- Ernest F. Row.
Questions
1. Why is it really necessary to work?
2. If all the money in the world were equally divided, everybody would be every happy. Do you agree?
3. The authot tells us about flattening Mont Blanc and the little difference in would make in raising the level of France. What is his point in giving us this example?
Part III
Exercise 1. Read the dialogue.
The situation. Christmas shopping time again. The christmas lights
were pretty, the decorations attractive, the streets crowded, and the prices high. Sam stood in line with his sister Brenda, waiting to pay for his purchases. Every year he vowed that he would not wait until the last minute to buy gifts. But so far, he had failed to live up to his resolve. His mind was usually occupied with "more important" matters.
Drenda: I want to buy one of these jackets. Come and tell me which looks best.
Sam: You want to buy one today? Look how expensive they are. After Christmas they'll be on sale and much better buy than they are right now. I think you should wait. You have a coat you can wear.
Brenda: Don't tell me how to spend my money, Sam. If I wait, the selection will not be as good as it is now.
Sam: But you have other gifts to buy yet. If you buy the jacket you won't have money for anything else.
Brenda: I'll put the coat on layaway. That way, I'll pay only a small sum for the coat now and have money left over for the other gifts. I can pay the balance on the jacket after Christmas, when I have earned some more money.
Exercise 2. Eeact to the following opinions. You may find some expressions helpful:
To express your opinion
I think...; speaking for myself...; I believe...;
I suppose...; I'm sure...; In my opinion....
To agree with somebody
Yes, I agree (with you); That's true...; I think so too....
To disagree with somebody
On the other hand...; I don't agree (with...);
It’s not true; I don't think so
1. It sounds as though Brenda is determined to buy a jacket. She had her money situation all estimated.
2. It makes more sense to wait and buy the jacket after Christmas. She'll probably be sorry she was so impulsive when she sees the sale price of the jacket then.
3. Brenda is wailing to pay, the higher price for the jacket because habing the jacket is important to her. I guess, she's more interested in personal appearance than in saving money.
4. She is not any different from the rest of us. Look how many of us are in the same boat. We all waste our money by being influenced by holiday atmosphere. We all need a little more selfdiscipline in spending money.
Exercise 3. Think of some questions f-or the following answers:
1. Most of us have problems in managing own money.
2. Some people waste money without even knowing it.
3. Learning to use money isn't easy.
4. Money can give you not only material benefits but opportunities in the fonm of education, travel, and recreation.
5. The basic financial resource of a student may be some form of stipend for education or help from a family.
6. A spending plan or budget is a means to help. You control your money.
7. Keeping income and outlay in a desired balance takes practice and self-discipline.
8. Be realistic in making your plan for managing money.
Exercise 4. You are going to find out as much as possible about your groupmates. experience in money management. Think of the questions you would like to ask them.(For ideas: habits of money management, making a budget, fixed and flexible expenses, attitudes towards money, etc.). Interview one another on this problem.
Exercise 5. Develop the given situation in a form of a dialogue.
You and your friend are discussing making a budget. Your friend thinks that making a budget is just too much trouble. Try to convince your friend that the budget will really help and that it is worth the time required to prepare and keep within the budget.
Exercise 6. Now you know how to make a budget. It is very important to know what you think about it. Is it necessary for a
student to make a budget? (for a family, for a young couple).
A. Read pros and cons given below. Think of some more which are important in your opinion.
| For |
| Against |
1. | It will help me live on the money I have. | 1. | It takes too much time. |
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2. | It will force me to set goals in using money. | 2. | It's very boring to live following the set plan. |
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3. |
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4. |
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B. Discuss the problem in groups of 3-5 students to make a decision.
C. Fill in the table and give reasons for your decisions.
Opinions | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 |
It is necessary for a student to make a budget. |
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It's not necessary for a student to make a budget. |
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Exercise 7. Make a short speech.
Sample topics are: 1) Why is it sometimes difficult to follow the budget you have planned?
2) What would be a good goal for money earned
from summer work?
3) Financial resources must be used wisely in reaching certain goals.
UNIT FIVE
Topic: Legal Responsibilities
Grammar: Participle. Participle Constructions
Part I
Preliminary Exercises
Exercise 1. Give two Russian equivalents of different origin.
Example: standard – стандартный, типовой.
Individual, competence, formal, assistant, legal, agency, action, classification, public, international, criminal, to regulate, contract, personal, business, aspect.
Exercise 2. a). Form nouns from the following verbs by means of conversion (to test – a test). Translate the nouns into Russian.
To rule, to act, to need, to conduct, to concern, to deal, to break, to will, to form, to promise, to purchase, to check, to value.
b). Identify parts of speech and translate sentences with these words into Russian.
1. The water shortage concerns all of us.
2. It is a social problem of great concern to the scientists.
3. How would you deal with an armed burglar?
4. This is no deal. The price is too high.
5. Will you please check these figures?
6. It is difficult to cash checks on weekends or holidays.
7. Few individuals can purchase everything needed at one time.
8. Goods should be returned if defects are discovered after purchase.
9. It only needs good will from both sides.
10. There’s a great need for a book on this subject.
Exercise 3. Recognize the words formed with negative prefixes and translate them into Russian.
Possible – impossible, moral – immoral, personal – impersonal, formal – informal, valid – invalid, competent – incompetent,
legal – illegal, logical – illogical, acceptable – unacceptable, cultured – uncultured, defended – undefended, valued – unvalued, honest – dishonest, agreement – disagreement, conduct – misconduct, understand – misunderstand.
Words and word combinations to be remembered:
law (n) – 1) закон; 2) право
public law – государственное право
civil law – гражданское право
private law – гражданское право
criminal law – уголовное право
lawyer (n) – юрист
purchase (n) – покупка
deal (n) – сделка, соглашение
deal (v) – общаться, иметь дело (с кем-либо)
secure (v) – 1) обеспечивать, гарантировать
2) получить, добиться
conduct (n) – поведение
rule (n) – правило, норма
enforce (v) – 1) проводить в жизнь, придавать силу;
2) принуждать, заставлять
enforceable (a) – имеющий исковую силу; могущий быть
принудительно осуществленным в судебном
порядке
enforceable (n) – 1) принудительное осуществление или взыскание
по суду
2) принуждение к исполнению
court (n) – суд
court action – судебный процесс
repeal (v) – отменять
include (v) – включать
pass (v) – принимать
relationship (n) – взаимоотношение
concern (v) – касаться, иметь отношение
real estate – недвижимое имущество
injury (n) – 1) вред, повреждение; 2) рана, ушиб
violence (n) – насилие
case (n) – 1) дело; 2) судебное дело
attorney (n) – адвокат
intention (n) – намерение, цель
defense (n) – защита
legal (a) – юридический, правовой
opinion (n) – мнение
statement (n) – утверждение, заявление
obligation (n) – обязательство
Read and translate the text.
Text A. You and the Law
Wherever people live together, they must develop rules of conduct. Without rules, there are no guidelines in dealing with one another. Laws are a set of rules that government enforces through the courts and other agencies. You have heard people say, “It is against the law”. This means it is against the rules of the country or community to do certain acts. New laws are made while others are repealed to meet cultural needs each year. Laws make it possible for people to live together peacefully.
There are two major classifications of laws: public law and civil law. Public law includes constitutional law, international law, administrative law, and criminal law. Public laws are passed to regulate the relationships between individuals and the government. Private law and civil law include the rules that regulate the relationship among people and are concerned with contracts, real estate, and personal injury.
You probably have heard more about criminal law. However, more court action and lawyer’s time is spent in civil law cases. Young people know it is against the law to steal or commit crimes of violence against other people, but they may not know much about the laws concerned with contracts, personal injury, or real estate.
Only a small percentage of our population breaks the law and requires an attorney for a court defense. Nevertheless, a family with honest intentions may get into legal difficulties. Almost everyone needs the services of a lawyer at some time.
It is good business to secure the services of an attorney for legal advice on important problems. This is especially true where a complicated contract or will is to be written.
It must be remembered that questions given to a lawyer will be
answered in the form of an opinion. It is not wise for a lawyer to give a definite statement, since all the circumstances may not be known, and a higher court may later reverse the lower court decision.
In our modern society, there is an increasing need to depend on others for the necessities of life. When dealing with people we often make promises that are legal obligations enforceable through court action. In fact, many of these promises are legal contracts. Thus, it is important for the young worker to understand the legal aspects of entering into a contract.
Notes to the text:
to meet needs – соответствовать потребностям
to break the law – нарушать закон
to enter into a contract – заключать контракт
Word Study
Exercise 1. For the words given in (a) find the synonyms in (b).
a. 1) conduct, 2) guide, 3) repeal, 4) personal, 5) injury,
6) commit, 7) require, 8) nevertheless, 9) will,
10) circumstance.
b. 1) perform, 2) fact, 3) however, 4) lead, 5) testament,
6) annul, 7) behavior, 8) damage, 9) private, 10) need.
Exercise 2. For the words given in (a) find the opposites in (b)
a. 1) increase, 2) often, 3) private, 4) difficult, 5) major,
6) receive, 7) obligation, 8) purchase
b. 1) public, 2) easy, 3) give, 4) right, 5) decrease,
6) sell, 7) minor, 8) seldom
Exercise 3. Find in the text the words that have the following meanings. The numbers of paragraphs are given in brackets.
1) place where law cases are held (1);
2) to control systematically, cause to obey a rule or standard (2);
3) offence for which there is severe punishment by law (3);
4) to take somebody else’s property secretly, without right, unlawfully (3);
5) not telling lies, not cheating or stealing (4);
6) connected with the law (4);
7) statement in writing saying how somebody wishes his property to be distributed after his death (5).
Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks choosing the suitable word or word combination given below.
1. People need... protection and assistance in making important....
2. In the USA... vary from state to state.
3. Within our... schools, shopping centres, and playgrounds are not close by.
4. The presence in neighborhood of others who share your interests makes it easier....
5. Every person in the community... with the level of law and... maintained there.
6.... values reflect a person's standards of taste.
7...., as contrasted with personal estate, cannot be moved by the owner from one place to another.
8. Under certain circumstances, government agencies... money for home ownership.
Real estate, order, contract, secure, legal, laws, community, personal, is concerned, to meet your social needs.
Exercise 5. a).Give adequate Russian equivalents of the word "case". Translate the sentences.
Case - общий элемент смысла: совокупность условий или обстоятельств, характеризующих ситуацию. Русские эквиваленты: случай, положение дел; доводы, доказательства; судебное дело и т.д.
1. Не stated his case so well that the committee supported his project.
2. In any case the results of the experiment will be of great value.
3. He presented a strong case against a proposed solution.
4. Research workers in need of funds could apply for grants if they could make out a convincing case.
5. When will the case come before the court?
6. In case I forget, please remind me of my promise.
7. If that's the case, you'll have to work much harder.
b). Make up English - Russian pairs of the word groups equivalent in meaning. Use them in sentences of your own.
As the case stands; in that case; just in case; to meet the пило; the case is that; in no case; such being the case.
На всякий случай; при данном положении дел; отвечать предъявляемым требованиям; если дело обстоит так; в таком случае; дело в том, что; ни в коем случае.
Grammar Study
Exercise 1. Translate the Participles into English:
читаемый прочитанный читающий
делаемый сделанный делающий
обсуждаемый обсужденный обсуждающий
расследуемый расследованный расследующий
изучаемый изученный изучающий
предлагаемый предложенный предлагающий
покупаемый купленный покупающий
строящийся построенный строящий
Exercise 2. Make sentences with Participles. Each time use the information in blackest.
Model: That student knows English well. (He is talking to a
foreigner.)
The student talking to a foreigner knows English well.
1. The policemen are looking for two men. (The policemen are investigating the robbery.)
2. Some paintings were stolen from the museum. (They belong to the famous artist.)
3. In the court-room there were many people. (They were discussing the last case.)
4. This girl is American.(She is reading аn advertisement.)
5. Do you know that woman? (She is buying a dress.)
Model: The money was never found. (The money was stolen in the robbery.)
The money stolen in the robbery was never found.
1. Host of the offers were not accepted. (They were made at the talks.)
2. The paintings haven't been found. (They were stolen from the museum.)
3. My father decided to buy a house. (It was built two years ago.)
4. The boy was taken to hospital. (He was injured in the accident.)
5. A uniform commercial code deals with sales and contracts. (It was adopted by most states.)
Exercise 3. Complete these sentences with the following verbs. Each time you have to put the verb in the correct form:
arrest, work, serve, read, give, sit, clean, wait, offer
1. All the managers... for our company must know foreign languages.
2. You must learn all the words on the seventh page.
3. The man ... by the police is now in prison.
4. Is there anybody... to see me?
5. A few days after the interview, I received a letter... me a job.
6. The room... at the moment is very little and cosy.
7. The woman... by a shop-assistant will pay by check.
8. When I came back there was nobody in the room except for a young man... by the window... a newspaper.
Exercise 4. Make sentences with Participles as in the example:
Example: I saw him walking along the street.
Я видел, как он шел по улице.
разговаривал с полицейским
saw объяснил правила
watched входил в банк
Student heard переходил улицу
A lawyer found a man работающим в саду
My friend listened смотрит на него
noticed играет в теннис
felt звонит по телефону
подписывал контракт
Exercise 5. Change the construction of the sentences using Participles as in the models:
Model: While we discussed this case, we touched upon талу interesting problems.
Discussing this case, we touched upon many interesting problems.
1. When he was reading the contract, he was very careless.
2. As I had no dictionary, I couldn't find out what these expressions meant.
3. Since I thought he was asleep, I walked on tiptoe.
4. As Tom was new to construction work, he was the lowest paid.
5. When his parents invested in a home last year, they had to consider whether to build or buy.
Model: After they had interviewed people of various ages, they found out what services people expected from a state. Having interviewed people of various ages, they found out what services people expected from a state.
1. After he had paid the rent, Henry found that he had only some small change left.
2. As they had not bought tickets in advance, they had to go to the station early in the morning.
3. After Mr.Walker had read the contract carefully, he signed it.
4. As she had not used the services of an attorney, she lost her job.
5. He left the office after he had promised me to be back in two hours.
Exercise 6. From each pair of sentences make one sentence using Participle.
Model: The old man was walking along the street. He was talking to himself.
The old man was walking along the street talking to himself.
1. I got home late. I was feeling very tired.
2. A young woman was smiling. She was watching her children.
3. Ann was lying on the bed. She was trying to fall asleep.
4. The fireman was overcome by smoke. He was making an attempt to put out the fire.
5. Jim hurt his arm. He was playing tennis.
Model: They found a hotel. Then they looked for somewhere to have dinner.
Having found a hotel, they looked for somewhere to have dinner.
1. We had spent all our money. So we couldn't afford to stay in a hotel.
2. We finished our work. We were given a lot of money.
3. Jill did all her shopping. Then she went for a cup of coffee.
4. They watched a soap opera on TV. Then they discussed it.
5. We had the talks with the businessmen. Then we invited them to the Prague restaurant.
Model: She a foreigner. So she needs a visa to stay in this country.
Being a foreigner, she needs a visa to stay in this country.
1. I thought he was out. I decided not to drop in at his place.
2. My brother is fond of music. He never misses an opportunity of going to a good concert.
3. We didn't know their phone number. So we couldn't call them.
4. The man wasn't able to understand English. So he didn't know what I said.
5. I felt cold. So I made a fire.
Exercise 7. Translate the sentences with the Absolute Participle Construction using так как; когда; после того как; причем; и; а.
1. Tomorrow being a public holiday, the shops will be shut.
2. A crime having been investigated, the matter was taken to the law-court.
3. It being late, we had to return home.
4. He went out into the street, his dog running after him.
5. All the questions having been discussed, the meeting was declared closed.
6. There are nine laboratories at the institute, each administered by a professor.
7. The tourists were walking along the streets with the guide explaining the history of the town.
8. New laws being made, others are repealed to meet cultural needs each year.
Exercise 8. Translate the sentences into English using Participles where possible.
1. Ожидая увидеть радостное лицо матери, Кэтрин открыла дверь дома и вошла. Но поднявшись на второй этаж, она никого не обнаружила. Быстро пройдя в комнату матери, она почувствовала как леденящий ужас охватывает ее. Мать лежала на полу, держа в руке пистолет. Разбросанные счета на столе, беспорядок в комнате говорили об ужасной трагедии, происшедшей недавно.
2. Подписав контракт, Веллингтон и Трейдер обсудили несколько вопросов, касающихся их совместного дела. Не имея денег, Эрнест Веллингтон решил взять взаймы у Трейдера, надеясь, что после смерти дяди по завещанию ему достанется огромное наследство.
3. Открыв дверь, Эрнест увидел полицейских. "Вы арестованы", -сказал один из них стоявшему у двери хозяину. - Вы обвиняетесь в убийстве своего дяди. Вы можете сохранять молчание, вы имеете право на адвоката...",- все эти слова, сказанные инспектором, были неожиданны для него.
4. Погода была ужасная: моросил мелкий дождь, то переставая, то принимаясь вновь бить о стекло машины. Заканчивая свое дежурство, сержант полиции Джонсон в последний раз объезжал этот район города.
Text Study
Exercise 1. Look through Text A and find English equivalents to the following:
нормы поведения, против закона, регулировать взаимоотношения, личный ущерб, гражданские дела, совершить преступление, нуждаться и адвокате для защиты в суде, тем не менее, попасть в затруднение, услуги юриста, консультация юриста, в виде мнения, все обстоятельства, отменить решение суда.
Use some of the above expressions in sentences of your own.
Exercise 2. Give the context in which the following are used:
a set of rules, to meet cultural needs, to live peacefully, two major classifications of laws, are concerned with contracts, against the law, to secure the services of an attorney, to give a definite statement, the legal aspects.
Exercise 3. Give some facts from Text A to complete the sentences.
1. People must develop rules of conduct because....
2. Public law includes constitutional law,....
3. When a family gets into legal difficulties...
4. A lawyer does not give a definite statement but answers questions in the form of opinion as....
5. Promises that we often make become...
6. Legal aspects of entering into a contract must be understood by....
7. When a man is going to write his will, he needs....
Exercise 4. Substitute words and word combinations from Text A for the words underlined in the sentences.
1. He went to Paris with the purpose of learning French.
2. Don't trouble about things that have no relation t o you.
3. It is the business of the police to prevent and detect serious law - breaking and of the law courts to punish it.
4. The situation there needs that I should be present.
5. The Bill was accepted and became law.
6. What is the best way of having relations with young criminals?
Exercise 5. Find sentences which give the description of the job of a lawyer.
Exercise 6. Identify the key-sentences in paragraphs 1 and 4.
Exercise 7. Which paragraph has the answer to this question:
are there more legal processes in criminal law cases than in civil law cases?
Exercise 8. Make a short summary of Text A answering the following questions:
1. Why is it important for people to develop rules of conduct?
2. What are laws?
3. What are the different classifications of laws?
4. Do private laws regulate the relationships between individuals and the government?
5. Are public laws concerned with contracts?
6. What type of law requires the most legal consultation and court action?
7. Whose services will you need when you purchase a home?
8. Is it against the law to steal?
9. Who requires an attorney for a court defense?
10. Will you get a definite statement when you ask a lawyer some questions?
11. When should legal advice be obtained?
Part II
Exercise 1. Read Text B and name the essential elements of a valid contract.
These words and word combinations will help you to understand the text.
essentials (n) - основные элементы
essential (а) - существенный
agreement (n) - соглашение
competent (а) - правомочный
party (n) - сторона
transaction (n) - сделка, деловая операция
draw up (v) - составлять
ownership (n) - I)собственность; 2) право собственности
valid (а) - действительный, имеющий силу
validity (n) - действительность, законность
mutual assent - взаимное согласие
terms (n) - условия
extent (n) - степень
prevent (v) - препятствовать, не допускать
mental ability - умственная способность
harmful (a) - вредный
consideration (n) - возмещение, компенсация
binding (a) - обязывающий, обязательный, имеющий обязательную силу
avoid (v) - избегать
false testimony - ложные показания
fee (n) - гонорар, вознаграждение
Text В. Contracts
A contract is an agreement between two or more competent parties which makes an enforceable obligation. Should one party fail to keep the agreement, the other party may take the case to court for enforcement.
Contracts may result from informal or formal action. Informal contracts are made clothes cleaned at the dry cleaner, or have your shoes repaired at the shoe shop. Other contracts, such as purchasing real estate, are formal transactions and may require legal assistance in drawing up the agreement and checking the accuracy of ownership. Some agreements relate to personal matters for practical purposes and are not enforceable by the courts.
Certain elements are necessary in order for a contract to be valid and enforceable by law. These essentials are as follows:
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