The Consequences of the Second World War.

• I. Destruction of the Second World War.
• A) Casualties. 17,000,000 KIA, 18,000,000 civilians.
• Soviet. 7.5 million military, 13 million civilian.
• Chinese. 2.5 million to 13 million.
• German. 3,000, 0000 military, 500,000 to 1,000,000 civilian
• Japanese. 1.5 million military, 500,000 civilian
• Italy. 400,000 military, 100,000 civilian
• Britain and France. 400,000 military, 100,000 civlian each
• The United States. 500,000 military, few thousand civilian
• Poland. 300,000 military, 7 million civilians (3 million Jews).
• Yugoslavia. 400,000 military, 100,000 civilian
• Greece. 150,000 military, 500,000 civilian.
• B) Displaced persons and refugees. 30,000,000.
• German Volkdeutsch--9,000,000 frokm Poland, 3 million from Sudetenland, Baltic, elswhere.
• Slave labor and concentration camp victims.
• Repatriated collaborators.
• Others.
• C) Economic Destruction. 4,000,000,000,000. 4 trillion dollars
• Thousands of Towns, villages destroyed. Battlegrounds, air attack, reprisal. Germany, Italy, Japan, Soviet Union.
• Industrial complex, communications, transportation, resources, agriculture crippled.
• Starvation, disease. cholera, typhus.
• Burma, Philippines, China, Japan in Asia.
• II. Economic Recovery.
• A) Western Europe.
• German Reparations.
• The Winter of 1945-1946.
• France and Germany.
• Other Countries.
• B) Eastern Europe.
• The Soviet Union.
• The Former Axis Sattelites: Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria
• Poland and Czechoslovakia.
• The Partisan Republics: Albania and Yugoslavia
• Greece and Turkey
• III. Towards Cold War.
• A) Occupation Zones & Zones of Influence.
• Anglo-Americans in Italy, France, W. Europe.
• Soviet Union in Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, E. Europe.
• Four-power partition of Germany and Austria.
• Stalin-Churchill Deal over Balkans.
• Romania--90-10.
• Bulgaria--75-25.
• Hungary--50-50.
• Yugoslavia--50-50.
• Greece--10-90.
• Finland.
• B) Expansion of the Soviet Union.
• Finland, Baltic States.
• E. Poland (Bukovina, Bessarabia).
• Romania (Bukovina, Bessarabia).
• E. Prussia (Kaliningrad-Königsberg).
• Czechoslovakia (Subcarpathian Ruthenia/Transcarpathian Ukraine).
• Sakhalin, Kuriles, Manchuria influence.
• C) Territorial Changes.
• Poland (E. Prussia, Poznan, Oder-Neisse Line).
• Minor adjustments elsewhere.
• Trieste, Istria, Dalmatian Islands and towns to Yugoslavia.
• Dodecanese Islands to Greece.
• China restored, Colonies returned, Korea Independent.
• D) Division of Europe.
• Western Europe--Return to the Past.
• Parliamentary Governments.
• U. S. Aid.
• Marshall Plan.
• Restoration of Germany
• Truman Doctrine for Greece and Turkey.
• Eastern Europe--Sovietization, 1945-1948.
• The Former Axis Sattelites: Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria
• Poland--Warsaw Uprising, Brits in Greece.
• Czechoslovakia--Another Finland?
• Partisan Revolutions--Yugoslavia, Albania, failure in Greece.
• Factors in Soviet Domination.
• Native Communist Parties.
• Coalitions and Popular or National Liberation Fronts.
• Key Ministries--Interior, War, Labor.
• Purges and Salami tactics..
• Control of the Police and Army.
• Red Army.
• Sovietization in Steps.
• E) In the Shadow of the Superpowers.
• New Power Equation.
• Defeat of Germany, Italy, and Japan.
• Weakness of France and Britain.
• Vacuum in Europe and Asia.
• Division of Europe.
• F) Turmoil and Confrontation in Asia over Decolonialization.
• Two powers begin to see who will fill vacuum.
• American views..
• Looting and reparation of Germany and Axis Satellites.
• Sovietization of Eastern Europe--Agression toward west.
• Threats in Greece, Turkey, Iran, and the Middle East.
• Adopts Churchillian view of S. U. --Iron Curtain. He made deals out of office.
• Soviet and Revisionist American views.
• U.S. Reneging on Lend Lease--Aug. 1945. 13 Billion vs. 30 Billion.
• Stifling of Communist Parties in France, Italy, Greece.
• Fear of U.S. A-Bomb.
• Marshall plan used for Economic domination..
• Sovietization defensive.
• Envy of American Wartime growth and Prosperity.
• Two versions of World War II and origins of Cold War.
• American.
• Soviet.
• Revisionism.

• Lecture: The Onset of the Cold War
• I. The Super Powers.
• The first phases of the Cold War.
• Unlike previous conlicts, not a direct military confrontation, although wars were fought in Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan and elsewhere as part of this conflict.
• A prolonged struggle that pitted the ideologies, economies, societies and cultures
• Decided which political/economic system would prevail through much of the world. The single-party Communist system of the S U and Eastern Europe, or the pluralistic Capitalist (mixed) system as represented by the U S and Western Europe?
• Development of nuclear weapons made direct confrontation virtually unthinkable.
• Instead the conflict was mostly fought witrh diplomacy, propaganda, espionage, and irregular wars in the former colonial world.
• Became known as the Cold War and it lasted until the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.
• A. United States.
• In 1945, the U. S. militarily and economically the most powerful nation in the world.
• Suffered 500,000 combat deaths and many other casualties.
• Mainland was not bombed, invaded, or occupied.
• It became the "Arsenal of Democracy," its industry growing exponentially to meet the needs of the war effort.
• The United States armed forces in 1945.
• The largest navy and the most well supplied army and air corps in the world.
• Had sole control of the atomic bomb, the most powerful strategic arm in the world
• Nevertheless, the United States demobilized as soon as the war was over.
• American armed forces were reduced from 13 million personel in 1945 to about 1.5 million personel in 1947
• The United States Economy
• 43% of world's electricity in 1947.
• 57% of world's steel in 1947.
• 63% of world's oil in 1947.
• the highest share of the world's total economy held by one country in history.
• Part of the reason for this was that the economies of most of the other major powers were in a shambles due to the war.
• B. Soviet Union.
• It suffered most losses during the war
• Nonetheless came out of it as the second most powerful nation in the world
• Tremendous military and economic capacity.
• Soviet Losses during WWII
• Much of the heaviest fighting in World War II occurred on Soviet soil.
• As such the military, civilian and economic losses of the Soviet Union were the highest in the war.
• 7.5 million military deaths.
• 13 million civilian deaths.
• Many towns, villages, industries, transportation facilities, farms destroyed.
• Soviet Military and Economic Capacity. The Soviet Union was able, to be powerful from the WWII because:
• It moved much of its industrial base eastward during the war.
• It made good part of its losses from requisitions and reparations from defeated Axis regions like Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany and Manchuria,
• It continued to maintain the largest standing army in the World.
• Because of the losses of the war, the Soviets occupied and eventually integrated much of Eastern Europe as "allies".
• To serve as a buffer zone and an area of economic interest.
• To extend the Communist system beyond the borders of the Soviet Union.
• II. The United Nations.
• Place of both conflict and concilialtion for the two super powers
• New intrernational organization founded during World War II
• Successor of the defunct League of Nations.
• A) Founding and Charter.
• The San Francisco International Conference of April-June 1945 formulated a charter for the United Nations
• the first member nations (51 in all) agreed use this new organization "to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetimc has brought untold sorrow to mankind."
• consisted of the General Assembly, the Security Council, and other components.

· B) General Assembly.

§ The main representative body.

§ To meet annually to address general problems, pass resolutions, and vote on the entry of new members.

§ Every member nation is represented in this body.

§ Today the member nations number nearly 200.

· C) Security Council.

§ To function year round and was to act in dealing with international problems and emergencies that would need immediate action.

§ Representatives of the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, China, France were to serve as permanent members of the council

§ six, later ten, representatives of other member nations, chosen by the assembly, were to serve two year terms on the council.

§ Each permanent member of the Security Council would have veto power.

§ the Security Council could take no action unless all five pemmanent members agreed.

§ Super Powers have used the Veto on a number of occasions to further their own policies and to hinder their rival's policies.

· D) The Secretariat and Other Components.

o The Secretariat, under a Secretary-General elected by the General assembly

o organizes and manages the UN Staff

o coordinates activities of numerous UN organization nand agencies.

o these include

§ the International Court of Justice at the Hague

§ UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Recovery Agency)

§ UNESCO (United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization)

§ FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)

§ WHO (World Health Organization)

· E) Strengths.

o Unlike the League of Nations, every major post-war power agreed to join and serve on the security council.

o charter included the possiblity of using the armed forces of member nations to keep the peace

o organization of "Police Actions" and peacekeeping forces.

o could be utilized to enforce UN decisions and bring about the end of a number of smaller wars.

· F) Weaknesses.

o If one of the five permanent members of the Security Council vetoed a course of action, the UN could not act in real emergencies.

o the Soviet Union, the United States and other powers have used the Veto on a number of occasions and thus rendered the UN Security Council impotent.

o The UN has had some success through its agencies in dealing with social, economic and cultural issues.

o It has also served as a forum to air international disputes and has been able to prevent the outbreak of numerous disputes into wars.

o In general, the UN was unable to deal with superpower rivalry and the resultant threat of nuclear war.

• III. Nuclear Threat.
• A) Use in World War II.
• At Hiroshima and Nagasaki, just two of these Atomic Bombs killed over 120,000 people.
• Destruction of the atomic bomb not limited to explosion
• later radioactive fallout cause more deaths across a much broader area.
• B) Soviet-American Rivalry.
• Soviets did not want the US to maintain a monopooly on the weapon.
• Soviets began a crash program to have their own atomic bomb
• tested the first Soviet atomic bomb tested in Siberia in 1949.
• marked the end of the American nuclear monopoly.
• Since both superpowers had the bomb, brought about "a balance of terror."
• C) The Hydrogen Bomb.
• The more destructive hydrogen bomb tested by US in 1952.
• hydrogen bomb tested by SU in 1953.
• Superpowers competed in developing nuclear weapons
• Atomic Bomb
• Hydrogen Bomb
• Neutron Bomb
• Superpowers competed in developing delivery systems.
• Long range bombers
• Guided missles
• IRBM's (Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles)
• ICBM's (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles)
• MERVS (Multiple Entry Warheads)
• D) Arms Race.
• Costly and could in end with Armageddon.
• US and SU tried to find ways to limit or slow this arms race through negotiations and treaties.
• Test -Ban Treaties.
• Disarmament Treaties
• IV. Europe in Shambles.
• Destruction of the Second World War. [SEE ABOVE]
• Economic Misery compounded by Nature.
• The winter of 1946 1947 was the coldest in living memory, and fuel supplies were disastrously low.
• V. A Divided Germany.
• about 4 million military and civilian deaths.
• Many towns, villages, industries, transportation facilities, farms destroyed.
• One in ten facroies functioning in some areas
• A) Yalta.
• Stalin called for permanent division of Germany
• Churchill and Roosevelt expected temporary division
• agreement on four occupation zones: US, British French and Soviet Zones
• US (South)
• British (North)
• French (Extreme West)
• Soviet (East)
• The western zones developed pluralistic governments and mixed market/socialist economies
• Eastern Zone single party government and cenmtrally planned economy, like the Soviet Union
• B) The German State Treaty and the Two Germanies.
• Western zones allowed to unite in 1949.
• Became known as the Federal Republic of Germany, oriented toward the US.
• Eastern Zone, including Berlin, organized into the German Democratic Republic, oriented toward the SU.
• Treaty recognizing a divided Germany sign by major powers in 1955.
• Ends with German reunification in 1989.
• C) The Nuremberg trials
• Nazi officials put on trial for war crimes and crimes against humanity.
• held in Nuremberg during 1946.
• Nazis leaders executed. 7 imprisoned, 3 were acquitted.
• Set precedent for later war crimes trials
• Ohter Nazis and Japanese tried,
• Some questions
• VI. A Divided Europe.
• A) The Eastern Bloc Emerges.
• Soviet initially occupied Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and eastern Germany.
• First three axis sattelites occupied longer.
• local Communists in resistance movements.
• other Communists spent war in Moscow
• both groups loyal to Soviets.
• Communists dominated post war coalition governments in Eastern Europe.
• gained control of the police, police, courts, the media. Soon they took over completely.
• Communist governments were in power in all of these countries by 1948, as well as in Albania and Yugoslavia.
• Albania and Yugoslavia had Communist-dominated partisan movements which established soviet style governments.
• B) Tito and Yugoslavia.
• Josip Broz "Tito" led Yugoslav partisan movement against the Axis occupation.
• Most of Yugoslavia liberatec by Partisans,,not by the Red Army.
• Tito a nationalist as well as a communist.
• Did not want to be dominated by Stalin.
• Stalin viewed Tito as trying to become a Balkan Stalin by attempting to form an dominate a "Balkan Federation" consisting of Albania, Bulgaria, and the Greek Communist movement.
• Led to a Tito-Stalin Split.
• Yugoslavia would tilt to the west and would eventually be neutral
• Tito became one of the leaders of the non-alligned movement of mostly former colonial countires of Africa and Asia who wanted to be neutral in the Cold War
• Along witht Nehru of India and Nassar of Egypt.
• C) The "Iron Curtain."
• According to Winston Churchill. an iron curtain divided Europe into two political regions: a mostly pluralistic Western Europe and a totalitarian Eastern Europe.
• "A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victory. From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe... These famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow."
• D) The Truman Doctrine.
• responded with the policy of containment and the truman doctrine.
• containment meant containing communist expansion the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.
• This policy toward came to be called the Truman Doctrine.
• Said that US would aid countires resisting external aggression or internal insurgency.
• Tested with Greek Civil War.
• Guerrilla war between Royal Greek Government and Communist partisans supported by the Soviets through Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Albania.
• Truman asked Congress for military and economic aid for Greece and neighboring Turkey, also facing Soviet pressures.
• American aid, along with the Tito-Stalin split, led to defeat of communists in Greece.
• Greece and Turkey became part of Westem alliance, even though located in the East.
• E) The Berlin Airlift.
• Berlin, the old German capital, divided into American, French, British, and Soviet sections.
• Located well within the Soviet Zone in East Germany.
• Western forces and western style governments in Berlin undesirable to Soviets.
• West Berlin was a western enclave in the middle of East Germany. In June 1948,
• The Soviets decided to economically besiege West Berlin in June 1948.
• They interdicted all transportation to the city.
• No food, fuel, or other vital supplies could reach West Berlin.
• million West Berliners faced with starvation.
• Western Options:
• Give Berlin up and withdraw
• Create land corridor by force, thus bringing about war.
• Conduct an airlift.
• Third option chosen.
• Thousands of flights by hundreds of transport planes
• food, coal, medicine, and other necessities brought in
• tons of supplies into West Berlin every day.
• Soviet fighters buzzed the airlift planes.
• none shot down, because it would lead to war
• West did not back down, economic blockade of Berlin ended in May 1949.
• F) Western Europe and the Marshall Plan.
• considered that miserable economic conditions in Europe might lead to further communist gains.
• Plan, named after Secretary of State George Marshall wanted to offer Europe massive economic aid thorugh a coordinated effort.
• The European Recovery Program began in 1948, often called the Marshall Plan.
• For 5 years, $13 billion in food, fuel, and manufactured goods provided to 16 countries in Europe.
• Also offered aid to the coun tries of Eastern Europe, including the SU
• SU turned down the aid and obliged other EE countries to do the same. \
• Only Yugoslavia accepted.
• No strings attached to the help
• Countries were to cooperate rather than compete with one another economically.
• Goals of the plan:
• Stable currency
• Increased agricultural and industrial production
• Expanded exports and trade
• Very Successful
• production 41 percent higher than prewar level by 1952.
• European currencies stabilized
• European exports rose.
• Plan used in many ways. [Greek mule story]
• Helped bring about European Economic recovery, faster in some places than others.
• VII. Opposing Defense Alliances.
• Both US and SU maintained large "peactime forces" in Europe during this period"
• A) The NATO alliance
• US, Canada and ten West European nations to formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organ ization (NATO).
• European members were: Great Britain, Belgium, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal.
• NATO members promised aid to any member that was attacked. The first US peacetime military commitment since 1976.
• Greece and Turkey joined NATO in 1952
• West Germany joined in 1955.
• Later Spain, Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic.
• troops as well as thousands of planes, tanks, and other equipment.
• B) The Warsaw Pact.
• SU and EE formalized an already existing alliance system of their own in 1955
• known as the Warsaw Pact.
• Warsaw Pact included: SU, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania.
• VIII. Conclusion.
• By the end of the 40's the focus of the cold war shifted into Asia and became hot in China, Korea, and Indochina, as well as in the European Colonial World.

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