants in their wastewater including heavy metals, resin pellets, organic toxins, oils, nutrients, and solids. Discharges can also have thermal effects, especially those from power stations, and these reduce the available oxygen. Pollutants in water include a wide spectrum of chemicals (insecticides and herbicides) and pathogens (food processing waste, tree and brush debris from logging operations).
Soil contamination is the presence of man-made chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. This type of contamination typically arises from the rupture of underground storage tanks, application of pesticides, percolation of contaminated surface water to subsurface strata, leaching of wastes from landfills or direct discharge of industrial wastes to the soil. The most common chemicals involved are petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, lead and other heavy metals. This occurrence of this phenomenon is correlated with the degree of industrialization and intensity of chemical usage. Soil contamination results when hazardous substances are either spilled or buried directly in the soil or migrate to the soil from a spill that has occurred elsewhere. There is a very large set of health consequences from exposure to soil contamination depending on pollutant type, pathway of attack and vulnerability of the exposed population. Chromium and obsolete pesticide formulations are carcinogenic to populations. Lead is especially hazardous to young children, in which group there is a high risk of developmental damage to the brain, while to all populations kidney damage is a risk. Chronic exposure to at sufficient concentrations is known to be associated with higher incidence of leukemia. Obsolete pesticides such as mercury are known to induce higher incidences of kidney damage, some irreversible. Not unexpectedly, soil contaminants can have significant deleterious consequences for ecosystems.
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