Неопределенный и определенный артикли

Неопределенный артикль a (an) происходит от числительного one (один), определенный – от указательного местоимения that (тот).

Артикль употребляется:

• перед каждым нарицательным существительным.

Если перед существительным артикль не употребляется, то нужно уметь объяснить, почему.

Артикль не употребляется, если перед существительным стоит:

• указательное или притяжательное местоимение,

• другое существительное в притяжательном падеже,

• количественное числительное,

• отрицание no.

Например: This is my book. It's friend's book. I have one book.

Упоминая предмет впервые, мы употребляем перед ним неопределенный артикль а (ап). Упоминая этот же предмет вторично, мы ставим перед ним определенный артикль the. Например: This is a book. The book is interesting.

Неопределенный артикль a (an) употребляется перед единичным, отдельным предметом, который мы не выделяем из класса ему подобных. Неопределенный артикль an обычно стоит перед существительным, которое начинается с гласного звука: an apple, an egg.

Например: I bought a book yesterday. Я купил вчера книгу (одну из многих ей подобных). I have an apple. У меня есть яблоко (одно, какое-то).

Неопределенный артикль a (an) может употребляться только с исчисляемыми существительными, стоящими в единственном числе. Перед неисчисляемыми существительными или существительными во множественном числе неопределенный артикль опускается.

Неопределенный артикль не употребляется:

а) с неисчисляемыми и «абстрактными» существительными:

I like coffee and tea. Friendship is very important in our life.

б) с существительными во множественном числе:

They are students now.

в) с именами собственными:

I told Jane about that.

г) с существительными, перед которыми стоят притяжательные или указательные местоимения:

This car is better than that. My bike is old.

д) с существительными, за которыми следует количественное числительное, обозначающее номер:

I have read page eight of the magazine.

Неопределенный артикль а необходим в конструкциях:

I have a... This is a... I am a... What a fine day! I see a... There is a... He is a...

Определенный артикль the выделяет предмет или предметы из класса им подобных:

The book I bought yesterday was interesting – Книга, которую я купил вчера, была интересной (это – конкретная книга, которую говорящий выделяет из класса ей подобных).

Определенный артикль the употребляется как с исчисляемыми, так и с неисчисляемыми существительными, как с единственным, так и с множественным числом.

Например: This is a book. The book is interesting (исчисляемое в единственном числе).

This is meat. The meat is fresh, (неисчисляемое)

These are books. The books are good. (множественное число).

Определенный артикль употребляется:

а) когда известно (из контекста, из окружающей обстановки) о каком предмете (предметах, явлениях) идет речь: Open the door, please. I am going to the Academy.

б) когда речь идет о единственном в своем роде предмете или явлении: The moon is shining brightly.

в) когда существительное имеет ограничивающее определение, чаще всего с предлогом of.

I don't know the name of this pupil.

г) в словосочетаниях типа in the north, to the west, at the cinema, the same, in the country, the rest of the...

д) если перед существительным стоит прилагательное в превосходной степени

This is the most interesting book.

e) перед порядковыми числительными

He lives on the fifth floor.

ж) перед собирательным именем семьи The Petrovs – Петровы.

Географические названия и артикль

С географическими названиями и с именами собственными, артикль, как правило, не употребляется, кроме следующих случаев:

а) с названиями морей, рек, океанов, горных хребтов, групп островов используется определенный артикль: the Pacific Ocean, the Black Sea, the Thames, the British Isles.

б) определенный артикль используется с несколькими названиями стран, областей и городов, (хотя обычно с этими типами названий артикль не используется):

the Ukraine, the Crimea, the Caucasus, the Netherlands, the Hague, the Riviera, the Congo, the West Indies

в) определенный артикль используется с названиями стран типа:

the Russian Federation, the United States of America, the United Kingdom.

Grammar Exercises

1. Translate into Russian. Explain the use (использование) of definite (определенных) and indefinite (неопределенных) articles:

1. Last week I met my friend. He was with a young girl. The girl was a student of our Academy. 2. This is a pencil. The pencil is red. 3. She is a teacher. She is our teacher of English. 4. It is a lake. The lake is deep. It's one of the deepest lakes in the world. 5. There are many flowers in your garden. The flowers are beautiful. 6. Did you write a plan? Give me your plan, please. Is this plan effective? 7. The Black Sea is in the South of Russia. 8. This is Mike. He works as an engineer. Mike is a highly qualified engineer. 9. There are some schools in our street. The schools are new. 10. Gagarin was the first cosmonaut of the world. 11. In summer the sky is blue and the sun shines brightly. 12. The Petrovs are very friendly. 13. This is Ann's book. I don't like such books. 14. Winter begins in December.

2. Insert (вставьте) the article where necessary:

1. This... pencil is broken. Give me that... pencil, please. 2. I can see three... boys.... boys are playing. 3. I have... bicycle.... bicycle is black. My... friend has no... bicycle. 4. Our... room is large. 5. We wrote... dictation yesterday.... dictation was long. 6. She has two... daughters and one... son. Her... son is... pupil. 7. My... brother's... friend has no... dog. 8. This is... tree.... tree is green. 9. She has...ball.... ball is... big. 10. I got... letter from my... friend yesterday.... letter was interesting.

3. Use the articles a, an, the where it is necessary:

1. Yesterday I saw... new film, but... film wasn't very interesting. 2. London is situated on... Thames. 3. Yuri Gagarin was... first man to fly over... Earth in spaceship. 4. My daughter will go school... next year. 5. I decided to visit... Ivanovs, but they were not at... home 6. In... summer we live in... country. 7. Lomonosov,... great Russian scientist, was born in... small village on... shore of... White Sea. 8.... United States of America is one of... most powerful countries of the world. 9. Is your dress made of... silk or... cotton? 10....Peter's brother is... student and we are... pupils. 11. What would you like:... apple or... orange? 12. What... strange man he is!

4. Use the articles a, an, the where it is necessary:

1.... Volga is... longest river in... Europe. 2....History and... Literature were... my favourite subjects at... school. 3. What is... nearest way to... Drama Theatre? 4.... butter and... cheese are made of... milk. 5. Usually I get up at... 7 o'clock in... morning. 6.... Rostov is situated on... Don. 7. Will you have... cup of... tea? 8. What... good friend you are! 9. We shall go to... cinema... next week together with... Petrovs. 10. This is... book,... book is very interesting. 11. Do you see... sun in... sky today? 12. He is... engineer by... profession.

5. Insert the article where necessary:

Three men came to... New York for... holiday. They came to... very large hotel and took... room there. Their room was on... forty-fifth floor. In... evening... friends went to... theatre and came back to... hotel very late.

“I am very sorry”, said... clerk of... hotel, “but... lifts do not work tonight. If you don't want to walk up to your room, we shall make... beds for you in... hall”. “No, no”, said one of... friends, “no, thank you. We don't want to sleep in... hall. We shall walk up to our room.”

Then he turned to his friends and said: “It is not easy to walk up to... forty-fifth floor, but we shall make it easier. On... way to... room I shall tell you some jokes; then you, Andy, will sing us some songs; then you, Peter, will tell us some interesting stories.” So they began walking up to their room. Tom told them many jokes; Andy sang some songs.

At last they came to... thirty sixth floor. They were tired and decided to have... rest. “Well,” said Tom, “now it is your turn, Peter. After all... jokes, I would like to hear... sad story. Tell us... long and interesting story with... sad end.” “... story which I am going to tell you,” said Peter, “is sad enough. We left... key to our room in... hall.”

Put in the definite or the indefinite article where necessary.

1. They learned English for half... hour and then began to read... historical novel. 2. Does... sun shine brightly in... winter? No, it doesn’t. 3. He is... chief of the book-keeping department of... large organisation. 4. Will you please give me... pen and... sheets of paper. 5. Is there... letter for me? 6. What... strange man! 7. Yesterday I spoke to... man who had just returned from... Arctic expedition. 8. Here is... book you need. 9. He is... man whom we all admire. 10. Students from foreign countries of... Europe,... Africa and... Latin America study in Kyiv. 11.... clock in... hall is slow. 12. Is that... man whom they are looking for? 13.... English people often talk about... weather. 14. Autumn is... season of harvesting. 15.... Thames flows through London. 16. Is... ring made of... gold? Yes, it is.

Translate these sentences. Explain the absence of the article with the nouns in bold type.

1. He never showed any fear in face of danger. 2. What cold rainy weather we are having! 3. We turned west and soon sighted land in the distance. 4. When tea was ready we sat down to table. 5. Winter is almost gone; spring is coming soon. 6. The apple tree was in full blossom. 7. Elbrus is the highest mountain in the Caucasus. 8. Snow covered the ground.

Глагол to be

Глагол to be в Present, Past и Future Indefinite (Simple) имеет следующие формы:

Личное местоимение	Present	Past	Future
I	am	was	shall (will) be
he	is	was	will be
she	is	was	will be
it	is	was	will be
we	are	were	shall (will) be
you	are	were	will be
they	are	were	will be

В вопросительной форме глагол to be ставится перед под­лежащим:

Are they students? Они студенты?

Where were you yesterday? Где вы были вчера?

В отрицательной форме после глагола to be ставится отри­цание not:

They are not (aren’t) in the library. Они не в библиотеке.

Глагол to have

Глагол to have в Present, Past и Future Simple имеет следую­щие формы:

Личное местоимение	Present	Past	Future
I	have	had	shall have
he	has	had	will have
it	has	had	will have
she	has	had	will have
we	have	had	shall have
you	have	had	will have
they	have	had	will have

Вопросительная форма глагола to have образуется двумя способами:

1) путем постановки глагола to have перед подлежащим:

Have you a dictionary? У Вас есть словарь?

2) с помощью вспомогательного глагола to do:

Do you have a dictionary? У Вас есть словарь?

Отрицательная форма глагола to have также образуется двумя способами:

1) с помощью отрицательного no перед существительным:

I have no dictionary. У меня нет словаря.

2) с помощью вспомогательного глагола to do:

I do not have a dictionary. У меня нет словаря.

§ 4. Оборот There + be в Simple Active

Число	Present	Past	Future
Единственное Множественное	there is there are	there was there were	there will be there will be

Для выражения наличия или существования в определенном месте или отрезке времени лица или предмета, еще неизвестного собеседнику или читателю, употребляется особый тип простого сказуемого, выраженный оборотом there is (are) со значением имеется, находится, есть, существует.

Оборот there is (are) стоит в начале предложения; за ним стоит подлежащее, за которым следует обстоятельство места или времени. Соответствующие русские предложения начинаются с обстоятельства места или времени:

There is a telephone in that room. – В той комнате есть (имеется) телефон.

There are many apple trees in the garden. – В саду (имеется) много яблонь.

Перевод предложений с оборотом there + be сле­дует начинать с обстоятельства места или со сказуемого, если обстоятельство отсутствует. Слово there – вводная частица – на русский язык не переводится. Например:

There is a large reading room in this library. – В этой библиотеке большой читальный зал.

There are many methods of do­ing it. – Существует много способов сделать это.

There will be meeting tomorrow. – Завтра будет собрание.

В настоящем и прошедшем времени употребляется there is/was, если подлежащее стоит в единственном числе, и there are/were, если во множественном.

В вопросительных предложениях глагол to be ставится перед there.

Если глагол to be употреблен в сложной форме времени, то перед there ставится вспомогательный глагол:

Is there a telephone in your room? - Есть ли телефон в вашей комнате?

Will there be many people there? - Будет ли там много народу?

Краткие ответы на вопрос с оборотом there is состоят из yes или nо и оборота there is (are) в утвердительной или отрицательной форме:

Is there a telephone in your room? - Yes, there is. No, there isn’t.

Will there be a meeting to-night? Yes, there will. No, there won’t.

Отрицательные предложения могут быть построены двумя способами:

1. При помощи отрицательной частицы not, причем to be всегда образует с частицей not сокращенные формы isn’t, aren’t, wasn’t, weren’t.

Исчисляемое существительное в единственном числе употребляется, как и в утвердительном предложении, с неопределенным артиклем. Исчисляемое существительное во множественном числе и неисчисляемое существительное употребляются с местоимением any:

There isn’t a telephone in this room. - В этой комнате нет телефона.

There aren’t any chairs in the room. - В комнате нет стульев.

There wasn’t any water in the bottle. - В бутылке не было воды.

Если глагол to be употреблен в сложной форме, то частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола, образуя с ним сокращенные формы hasn’t, haven’t, hadn’t, won’t и т. д.:

There won’t be any meeting to-night. - Сегодня вечером не будет собрания.

2. При помощи местоимения no, которое стоит перед существительным. Существительное после nо употребляется без артикля и без местоимения any:

There is no telephone in this room. - В этой комнате нет телефона.

There was no water in the bottle. - В бутылке не было воды.

There are no chairs in the room. - В комнате нет стульев.

Отрицательные предложения, построенные при помощи местоимения no, являются более употребительными. Отрицательные же предложения, построенные при помощи частицы not, употребляются, когда хотят усилить отрицание.

Глагол to be после there может употребляться также в сочетании с модальными глаголами can, must, may, ought и т. д.:

There must be a dictionary on the shelf. - На полке должен быть словарь.

Grammar Exercises

8. Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the verb to be.

1. Ben... my friend. 2. He... a teacher. 3. I... in my room. 4. “... Tom my and Billy babies?” “Yes, they...”. 5. We... students. 6. She... a teacher. 7.... you a student? 8. ”... they doctors?” “No, they... not. They... students”. 9. This... a cup. It... yellow. 10. The spoons... on the table. The table... in the room. 11.... those men friends?

Translate into English.

1. Она доктор? – Да. 2. Ей 17 лет? – Нет. 3. Ему 14 или 15? – Ему 14. 4. Этот мяч маленький. 5. Они заняты, не так ли? 6. Его нет дома. 7. Это тяжелый или легкий текст? 8. Сейчас 11 часов. 9. Холодно. 10. Холодно? 11. Холодно, не так ли? 12. Мне холодно. 13. Холодно или жарко в комнате? 14. В комнате не жарко, не так ли?

Learn the expressions and use them in the sentences of your own.

to be angry, to be hungry, to be thirsty, to be cold (hot), to be in (out), to be fond of, to be interested in, to be well (bad), to be about, to be away, to be late for, to be in time for.

11. Put in ” have ” or ” has ”.

1. England... a mild climate. 2. She didn’t... a letter from him last week. 3. You... some mistakes in your pronunciation. 4. This boy... a good influence on his friend. 5.... you many friends in your group? 6. Our students... a lot of work to do at the end of the term. 7. We... to finish our work at 4 o’clock. 8. I... translated nothing for a week, not even a page. 9. He... no patience.

12. Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the verbs to be, to have.

1. Moscow... the capital of Russia. 2. There... many institutes in Moscow. 3. The oldest of them... Moscow University. 4. Our University... one of the oldest technological institutes in this coun­try. 5. It... founded in 1830. 6. It... old and new buildings. 7. There... laboratories, workshops and libraries in our institute. 8. Every faculty... its own computer center. 9. Our library... a great number of books and magazines in all branches of science and technology. 10. Last year we... at school, next year we... the second year stu­dents. 11. We... industrial training in the third year.

Open the brackets using the necessary form of the verb. Underline the subject and the predicate of the sentence.

1. There (is, are) a large table in my room. 2. There (is, are) three windows in my classroom. 3. There (is, are) a table and four chairs in my living-room. 4. There (is, are) a blackboard, four desks and five chairs in our class-room. 5. There (is, are) a text-book and two exercise-books on the table. 6. There (is, are) two shops and a cinema in my street.

14. Read the texts and ask questions to them using the expression there + to be.

Образец: Is there a pool near the house? Are there two doors and her car?

Donna Walton

Donna’s an English teacher. She’s not rich and she’s not famous. Her house is small and there’s no pool. There are three bedrooms in the house. Donna’s car is old. It’s slow and uncomfortable. There’s no radio or cassette player in her car. There’s an engine, a steering wheel, and there are four wheels and two doors. Donna isn’t happy. She’d like a big house, a new car and a lot of money.

Zack Zebedee

Here is a rock star. He’s very rich and famous. His house is large and there’s a swimming pool in the backyard. There are ten bedrooms in the house. Zack’s car is new. It’s fast and comfortable. In his car there is a climate control system, a CD player, a VCR, a phone and fax machine. But Zack is not happy. He’d like a small house, a small car and a family with two kids.

Write sentences in the negative form using the texts from Ex. 14.

Образец:

There is not a pool in the yard. – There is no pool in the yard.

There aren’t three bedrooms in the house. – There are no three bedrooms in the house.

You came back to your native town some years later and noticed that everything had changed. Make up sentences according to the model.

There was a big tree in the yard, but I don’t see it.

There were two small sport grounds nearby, but I don’t see them.

Подстановочные слова

a little garden / nearby; a big fence / round the garden; two little shops / in my street; an old school / in my district; a lot of small and old houses / nearby; a little market / in my district.

Make the sentences negative and interrogative.

Образец:

There was a small shop in my street last year. Was there a small shop in my street last year? There was no small shop in my street last year.

There were two books at the table. Were there two books on the table? There weren’t two books on the table.

1. There were a lot of flowers in the garden. 2. There was an apple-tree in the garden. 3. There were a lot of chickens on the farm. 4. There were many white sheep on the farm. 5. There was a table at the window. 6. There was a bus stop here.

Imagine your future office.

1) Составьте предложения в будущем времени согласно следующему образцу.

Образец:

Will there be a lamp on the table?

Will there be any plants in the office?

2) Ответьте на поставленные вопросы утвердительно в краткой и полной формах.

Образец: Yes, there will be. There will be a lamp on the table.

Yes, there will be. There will be some plants in the office.

3) Используя подстановочные слова, скажите и запишите, чего не будет в вашем офисе.

Образец: There won’t be a guitar.

There won’t be any bedrooms.

Подстановочные слова

1. piano; 2. videocassette recorder; 3. videocassettes; 4. book of detective stories; 5. concerts; 6. dining room.

Личные и притяжательные местоимения (Personal and Possessive Pronouns)

В английском языке личные местоимения имеют два паде­жа: именительный (nominative) и объектный (objective). Лич­ные местоимения в именительном падеже употребляются в предложении в качестве подлежащего; личные местоимения в объектном падеже употребляются в предложении в качестве дополнения (прямого, косвенного или предложного).

Существуют также соответствующие притяжательные ме­стоимения и их абсолютные формы. Притяжательные место­имения служат определениями к существительным. Если возникает необходимость употребить притяжательные место­имения без существительного, то употребляется специальная форма, которая называется абсолютной формой.

Личные местоимения	Притяжательные местоимения Whose?	Абсолютные формы
Именительный падеж Who? What?	Объектный падеж Whom?
I я	me меня, мне	my мой, моя, мое, мои	mine мой, моя, мое, мои
you ты, Вы	you тебя, Вас, тебе, Вам	your твой(-я), Ваш(-а), (-е)	yours твой(-я), Ваш(-а)
he он	him его, ему	his его	his его
she она	her ее, ей	her ее	hers ее
it он, она, оно	it его, ее, ему, ей	its его, ее	its — его, ее
we мы	us нас, нам	our наш(-а), (-е), (-и)	ours наш(-а), (-е), (-и)
you вы	you вас, вам	your ваши	yours ваши
they они	them их, им	their их	theirs их

Объектный падеж личных местоимений соответствует ви­нительному и дательному падежам в русском языке.

Местоимения в объектном падеже с предлогами соответст­вуют в русском языке местоимениям в косвенных падежах без предлогов и с предлогами:

I asked him to come and see me. Я попросил его прийти и на­вестить меня.

She told me to bring the book to her. Она сказала мне принести книгу ей.

Grammar Exercises

Choose the appropriate pronouns.

А. 1. (We, us) all went with (their, them) to the dean's office. 2. My friend came to see (I, me) last night. 3. Victor gave Peter and (I, me) a book and we went to the reading-room with (he, him) and his friend. 4. He told Mary and (me, I) to go with (he, him) and his sister. 5. They know all about my friend and (I, me). 6. I came to the Institute with Michael and (her, she). 7. An old man asked (we, us) to come and see (him, his). 8. Go with David and (her, she) to visit (they, them).

B. 1. They invited me to (them, their) party. 2. He could not an­swer (his, her) teacher. 3. They were (your, you) former students. 4. You are (us, our) colleagues. 5. This is (my, me) brother. 6. Ann went to (his, her) room and put on (his, her) new dress because she was going to a dance given by (his, her) company. 7. Where is the dictionary? (He, it) is in (his, its) place on the table.

C. 1. Your dictionary is new, but (my, mine) is not. 2. She says that this dictionary is (her, hers). 3. You can do it without my help, but not without (theirs, their). 4. Will you help me to sort out the things? I cannot tell which are (your, yours) and which are (our, ours). 5. He is an old friend of (me, mine). 6. Do you know your lesson today? He does not know (him, his). 7. This is your note­book and this is his, but where is (her, hers)?

Fill in the gaps with personal pronouns in the appropriate form.

1. (он) … is my brother. (я) … love (его) ….

2. (они) … are our children. (мы) … love (их) ….

3. (вы) … are my friend. (она) … loves (вас) ….

4. Where is my book? Did (ты) … see (ее) …?

Translate the possessive pronouns into English.

1. (Его) mother is a teacher of history. 2. (Ее) name is Olga. 3. (Их) friends study at the Pedagogical University. 4. (Наш) teacher is forty years old. 5. (Твоя) sister is very beautiful.

Fill in the gaps with possessive pronouns in the appropriate form.

1.He is in … study now. 2. She sees … friends often. 3. They have … lessons every day. 4. We are in … classroom. 5. You must do … homework. 6. My brother likes … work. 7. The book has many pictures on … pages.

23. Put in my or your.

1. What's ____ address?

2. Hello. __­__ name's Bond. James Bond.

3. "Is ____ phone number 351-4402?" – "Yes, that's right."

4. "____ name's Robert, isn't it?" – "No, it's Mike."

5. ____ house number is 25, not 15.

24. Put in her or his.

1. ____ name's Brigitte.

2. ____ name's Lee. He is from China.

3. Is Marcos ____ first name or ____ surname?

4. Paul is a student. ____ friends are students too.

5. Rosie is from Brighton. ____ phone number is 32-294.

6. Mary is from England. __ address is 35, Baker

25. Complete the paragraph with the Possessive Adjectives our or their and the Pronouns we or they.

I'm Pedro and this is my wife Daphnie. __(1) are Mex­ican. __ (2) house is in Mexico City. __(3) two children are students. They are both university students. __(4) friends are Americans. __(5) names are Bob and Sandra and __(6) house is in Detroit. __(7) children are stu­dents too.

26. Put in Possessive Adjectives.

1. I like football. It's __ favourite sport.

2. "What's __ address?" – "My address is 20 North Street, Liverpool."

3. We live in Kiev. __ flat is in the city centre.

4. They're at the party with __ friends.

5. Alice is from Italy. __ home town is Milan.

6. He's in __ office.

7. Amsterdam is famous for __ canals.

Translate the sentences into English.

1. Пожалуйста, дайте мне вашу тетрадь. 2. Дайте ему мою книгу. 3. Дайте им свой учебник. 4. Дайте им наш учебник. 5. Дайте ей его газету. 6. Я люблю его и его семью. 7. Я люблю их и их детей. 8. Я люблю тебя и твоего сына. 9. Я люблю вас и вашу дочь. 10. Она любит меня и тебя. 11. Она любит тебя, его и его сына. 12. Она любит своих детей. 13. Она любит нас и наших родителей. 14. Я люблю свою работу. 15. Он любит свой город. 16. Это твоя ручка? Она мне нравится. 17. Это твой карандаш? Мне нравится его цвет.

Образование множественного числа имен существительных.

Множественное число существительных (кроме тех, у которых основа оканчивается на -ch, -s, -ss, -sh, -х ) образуется путем прибавления к основе окончания -s: a boy – boys, a trick – tricks, a pen – pens, a girl – girls.

Множественное число существительных, основа которых оканчивается на -ch, -s, -ss, -sh, -x, а также существительных, имеющих, как правило, окончание -о, образуется путем прибавления к основе окончания -es; a bench – benches, a bus – buses, a glass – glasses, a box – boxes, a potato – potatoes.

Существительные, оканчивающиеся на -у (после согласной) во множественном числе имеют окончание -ies: an army – armies, a fly – flies.

Конечное f(-fe), как правило, меняется на -ves:

a calf – calves, a knife – knives, a shelf – shelves,

a wife – wives ( но: roofs, chiefs, safes, cliffs, beliefs, handkerchiefs).

Ряд существительных образует множественное число не по общим правилам:

а) изменяется корневая гласная:

A man - men, a woman - women, a foot - feet, a tooth - teeth, a goose - geese, a mouse - mice

б) добавляется окончание -en:

an ox – oxen, a child – children.

в) заимствуются формы единственного и множественного числа из латинского и греческого языков:

a formula – formulae (formulas), a crisis – crises, a criterion – criteria, an index – indices, a bacterium – bacteria, an axis – axes.

В английском языке есть существительные, которые имеют одну (общую) форму для единственного и множественного числа: a deer (олень) – deer (олени), a sheep (овца) – sheep (овцы), a fish рыба) – fish (рыбы), a swine (свинья) – swine (свиньи).

Некоторые существительные имеют только единственное число: advice, information, news, knowledge, furniture, luggage.

Некоторые - только множественное число: clothes, riches, damages, goods, looks, manners, thanks.

Запомните:

this is – these are that is – those are

there is – there are it is – they are

Grammar Exercises

Decide which of the following nouns are countable (исчисляемые) or uncountable (неисчисляемые).

Time, water, machine, music, snow, word, coffee, money, idea, family, darkness, knowledge, sea, hour, tree, silver, meat, happiness, information, speed, book, news, house, friend, milk, student, pen, paper, clothes, picture, air, goods.

Read and translate the sentences. Decide which of the underlined nouns (существительных) are countable or uncountable and explain why.

1. We have read all the official papers. There were some sheets of paper on the table. 2. Two coffees, please. I like strong coffee. 3. Give me two glasses. Are they made of glass or plastics? 4. Many thousands of bricks are produced at the factory. Our school is built of brick.

Write down the following nouns in plural.

Box, sheep, place, library, photo, mouse, lady, glass, bush, dress, country, bus, party, wife, day, knife, knowledge, month, pen, hero, goose, company, life, deer, tomato, city, man, play, news, child, fruit, shelf, leaf, foot, fish, woman, money, information.

31. Write down the following nouns in plural:

A star, a mountain, a tree, a waiter, the queen, a man, a woman, an eye, a shelf, a box, a city, a boy, a goose, a watch, a mouse, a dress, a toy, a sheep, a tooth, a child, an ox, a deer, a life, a tomato.

32. Write down the following nouns in plural:

this man, that match, this tea-cup, this egg, that wall, that picture, this foot, that mountain, this lady, that window, this knife.

33. Do you know the plurals of the following words? Remember:

terminus – termini, basis – bases, memorandum – memoranda, analysis – analyses, datum – data, crisis – crises, nucleus – nuclei, index – indices, phenomenon – phenomena.

34. Make these nouns plural:

Hand, branch, school, film, class, place, price, fox, glass, dish, leaf, knife, roof, lady, money, toy, hero, tomato, foot, tooth, man, deer, cattle, shelf.

Change the number of the noun in bold type, making any other necessary changes.

1. I have hurt my foot. 2. The last leaf fell from the tree. 3. The roof of the house was covered with snow. 4. There is a potato in the plate. 5. Where is a glass? 6. The deer is a graceful animal. 7. What’s the news this morning? The news is good. 8. He gave me his advice. 9. There was a fish in the net. 10. This shelf contains several books on different subjects. 11. The sheep is grazing in the meadow.

36. Put the following sentences in plural and write them down. Pay attention to the changes of the verb (глагол).

1. A new house is in our street. 2. This story is very interesting. 3. There was a woman, a man, a boy and a girl in the room. 4. In the farm-yard we could see an ox, a sheep, a cow and a goose. 5. Put this knife on that table. 6. Why don't you eat this potato? 7. This strawberry is still green. 8. A yellow leaf has fallen to the ground. 9. Can you see a bird in that tree? 10. Does your tooth still ache? 11. I held up my foot to the fire to warm it. 12. His child studies very well. 13. Is this worker an Englishman or a German? – He is a Frenchman. 14. What is that child's name? 15. The cat has caught a mouse. 16. I have hurt my foot. 17. The wolf has been shot. 18. He keeps his toy in a box. 19. This man works at our office.

37. Put the following sentences in plural and write them down. Pay attention to the changes of the verb:

1. This is my stocking. 2. He has a new suit. 3. This metal is very hard. 4. That ship is a Russian one. 5. I heard her voice. 6. His dog does not like bread. 7. The plate was on the table. 8. This town is very large. 9. I was talking to her at the tram stop yesterday. 10. Is that girl your sister? 11. I shall give you my book. 12. This story will be a good one. 13. Is this a good match? 14. The boy put his book on the desk. 15. She took off her hat. 16. That house is new. 17. The pupil put his book into the bag. 18. Is this student coming with us, too? 19. The woman didn't say anything. 20. Does she speak English?

§ 7. Притяжательный падеж существительных

Examples: The child 's toys – The children 's toys

The boy 's books – The boys ' books

38. Use the Possessive Case of the Nouns.

Example: The poems of Lermontov. – Lermontov 's poems.

1. The toy of their children. 2. The questions of my son. 3. The wife of my brother. 4. The table of our teacher. 5. The life of animals. 6. The voice of this girl. 7. The new tool of the workers. 8. The letter of Peter. 9. The car of my parents. 10 The room of my friend. 11. The handbags of these women. 12. The flat of my sister is large. 13. The children of my brother are at home. 14. The room of the boys is large.

39. Use the Possessive Case instead of “ of-phrase ”.

1. The new club of the workers; 2. The poems of Shevchenko; 3. The voice of her mother; 4. The pages of the book; 5. The orders of the commander; 6. The offer of the seller; 7. The conclusions of the expert; 8.The birthday of my friend; 9.The streets of Kyiv. 10. A flock of birds. 11. The house of the doctor; 12. The location of the enemy.

40. Use “ of-phrase ” instead of the Possessive Case in the following sentences

1. Britain’s climate is not cold in winter. 2. This country’s wealth is oil. 3. My friend’s garden is beautiful. 4. The student’s lessons begin at 9 o’clock. 5. This writers’ works were published many times. 6. Our city’s streets are green and wide. 7. The miners’ meeting was held on the outskirts of the town. 8. We admire Repin’s and Levitan’s pictures. 9. Everything in the children’s room was the work of the children.

Translate into English.

1. Это семья моего друга. Отец моего друга – инженер. Мать моего друга – учитель. 2. Она взяла книги своего брата. 3. Дайте мне тетради ваших учеников. 4. Вы видели книгу нашего учителя? 5. Вчера дети моего брата ходили в кино. 6. Он показал мне письмо своей сестры. 7. Чья это сумка? – Это сумка Петра. 8. Чьи это словари? – Это словари студентов. 9. Принесите игрушки детей.

Answer the questions using the nouns in the possessive case.

1. What is your mother’s name? 2. What is your sister’s (or brother’s) name? 3. What is the name of your friend? 4. Is your friend’s family large? How many are they? 5. Does the family of your friend live in Volgograd? 6. Does your friend’s mother work or study? Where?

Числительные

1 – 12 1 – one [wV n] 2 – two [tu:] 3 – three [Tri:] 4 – four [fO:] 5 – five [faIv] 6 – six [sIks] 7 – seven [sevn] 8 – eight [eIt] 9 – nine [naIn] 10 – ten [ten] 11 – eleven [I′levn] 12 – twelve [twelv]

13 – 19 (суффикс -teen)   13 – thirteen [′Tә:′tI:n] 14 – fourteen [′fO:′tI:n] 15 – fifteen [′fIf′tI:n] 16 – sixteen [′sIks′tI:n] 17 – seventeen [′sevn′tI:n] 18 – eighteen [′eI′tI:n] 19 – nineteen [′naIn′tI:n]

20 – 90 (суффикс -ty)   20 – twenty [′twentI] 30 – thirty [′Tә:tI] 40 – fourty [′fO:tI] 50 – fifty [′fIftI] 60 – sixty 70 – seventy 80 – eighty 90 – ninety 91 – ninety-one 92 – ninety-two

100 – a (one) hundred [′hVndrәd] 101 – a (one) hundred and one 122 – a (one) hundred and twenty-two 200 – two hundred 1,000 – a (one) thousand [′Tauzәnd] 1,005 – a (one) thousand and five 3,000 – three thousand 3,255 – three thousand two hundred and fifty-five 100,000 – one hundred thousand 500,000 - five hundred thousand 552,000 – five hundred and fifty-two thousand 1,000,000 – a (one) million 1,000,000,000 – a (one) milliard; a (one) billion

Хронологические даты Даты, обозначающие год, в отличие от русского языка, образуются количественными числительными и часто читаются как две цифры.   1900 – nineteen hundred (тысяча девятисотый год); 1949 – nineteen forty-nine; 1904 – nineteen four (или nineteen o [ou] four, nineteen and four) 2001 – two thousand and one

Порядковые числительные (суффикс -th) за исключением первых трех образуются посредством суффикса -th [T]:
1st – the first [fә:st] 2nd – the second [′sekәnd] 3rd – the third [Tә:d] 4th – the fourth [fO:T] 5th – the fifth [fifT] 8th – the eighth [eɪtθ] 9th – the ninth [naɪnθ]	12th – the twelfth [twelfθ] 13th – the thirteenth [′Tә:′ tɪ:nT] 20th – the twentieth ['twentɪɪθ], [-tɪəθ] 21st – the twenty-first 30th – the thirtieth [′Tә:tɪəT] 100th – the hundredth 201st – the two hundred and first
Календарные даты обозначаются порядковыми числительными: 15th May, 1948 (May 15th) – The fifteenth of May, nineteen fourty-eight May 15, 1948 – May the fifteenth, nineteen fourty-eight

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