Emergency management (or disaster management) is the discipline of dealing with and avoiding risks. It is a discipline that involves preparing for disaster before it happens, disaster response (e.g. emergency evacuation, quarantine, mass decontamination, etc.), as well as supporting, and rebuilding society after natural or human-made disasters have occurred. Effective emergency management relies on thorough integration of emergency plans at all levels of government and non-government involvement.
‘Emergency Management' is one of a number of terms which, since the end of the Cold War, have largely replaced ‘Civil Defense’, whose original focus was protecting civilians from military attack. Modern thinking focuses on a more general intent to protect the civilian population in times of peace as well as in times of war. Another current term, ‘Civil Protection’ is widely used within the European Union and refers to government-approved systems and resources whose task is to protect the civilian population, primarily in the event of natural and human-made disasters. Within EU countries the term ‘Crisis Management ’ emphasizes the political and security aspects rather than measures to satisfy the immediate needs of the civilian population. The academic trend is towards using the more comprehensive term ‘Disaster Risk Reduction’, particularly for emergency management in a development management context.
Experts have long noted that the cycle of emergency management must include long-term work on infrastructure, public awareness, and even human justice issues. The process of emergency management involves four phases: mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.
Mitigation efforts attempt to prevent hazards from developing into disasters altogether, or to reduce the effects of disasters when they occur. The mitigation phase differs from the other phases because it focuses on long-term measures for reducing or eliminating risk.
In the preparedness phase, emergency managers develop plans of action for when the disaster strikes. Common preparedness measures include: the communication plans with easily understandable terminology and chain of command; development and practice of multi-agency coordination and incident command; proper maintenance and training of emergency services; development and exercise of emergency population warning methods combined with emergency shelters and evacuation plans; stockpiling, inventory, and maintenance of supplies and equipment.
The response phase includes the mobilization of the necessary emergency services and first responders in the disaster area. This is likely to include a first wave of core emergency services, such as firefighters, police and ambulance crews. They may be supported by a number of secondary emergency services, such as specialist rescue teams.
The aim of the recovery phase is to restore the affected area to its previous state. Recovery efforts are primarily concerned with actions that involve rebuilding destroyed property, re-employment, and the repair of other essential infrastructure.
|
Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:
emergency management response emergency evacuation quarantine mass decontamination involvement ‘Civil Defense’ protecting civilians military attack ‘Civil Protection’ government-approved system ‘Crisis Management’ security satisfy the immediate needs ‘Disaster Risk Reduction’ cycle infrastructure, public awareness justice phase mitigation preparedness recovery prevent hazard reduce the effect eliminate risk chain of command multi-agency coordination emergency service emergency shelter supplies mobilization responder ambulance crew rescue team | - управление чрезвычайными ситуациями - ответная реакция - аварийная эвакуация - карантин - массовое обеззараживание (дегазация) - вовлеченность - гражданская оборона - защита гражданского населения - военная атака - защита гражданского населения - система, одобренная правительством - управление кризисом - безопасность - удовлетворять непосредственные нужды - сокращение риска возникновения катастроф - цикл - инфраструктура - общественное сознание - справедливость - фаза - смягчение - готовность - восстановление - предотвращать, предотвратить опасность - сократить последствие - предотвратить риск - «цепочка» контроля - координация различных организаций - аварийная служба - аварийное, временное убежище - запасы - мобилизация - тот, кто отвечает за определенные действия - бригада скорой помощи - команда спасателей |
|
Задание I
А. Определите:
а) какой частью речи являются слова:
emergency, effective, integration, thorough, original, resource, academic, widely, particularly, proper, easily, understandable, include, differ, expert, restore, coordination, involve
б) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов.
Б. Из приведенных ниже слов образуйте однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи. Переведите их (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю):
evacuation (v), effective (n), management (v,adj), integration (v), original (n), widely (adj, n), professional (n), proper (n), easily (adj), understandable (v), differ (adj, n), expert (adv), cycle (adj), restore (n), involve (n)
Задание II
А. Подберите подходящую пару к словам, обозначенным цифрами. Полученные словосочетания переведите:
| a) subject b) stages c) disaster d) defend e) firemen
|
Б. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:
1. планы общения, связи, оповещения 2. правильное, подобающее содержание 3. оповещение населения 4. основное внимание 5. учения служб МЧС | a) original focus c) communication plans e) proper maintenance f) training of emergency services g) population warning |
В. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова:
phases, emergency, economic, recovery, long-term, infrastructure, mitigation, awareness,
1. The nature of the discipline dealing with and avoiding risks is highly dependent on economic and social conditions local to the _____, or disaster.
2. This is true to the extent that some disaster relief experts have noted that in a sense the only real disasters are ____.
3. Risk specialists have observed that the sequence of actions in emergency management must consist of several aspects/steps/stages which include ____ - _____work on ______, public ______, and law/legislation matters.
4. The procedure of emergency management consists of several ______, one of them - ___ -implies prevention of hazards from developing into disasters______.
5. The main goal of another phase, _______, is restoration of the region where a disaster has struck to its former condition and shape.
Задание II
А. Укажите фрагмент текста, в котором говорится о четырёх фазах ликвидации чрезвычайного положения.
Б. Завершите предложение в соответствии с содержанием текста:
1. The term ‘ Civil Defense’ was substituted by the word combination/collocation ‘ Emergency Management’ whose initial goal is ________.
2. In the countries of the European Union the term Civil Protection is mostly used and it means defense systems approved by governments __________
3. However scientists prefer to use another, more modern term __________.
В. Выберите предложение, смысл которого противоречит содержанию текста:
1. The discipline Emergency management deals with different aspects of preparing, avoiding and responding to disasters.
2. Successful crisis management integrates emergency plans worked out by government structures as well as non-governmental organizations.
3. Recovery efforts at the response phase include rebuilding of the region struck by a disaster to its former condition.
Задание V
Выполните письменно аннотацию текста.
Unit 10
Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам и словосочетаниям, содержащим интернациональные корни:
ministry, official, real, date, agency, mission, publication, initiative, sphere, competence, functioning, catastrophe, training, competency, rank, territory, radiological, certification, local, pact, autonomous
Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь.
MINISTRY FOR THE EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
The Ministry for the Emergency Situations (EMERCOM) was established on January 10, 1994 by President Boris Yeltsin. The complete official designation is Ministry of the Russian Federation for Affairs of Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief. Some consider the real date of birth of the agency as December 27, 1990, when the Russian Rescue Corps was established and assigned the mission of rapid response in the case of emergencies.
According to an EMERCOM publication, the Ministry is an agency of Federal Executive Power with the following tasks:
· developing proposals and initiatives in the sphere of State policy on issues within the Ministry's competence;
· managing the Civil Defense and Search and Rescue Service in the Russian Federation; providing for the functioning and further development of the Russian System of Disaster Management (RSDM);
· directing activities aimed at eliminating the consequences of large-scale disasters, catastrophes and other emergencies;
· conducting special submarine activities;
· supervising the use of finance resources allocated to the Government for disaster management and response;
· organizing the training of the population, and governing agencies and the RSDM forces for disaster management and response; and
· organizing international cooperation in the fields of the Ministry's competency.
The Minister in charge of EMERCOM is Sergei Shoigu. He was appointed by President Yeltsin in November 1991 as Chairman of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense Matters, Extraordinary Situations and the Liquidation of Natural Disasters. Shoigu was given the rank of Major General in October 1994, and his committee became a ministry in January 1994. President Yeltsin showed his faith in the importance of EMERCOM by designating Minister Shoigu a member of the Russian Security Council by Presidential Decree on February 1, 1994.
The Ministry consists of the following Departments:
· Department for the Protection of the Population and Territories
· Department for Disaster Prevention
· Department of Forces
· Department for International Cooperation
· Department for the Elimination of Consequences of Radiological and other Disasters
· Department for Science and Technology
· Management Department
In addition to them there are the several commissions and boards. Working through the office of the Prime Minister, the Ministry can ask for private, Ministry of Defense or Internal Forces assistance. That is, the Ministry has international coordination power and the ability to tap local resources if required.
The Department of International Cooperation, to present an example of the activities of one of these departments and commissions, has already signed agreements on cooperation during disaster response and prevention with Germany, Italy, France, Switzerland, Poland, Belarus, Georgia, and Kazakhstan. Mutual assistance pacts are ready for signing with Mongolia, Latvia, Finland, Armenia, Moldova, and Estonia. An agreement also exists with the U.N. High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), and agreements are sought with the OSCE and NATO.
EMERCOM centres are located in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Rostov-on-Don, Samara, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Chita and Khabarovsk. Many regions, provinces, autonomous administrative units, districts and towns possess Civil Defense and Emergency Headquarters. Command and Control Centers are located in Moscow, and in each region and oblast. Training and Education Facilities include a Civil Protection Academy, Training and Methodology centres, an All-Russia Scientific Research Institute, an All-Russian Monitoring and Laboratory Control Centre, and a Centre for Scientific Analysis of Civil Defense Issues.
To perform rapid response operations the following forces and equipment are available: Central Air-Mobile Rescue Team; Civil Defense Troops; Search and Rescue Service.
Central Air-Mobile Rescue Teams are equipped with aviation facilities that include helicopters and cargo aircraft (Ilyushin Il-76 and Antonov An-72). The teams have taken part in United Nation's humanitarian delivery operations. Civil Defense Troops consist of military troop divisions and regiments stationed in various regions of the country. Search and Rescue Service maintains 30 units in various republics, regions and provinces.
Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:
Ministry for the Emergency Situations (EMERCOM) complete official designation Ministry of the Russian Federation for Affairs of Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief Rescue Corps assign the mission rapid response case of emergencies Federal Executive Power eliminatе the consequences large-scale disaster supervise the use of finance resources
extraordinary situation liquidation tap local resources commission agreement mutual assistance pact headquarters aviation facilities humanitarian delivery | - Министерство по чрезвычайным ситуациям - МЧС России - полное официальное название - Министерство по делам гражданской обороны, чрезвычайным ситуациям и ликвидации последствий стихийных бедствий - спасательный корпус - придать миссию - быстрое реагирование - случай чрезвычайной необходимости - Федеральная исполнительная власть - устранять последствия - крупномасштабная катастрофа - контролировать использование финансовых средств - чрезвычайная ситуация - ликвидация - использовать местные ресурсы - комиссия - договор - договор о взаимной помощи - штаб - возможности авиации - гуманитарная - доставка |
Задание I
А. Определите:
а) какой частью речи являются слова:
rapid, sign, proposal, competence, consequences, large-scale, conduct, resource, available, possess, perform, equip, aviation, include, humanitarian, delivery, military, division
б) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов.
Б. Из приведенных ниже слов образуйте однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи. Переведите их (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю):
exist (n), proposal (v), competence (adj), manage (n), resource (adj), response (adj), possess (n), perform (n), addition (adj,v), equip (n), delivery (v), division (v)
Задание II
А. Подберите подходящую пару к словам, обозначенным цифрами. Полученные словосочетания переведите:
1. developing 2. Ministry's 3. coordination 4. aviation 5. military | a) competence b) regiments c) proposals d) power f) facilities |
Б. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:
1. directing activities
2. eliminating the consequences 3. large-scale disasters 4. conducting special submarine activities 5. supervising the use of finance resources 6. allocated to the Government 7. organizing the training of the population
| a) контроль за использованием финансовых ресурсов b) катастрофы в большом масштабе c) руководство действиями d) ликвидация последствий e) организация учебы населения f) предназначенных для правительства g) проведение специальных подводных операций |
В. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова:
chairman, respond, agreements on prevention of disasters, international coordination, EMERCOM (Ministry for the Emergency Situations), tap local resources, international coordination power
1. The person in charge of the agency of Federal Executive Power responsible forthe Russian System of Disaster Management is Sergei Shoigu, the _________ of the ________.
2. The main goal of the newly organized Russian Rescue Corps was to quickly _____ to the consequences of hazardous events, catastrophes and disasters.
3. One of the Ministry’s tasks is _____ ______ in the Civil Defense and Search and Rescue Service.
4. EMERCOM works in direct contact with the Prime Minister Office therefore it can ask for assistance from other Ministries, Boards, and Commissions thus acquiring ____ ____ ____and the potential and rights to ____ ____ ____.
5. Mutual pacts on cooperation and coordination of activities during catastrophes, contracts and ____ __ ____ __ ____ have already been signed with many countries.
Задание III
А. Найдите в первом абзаце текста числительные и переведите предложения с ними.
Б. Найдите во втором абзаце текста примеры использования герундия, определите время и залог, укажите на функции.
В. Переведите следующее предложение, обращая внимание на функцию, выполняемую инфинитивом. Назовите функцию.
To perform rapid response operations the following forces and equipment are available: Central Air-Mobile Rescue Team; Civil Defense Troops; Search and Rescue Service.
Г. Найдите в тексте предложение с глаголами в страдательном залоге. Укажите время.
Д. Найдите в тексте аббревиатуры названий различных международных организаций, с которыми уже сотрудничает или планирует сотрудничество Министерство по чрезвычайным ситуациям России.
Задание IV
А. Укажите фрагмент текста, в котором говорится о задачах Министерства по чрезвычайным ситуациям России.
Б. Выберите предложение, смысл которого противоречит содержанию текста:
1. The Russian Government and the Parliament (Duma) are planning to organize the Ministry for the Emergency Situations in connection with the hydro disaster at Sayano-Shushenskya hydro-power station/dam in August 2009.
2. Central Air-Mobile Rescue Teams have participated in several humanitarian operations coordinated by the United Nation's organization (by) delivering food, medicine and clothes.
3. Besides quick response to the consequences of emergencies both in our country and abroad/elsewhere the Ministry works out plans and programs for the government on issues within the Ministry's competence;
Задание V
Выполните письменный перевод предлагаемого отрывка текста:
The Department of International Cooperation, to present an example of the activities of one of these departments and commissions, has already signed agreements on cooperation during disaster response and prevention with Germany, Italy, France, Switzerland, Poland, Belarus, Georgia, and Kazakhstan. Mutual assistance pacts are ready for signing with Mongolia, Latvia, Finland, Armenia, Moldova, and Estonia. An agreement also exists with the U.N. High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), and agreements are sought with the OSCE and NATO.
II. МАТЕРИАЛЫ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ
Unit 1. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
ERGONOMICS
Ergonomics is the scientific discipline concerned with designing according to the human needs, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. The field is also called human engineering, and human factors engineering.
Ergonomic research is primarily performed by ergonomists, who study human capabilities in relationship to their work demands. Information derived from ergonomists contributes to the design and evaluation of tasks, jobs, products, environments and systems in order to make them compatible with the needs, abilities and limitations of people.
Ergonomics is a science concerned with the ‘fit’ between people and their work. It takes account of the worker's capabilities and limitations in seeking to ensure that tasks, equipment, information and the environment suit each worker.
To assess the fit between a person and their work, ergonomists consider:
· the job being done and the demands on the worker;
· the equipment used (its size, shape, and how appropriate it is for the task);
· the information used (how it is presented, accessed, and changed).
Ergonomics draws on many disciplines in its study of humans and their environments, including anthropometry, biomechanics, mechanical engineering, industrial engineering, industrial design, kinesiology, physiology and psychology.
Typically, an ergonomist will have a BA or BS in Psychology, Industrial/Mechanical Engineering or Health Sciences, and usually an MA, MS or PhD in a related discipline. Many universities offer Master of Science degrees in Ergonomics, while some offer Master of Ergonomics or Master of Human Factors degrees.
More recently, occupational therapists have been moving into the field of ergonomics and the field has been heralded as one of the top ten emerging practice areas to watch for in the new millennium.
There are five aspects of ergonomics, safety, comfort, ease of use, productivity/performance, and aesthetics. Based on these aspects of ergonomics, examples are given of how products or systems could benefit from redesign based on ergonomic principles.
· Safety - Medicine bottles: The print on them could be larger so that a sick person who may have impaired vision (due to sinuses, etc.) can more easily see the dosages and label. Ergonomics could design the print style, color and size for optimal viewing.
· Comfort - Alarm clock display: Some displays are harshly bright, drawing one’s eye to the light when surroundings are dark. Ergonomic principles could redesign this based on contrast principles.
· Ease of use - Street Signs: In a strange area, many times it is difficult to spot street signs. This could be addressed with the principles of visual detection in ergonomics.
· Productivity/performance - HD TV: The sound on HD TV is much lower than regular TV. So when you switch from HD to regular, the volume increases dramatically. Ergonomics recognizes that this difference in decibel level creates a difference in loudness and hurts human ears and this could be solved by evening out the decibel levels. Voicemail instructions: It takes too long to have to listen to all of the obvious instructions. Ergonomics could address this by providing more options to the user, enabling them to easily and quickly skip the instructions.
· Aesthetics - Signs in the workplace: Signage should be made consistent throughout the workplace to not only be aesthetically pleasing, but also so that information is easily accessible for all signs
Задание 1. Выполните письменный перевод следующих предложений:
Ergonomics is the scientific discipline concerned with designing according to the human needs, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.
Information derived from ergonomists contributes to the design and evaluation of tasks, jobs, products, environments and systems in order to make them compatible with the needs, abilities and limitations of people.
Задание 2. Выполните письменно аннотацию текста
Unit 2. COMMON WORKPLACE HAZARD GROUPS
NOISE
In common use, the word noise means unwanted sound or noise pollution. In electronics noise can refer to the electronic signal corresponding to acoustic noise (in an audio system) or the electronic signal corresponding to the (visual) noise commonly seen as 'snow' on a degraded television or video image. In signal processing or computing it can be considered data without meaning; that is, data that is not being used to transmit a signal, but is simply produced as an unwanted by-product of other activities. In Information Theory, however, noise is still considered to be information. In a broader sense, film grain or even advertisements in web pages can be considered noise. Noise can block, distort, or change the meaning of a message in both human and electronic communication. In many of these areas, the special case of thermal noise arises, which sets a fundamental lower limit to what can be measured or signaled and is related to basic physical processes at the molecular level described by well-established thermodynamics considerations, some of which are expressible by relatively well known simple formulae.
Acoustic noise
When speaking of noise in relation to sound, what is commonly meant is meaningless sound of greater than usual volume. Thus, a loud activity may be referred to as noisy. However, conversations of other people may be called noise for people not involved in any of them, and noise can be any unwanted sound such as the noise of dogs barking, neighbours playing loud music, road traffic sounds, chainsaws, or aircraft, spoiling the quiet of the countryside.
For film sound theorists and practitioners at the advent of talkies c.1928/1929, noise was non-speech sound or natural sound and for many of them noise (especially asynchronous use with image) was desired over the evils of dialogue synchronized to moving image. The director and critic René Clair writing in 1929 makes a clear distinction between film dialogue and film noise and very clearly suggests that noise can have meaning and be interpreted: "...it is possible that an interpretation of noises may have more of a future in it. Sound cartoons, using "real" noises, seem to point to interesting possibilities" ('The Art of Sound' (1929)). Alberto Cavalcanti uses noise as a synonym for natural sound ('Sound in Films' (1939)) and as late as 1960, Siegfried Kracauer was referring to noise as non-speech sound ('Dialogue and Sound' (1960)).
Audio noise
In audio, recording, and broadcast systems audio noise refers to the residual low level sound (usually hiss and hum) that is heard in quiet periods of programme. In audio engineering it can also refer to the unwanted residual electronic noise signal that gives rise to acoustic noise heard as 'hiss'. This signal noise is commonly measured using A-weighting or ITU-R 468 weighting
Дата добавления: 2015-09-29; просмотров: 36 | Нарушение авторских прав
| <== предыдущая лекция | | | следующая лекция ==> |