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Laboratory Works of Computing and Programming
Методичні вказівки до лабораторних робіт з дісципліни
«Обчислювальна техніка та програмування»
для студентів з англійською мовою навчання
Laboratory Works of Computing and Programming. Методичні вказівки до лабораторних робіт з дісципліни «Обчислювальна техніка та програмування» для студентів з англійською мовою навчання. / Укл. Н.І. Біла, О.В. Кривцун, Л.О. Бондаренко. - Запоріжжя: ЗНТУ, 2014. - 62 с.
Містить теоретичні відомості, завдання до лабораторних робот та приклади їх виконання за темами першого модуля, що вивчаються в курсі “Обчислювальна техніка та програмування” студентами електротехнічних спеціальностей.
Укладачі: Біла Н.І., доцент
Кривцун О.В., ст.викладач
Бондаренко Л.О., ст.викладач
Рецензент: Пінчук В.П. доцент
Відповідальний за випуск Корніч Г.В., зав.кафедрою
Затверджено на засіданні кафедри
Системного аналізу і
обчислювальної математики,
протокол № 4 від 26.12.14
Contents
1 Laboratory Work № 1: Computer Hardware and Software
1.1 Computer Components …………………..4
1.2 Base Concepts of Operating Systems …….…………….5
1.3 Linux Operating System …..………………8
1.4 The tasks for Laboratory Work …….…………...10
1.5 Test Questions …………………11
2 Laboratory Work № 2: Word Processor Libreoffice.Writer
2.1 What Word Processors Can Do ….…………….12
2.2 Tasks for Laboratory Work …....……………13
2.3 Test Questions ………………..13
3 Laboratory Work № 3: Spreadsheet Libreoffice.Calc
3.1 Basic Opportunities of Spreadsheets ……………….14
3.2 Tasks for Laboratory Work.………………18
3.3 Test Questions …..……………20
4 Laboratory Work № 4: Introduction to Scilab system
4.1 The Basic Theoretical Knowledge …………………21
4.2 Main Rules of Works in Scilab System.……………..….23
4.4 Individual Tasks for Laboratory Work ……..…………..31
4.5 The Tasks for Self-Examination ……………….34
4.6 Test Questions ………………………34
5 Laboratory Work № 5: Creating Plots in Scilab
5.1 Purpouse of the work ……..…………………35
5.2 The task to laboratory work ……………………….35
5.3 The basic theoretical knowledge ….…………………….35
5.4 Individual tasks ………………………...47
5.5 Test Questions ………………………..53
6 Laboratory Work № 6 Programming in Scilab
6.1 Programming in Scilab ……..……………………………...54
6.2 Tasks of the Laboratory Work ….………...60
6.3 Example of Performance of the Laboratory Work …………59
6.4 Test Questions.…………....61
7 References …………………………….62
1 Laboratory work № 1
Computer Hardware and Software
Computer Components
Computers come in all types and sizes. There are primarily two main sizes of computers. They are: Portable and Desktop.
The portable computers come in various sizes and are referred to as laptops, notebooks, and hand-held computers. These generally denote different sizes, the laptop being the largest, and the hand-held is the smallest size. We will talk about the desktop computer.
Computers are made of the following basic components:
1. Case with hardware inside:
1. Power Supply - The power supply comes with the case, but this component is mentioned separately since there are various types of power supplies. The one you should get depends on the requirements of your system.
2. Motherboard - This is where the core components of your computer reside which are listed below. Also the support cards for video, sound, networking and more are mounted into this board.
· Microprocessor - This is the brain of your computer. It performs commands and instructions and controls the operation of the computer.
· Memory - The RAM in your system is mounted on the motherboard. This is memory that must be powered on to retain its contents.
· Drive controllers - The drive controllers control the interface of your system to your hard drives. The controllers let your hard drives work by controlling their operation. On most systems, they are included on the motherboard, however you may add additional controllers for faster or other types of drives.
3. Disk drives -hardware on which you can store files. Disk drives are assigned a letter. For example, most users store their files on their hard disk, which is typically labelled "C:". On disk drives your files are permanently stored. Also, normally, your operating system is installed on hard disk. Hard disks use the magnetic recording techniques. Hard disks share the major benefits of magnetic storage -- the magnetic medium can be easily erased and rewritten, and it will "remember" the magnetic flux patterns stored onto the medium for many years. Hard disk has about 80 Gigabytes of memory capacity.
4. CD-ROM drive(s) - This is normally a read only drive (CD-ROM) where files are permanently stored. There are now read/write (CD-RW) drives that use special software to allow users to read from and write to these drives. CD has about 800 Megabytes of memory capacity.
5. Floppy drive(s) - A floppy is a small disk storage device that today typically has about 1.4 Megabytes of memory capacity. Floppy disk is labelled "A:".
6. Other possible file storage devices include DVD devices, Tape backup devices, and some others.
2. Monitor - This device which operates like a TV set lets the user see how the computer is responding to their commands.
3. Keyboard - This is where the user enters text commands into the computer.
4. Mouse - A point and click interface for entering commands, which works well in graphical environments.
1.2 Base Concepts of Operating Systems
The operating system is the first software we see when we turn on the computer, and the last software we see when the computer is turned off. It's the software that enables all the programs we use. The operating system organizes and controls the hardware on our desks and in our hands, yet most users can't say with any certainty precisely what it is that the operating system does.
All desktop computers have operating systems. The most common are the Windows family of operating systems, the UNIX family of operating systems and the Macintosh operating systems. There are hundreds of other operating systems available for special-purpose applications, including specializations for mainframes, robotics, and manufacturing, real-time control systems and so on.
At the simplest level, an operating system does two things:
The first task, managing the hardware and software resources, is very important, as various programs and input methods compete for the attention of the central processing unit (CPU) and demand memory, storage and input/output (I/O) bandwidth for their own purposes. In this capacity, the operating system plays the role of the good parent, making sure that each application gets the necessary resources while playing nicely with all the other applications, as well as husbanding the limited capacity of the system to the greatest good of all the users and applications.
The second task, providing a consistent application interface, is especially important if there is to be more than one of a particular type of computer using the operating system, or if the hardware making up the computer is ever open to change. A consistent application program interface (API) allows a software developer to write an application on one computer and have a high level of confidence that it will run on another computer of the same type, even if the amount of memory or the quantity of storage is different on the two machines. Even if a particular computer is unique, an operating system can ensure that applications continue to run when hardware upgrades and updates occur, because the operating system and not the application is charged with managing the hardware and the distribution of its resources. Windows is a great example of the flexibility an operating system provides. Windows runs on hardware from thousands of vendors. It can accommodate thousands of different printers, disk drives and special peripherals in any possible combination.
When the power to a computer is turned on, the first program that runs is usually a set of instructions kept in the computer's read-only memory (ROM) that examines the system hardware to make sure everything is functioning properly. This power-on self test (POST) checks the CPU, memory, and basic input-output systems (BIOS) for errors and stores the result in a special memory location. Once the POST has successfully completed, the software loaded in ROM (sometimes called firmware) will begin to activate the computer's disk drives. In most modern computers, when the computer activates the hard disk drive, it finds the first piece of the operating system: the bootstrap loader.
The bootstrap loader is a small program that has a single function: It loads the operating system into memory and allows it to begin operation. In the most basic form, the bootstrap loader sets up the small driver programs that interface with and control the various hardware subsystems of the computer. It sets up the divisions of memory that hold the operating system, user information and applications. It establishes the data structures that will hold the myriad signals, flags and semaphores that are used to communicate within and between the subsystems and applications of the computer. Then it turns control of the computer over to the operating system.
The operating system's tasks, in the most general sense, fall into six categories:
The heart of managing the processor comes down to two related issues:
A process is software that performs some action and can be controlled -- by a user, by other applications or by the operating system.
When an operating system manages the computer's memory, there are two broad tasks to be accomplished:
The first task requires the operating system to set up memory boundaries for types of software and for individual applications.
Ranked in order of speed, the types of memory in a computer system are:
The operating system must balance the needs of the various processes with the availability of the different types of memory, moving data in blocks (called pages) between available memory as the schedule of processes dictates.
The path between the operating system and virtually all hardware not on the computer's motherboard goes through a special program called a driver. Much of a driver's function is to be the translator between the electrical signals of the hardware subsystems and the high-level programming languages of the operating system and application programs. Drivers take data that the operating system has defined as a file and translate them into streams of bits placed in specific locations on storage devices, or a series of laser pulses in a printer.
Just as drivers provide a way for applications to make use of hardware subsystems without having to know every detail of the hardware's operation, application program interfaces (APIs) let application programmers use functions of the computer and operating system without having to directly keep track of all the details in the CPU's operation.
Linux (lubuntu) Operating System
Linux is a family of operating systems that runs your computer. The version of Linux which is called LUBUNTU has convenient graphical user interface (GUI), which help the user to control programs and hardware: manage files, to start applications, to manage devices. Main object of GUI is window. It are opened for every loaded application.
After you start lubuntu, the first thing you see is the desktop. Think of the desktop as your personalized workspace.
Several icons, or small pictures, are located on the left side of your desktop. Each icon represents an object, such as a directory or a program. Depending on how your computer is set up, your icons may be different from those in the illustration.
You can navigate around your computer in several different ways. For example, you can view your computer's contents by using File Manager. This navigational tool are easy to find File manager opens from the desktop.
The taskbar includes the Start menu, various toolbars, and a clock.
Buttons on the taskbar show you which applications are open, even if some windows are minimized or hidden beneath another window. You can easily switch to a different window by clicking its taskbar button. Using the Start button, you can accomplish almost any task.
If you prefer to look at your files in a hierarchical structure, use File Manager. Instead of opening drives and folders in separate windows, you can browse through them in a single window. The left side of the File manager window contains a list of your directories, and the right side displays the contents of a selected folder. You can use the View menu to change the appearance of the icons in the right half of the window.
Some terms of Windows Operating System:
Driver – software, that the operating system uses to control a specific piece of hardware.
File system – the overall structure in which files are named, stored, and organized by the operating system.
Directory – a location in which you can store files and other directories.
Icon – a picture representing a program, file, directory or other item.
Menu – a list of commands that appears at the top of most windows.
My Computer – a feature you can use to manage files stored on your computer or network drives. You can also gain access to system tools from My Computer. The My Computer icon appears on your desktop.
Network card – hardware that you insert in a computer to connect the computer to a network.
Path – the means of navigating to a specific location on a computer or network. A path can include a computer name, disk drive label, folder names, and a file name.
Program – a group of instructions your computer uses to perform specific tasks. For example, Libreoffice.Writer is a word-processing program. Programs are also called applications.
Shortcut – an icon that links to a file or folder. When you click a shortcut, the original item opens.
Shortcut menu – t he menu that appears when you right-click an object.
Taskbar – a tool you use to open programs and navigate your computer. Usually positioned at the bottom of your screen, the taskbar contains the Start button, toolbars, a clock, and other features.
Toolbar – a set of buttons you click to perform common tasks.
Window – the rectangular portion of your screen that displays an open program or the contents of a folder or disk. You can have multiple windows open at the same time.
Tasks for Independent Work
Perform such actions:
1. Create directory in your desktop with name of your group.
2. Create two directories with names ‘Picture’ and ‘Documents’ inside of your folder.
3. Open application Libreoffice.Drow and draw picture you like. Save picture in your folder Picture.
4. Copy picture file to folder Documents by two different ways.
5. Find on computer graphic files (with extension.gif and.jpg) and copy two files you like into your folder.
6. Open application Libreoffice.Writer, type one paragraph from this document and insert picture from your file.
7. Write answers on control questions to your copybook.
Test Questions
1. What devices are located on the motherboard?
2. Name the basic computer components and enumerate their purposes.
3. What difference between RAM and disk memory?
4. What types of CD devices do you know?
5. Enumerate main functions of operating systems.
6. Explain, how there is a process of loading of operating system.
7. What is desktop?
8. What elements can you see on desktop?
9. Enumerate main elements of window (application window, open directory window).
10. What elements of user interface in OS Lubuntu do you know?
11. What is file?
12. What elements of full file name do you know?
13. What is extension of file? What file extensions do you know?
14. What extension has executable file?
15. What is path of a file?
16. How to create the file in OS Lubuntu?
17. What program do you use usually to navigate directories and files?
18. How to receive shortcut menu? What items can you see in this menu?
19. What do you need to do to save a file?
20. How to rename the file?
21. How to copy a file from one place in another?
2 Laboratory work № 2
Word Processor libreoffice.Writer
2.1 What Word Processors Can Do
Word processors are the programs intended for creation of text documents of various complexity which are prepared for a printing. It most frequently used programs presently.
The basic opportunities of Word Processors are listed below.
Using Different Typefaces and Text Styles
Word processors can display and print characters in a variety of typefaces and sizes, with attributes such as boldfacing, underlining, and italics.
Searching for and Replacing Characters
They can search for and replace a specified set of characters. This feature is useful if you find that you’ve misspelled someone’s name throughout a document. You can also use it to save yourself typing. You can, for example, type some obscure character like the ~ every time you want to display your company’s name and then later replace every occurrence of ~ with the name itself.
Aligning Text
Word processors can also automatically center text, align it with the right margin, or full-justify text, so that characters line up at the right as well as the left margin
Numbering Pages
You can have a word processor automatically print page numbers at either the top or bottom of each page. This saves you the trouble of entering page numbers within the text and then moving them around when your editing causes the page breaks to move slightly.
Adding Headers and Footers
You can print headers and footers-specified sets of text at the top or bottom of each page. These headers and footers can include the current page number. Some programs let you specify different headers or footers for the first page of your document or for odd and even pages. (You won’t always see page numbers or headers and footers in the onscreen version of your document. However, they should show up when you do a print preview or print your document.)
Columns
You can arrange text in two or more columns (as many leaflets and most periodicals do).
Spell Checking
You can have your word processor check your document for misspelled words, a process known as spell checking. Spell checkers can prove invaluable. (Never send out a resume without using one.) They are, however, no substitute for human proofreading. For one thing, spell checkers only check whether a particular word exists; they don’t tell you if it’s the right word for a particular context. If you type “here” when you mean “hear,” for example, or “major” instead of “mayor,” the spell checker will not blink.
2.2 Tasks for Independent Work
1. Start the application Libreoffice.Witer. Create new document and type two paragraphs from first laboratory work.
2. Select second paragraph and change font and size of it.
3. Save this document in your folder.
4. Add to document the table 3.2 from third laboratory work.
5. Add to document formulas according your variant from third laboratory work.
6. Add to document picture you create in first laboratory work.
7. Save document with other name in your directory.
2.3 Test Questions
1. Enumerate main functions of word processors.
2. How to align text?
3. How to check spell in your document?
4. How to add pages numbering to document?
5. How to add tables to document?
6. What information are usually placed in headers and in footers?
7. How to arrange text in two columns?
8. What parameters can you change in menu item File/Page Parameters?
9. How to move part of text to another place?
10. How to replace one word to another in all text?
11. What typefaces do you know? How to select typeface?
3 Laboratory work № 3
INTRODUCTION TO THE CALC SPREADSHEET
The Basic Opportunities of Spreadsheets
3.1.1 Calc’s Environment
A spreadsheet is a grid divided into rows that run across the spreadsheet from left to right, and columns that run from top to bottom. The leftmost column is often used for descriptive labels that identify the name of the information that is stored in each of the cells in any particular row in the spreadsheet.
Fig. 3.1 Think of the spreadsheet as a grid divided into rows and columns
The Calc screen is thus a window onto a large grid of rows and columns into each cell of which data are entered, usually from the keyboard. You can build formulas into selected cells which automatically carry out calculations on designated sets of data. The spreadsheet is most used for business accounting and data analysis.
- Menu Bar – displays the commands you use to work with Calc.
- ToolBars – provide quick access to commonly used commands. You can see on Fig. 3.1 two toolbars: Standard and Format. Additional toolbars can be toggled on or off from the Toolbars command on the View menu.
- Data Entry Bar – displays the data or the formula that is stored in active cell.
- Spreadsheet – the main window in Calc. It consists from cells. You can store data in cells. Every cell has address – letter of the column and number of the line, for example, A1, D4.
- Shortcuts of Sheets – are used to select sheet you work with. The names of sheets by default are Sheet1, Sheet2, … You can change it by double click on shortcut of sheet and type new name.
- Status Bar – displays the mode of operations of Calc. Usually you see mode Ready.
Figure 3.2 - Calc’s window
Calc creates files with extension.ods, these files are called documents and are received names Untitled1, Untitled 2, … by default. Every document consists from sheets, it may be worksheets, diagram sheets and so on. You can add new sheet using menu Insert/Sheet (Вставка/Лист), and you can delete sheet using menu Edit/Delete sheet (Правка/Удалить лист).A cell is where information, in the form of either a label, or a number, or a formula for calculation, will be entered.
- Labels are where you use text to describe the data in the columns and rows.
- Numbers are just that—numbers, as in mathematics. Numbers are what spreadsheets are all about.
- Formulas (and Functions) are mathematical expressions built into certain cells that instruct the spreadsheet to carry out calculations on specified sets of numbers in the rows and columns.
Each cell (a location in the spreadsheet) has an address which begins with a letter to indicate the column, followed by a number to indicate the row. For example, G6 identifies the cell at the intersection of column G, row 6.
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