5. This view tends to be held by historians and by many economists who find that their instruments measure some things quite well while those of the other social sciences do not yet measure much of anything.
6. Each of these views contains a measure of truth and reflects a real aspect of the relationship of technology and society.
7. Whether modern technology and its effects constitute a subject matter deserving special attention is largely a matter of how technology is defined.
8. We have found it mare useful to define technology as tools in a general sense, including machines, but also including linguistic and intellectual tools and contemporary analytic and mathematical techniques.
That is, we define technology as the organization of knowledge for practical purposes. It is in this broader meaning that we can best see the extent and variety of the effects of technology on our society, values and culture. Its pervasive influence on our very culture world be unintelligible if technology were understood as no more than hardware.
9. It is in the pervasive influence of technology that our contemporary situation seems qualitatively different from that of past societies, for three reasons. (1). Our tools are more powerful than any before. The rifle wiped out the buffalo, but nuclear weapons can wipe out man. Dust storms lay whole regions waste, but too much radioactivity in the atmosphere could make the planet uninhabitable. (2). This quality of finality of modern technology has brought our society, mare than any before, to explicit awareness of technology as an important determinant of our lives and institutions. (3). As a result, our society is coming to a deliberate decision to understand and control technology to good social purpose and is therefore devoting significant efforts to the search for ways to measure the full range of its effects on society.
10. Most of the consequences of technology that are causing concern at the present time are pollution of the environment, potential damage to the ecology of the planet, occupational and social dislocations, threats to the privacy and so on. Now that some of the negative impacts of technology are threatening to become critical, the government should consider measures to control these effects.
Attention should be directed (1) to development of a system of
social indicators to held gauge the social effects of technology, (2) to establishment of some body of social advisers to the president to help develop policies in anticipation of such effects, and generally (3) to strengthening the role of the social sciences in policy making.
Word Study
Exercise 1. Group the pairs of synonyms.
Effects, contemporary, permanent, population, demand, modern, impacts, continuons, inhabitants, devices, requirement, tools, cause, reason.
Exercise 2. Give all the words that can be derived from the following verbs and translate the, into Russian.
Example: to govern –governor – government
to solve, to industrialize, to participate, to comment, to attract, to populate, to inhabit, to locate, to dislocate, to recognize, to accelerate, to produce, to communicate, to invent, to educate, to adopt, to require, to measure, to reflect, to constitute, to determine, to know, to differ, to decide, to pollute, to occupy, to develop, to establish, to anticipate.
Exercise 3. After each sentence there is a choice of several words.
Pick the word that is closest in meaning to the word underlined in the sentence.
1. At present a good deal of research is aimed at assessing negative effects of technology on contemporary society,
a) present, b) current, c) modern
2. We have found it mare useful to define technology as tools in a general sense.
a) machinery, b) apparatuses, c) devices
3. Most of the consequences of technology are causing concern at the present time.
a) care, b) trouble, c) attention
4. Each of these views contains a measure of truth.
a) point, b) extent, c) fraction
Text Study
Exercise 1. Which of the following choices – a), b) or c) most adequately sums up the ideas of the whole paragraph?
Paragraph 1.
a) There is no systematic research on the effects of technology on contemporary society.
b) There are three prevailing views on the role of technology in society.
c) A good deal of research is aimed at assessing the particular effects of technology on society.
Paragraph 2.
a) Technology is considered as the motor of all progress.
b) Technology is considered as the solution to all problems.
c) This view is shared by many scientists.
Paragraph 3.
a) Technology is considered to have only negative effects on society.
b) This view is propounded by artists, literary commentators, critics and philosophers.
c) Society is indifferent to technological changes.
Paragraph 4.
a) New technologies help people become more adaptable to new ideas and to new social reforms.
b) Technology as such is not worthy of special notice.
c) Technology has done little to accelerate the rate of economic productivity since 1880s.
Paragraph 8.
a) Gives the definition of technology.
b) Evaluates the extent and variety of the effects of technology on society.
c) Compares different definitions of technology.
Paragraph 9.
a) Describes the role of technology for past societies.
b) Analizes the reasons for the pervasive influence of technology on contemporary situation.
c) Emphasizes the need of finding some ways to measure and control the effects of technology on society.
Paragraph 10.
a) Analizes the most negative effects of technology on society.
b) Considers some measures to control negative effects of technology.
c) Describes the consequences of technological changes.
Exercise 2. Say whether these statements are true or false. Give your arguments.
1. There is no single view point on the role of technology in modern society.
2. Scientists who believe people to be fully in command of their tools and destiny do not consider technology as the motor of progress.
3. Technology is considered as an unmitigated curse by many artists, commentators, social critics and philosophers.
4. Technology is not worthy of special attention.
5. Technology is defined as the organization of knowledge for practical purposes.
6. Technology is understood as hardware.
7. Our society devotes significant efforts to the search for ways to measure and to control the effects of technology on society.
Exercise 3. Look through Paragraphs 3,4,5,8,9 and find sentences in which Infinitives are used. Translate them into Russian.
Exercise 4. Translate the following into English.
Известно, что в настоящее время техника оказывает огромное влияние на общество, в котором мы живём. Это влияние может быть как положительным, так и отрицательным. Вот почему существуют различные точки зрения на роль техники в обществе. Некоторые считают технике великим благом для человека и общества, двигателем всего прогресса, решением всех социальных проблем, источником процветания и развития; другие полагают, что техника – настоящее проклятье для человечества, ибо
лишает человека работы, заставляет менять место жительства и т.д., третьи вообще не считают, что о техники как таковой нужно говорить, ибо если сравнить развитие техники в настоящее время с введением фабричной системы в 18 веке, то техника незначительно увеличила уровень производительности, поскольку за последние десятилетия наблюдается большой разрыв во времени появления изобретения и его внедрения в практику.
Каждая из этих точек зрения отражает в какой-то степени долю истины во взаимосвязи техники и общества.
Exercise 5. Read Text C. Keep the time it takes you to translate it without a dictionary.
Text C. An Invention
An invention is known to consist of two parts: the idea and its execution. How does the idea originate? It may be that it sometimes emerges like a flash of lightning; but usually after laborious searching it will hatch itself out of innumerable errors; and by comparative study will gradually separate the essential from the nonessential, and will-slowly permeate the senses with ever greater clarity, until at last it becomes a clear mental picture. The idea itself originates neither from theory, nor deduction, but by intuition. Science is merely the means of investigation and proving, but is not the creator of the idea.
But even when idea has been scientifically established, the invention is not yet complete. Only when nature herself has given an affirmative reply to the question, which the test has put to her, is the invention completed. Even then, it is only a compromise between the imagined ideal and the attainable reality.
Part III
These words will help you to understand the text:
encourage (v) – поощрять, поддерживать
discourage (v) – препятствовать
promote (v) – содействовать, способствовать
create (v) – создавать
creative (a) – творческий, созидательный
inquiry (n) – запрос, зд. научные изыскания
pursue (v) – преследовать (цель), заниматься
tradesmen (n) – (амер) ремесленники
gap (n) – разрыв
share (v) – разделять, принимать участие
applied sciences – прикладные науки
Exercise 1. Read Text D and sum up the major ways of promoting technology.
Text D. Science and Technology: An American Record
No country has a monopoly on inventive genius. Any given scientific discovery is likely to be based on the ideas of people from different nations and different times. However, countries can encourage or discourage scientific inquiry and technological development. From its emergence as an independent nation in the 18th century, the United State has encouraged science and invention. It has done this by promoting a free flow of ideas, by encouraging the growth of “useful knowledge” and by welcoming creative people from all over the world.
Constant innovation in ideas and techniques helps to make the U.S. a leader in science and technology.
In Europe scientists or natural philosophers as they called themselves, pursued knowledge for its own sake. They often talked about "true science" as something apart from the concerns of everyday life. They usually left the application of science to mechanics and tradesmen. But there was a wide knowledge gap between the two groups.
American science was closely linked with the needs and feelings of the people. Many of the leaders of the new nation were enthusiastic about science and warmly welcomed scientists and technologists from other lands.
A lot of scientists came to the United States to share in the nations rapid growth and the opportunity to apply new scientific ideas to practical uses.
Scientists are drawn to centers of scientific achievements. There, new ideas breed more new ideas.
Thinking of scientific understanding and technological know-how led to f. type of applied science for which Americans became renowned.
Americans have an outstanding records of applied science and technological achievements. From zippers to lazers, Americans have produced more successful inventions than any other people on Earth.
Science and technology to-day in the United States and throughout the world, are creating new worlds. And it is responsibility of all people, as well as scientists, to make sure that these new worlds represent a genuine improvement in the quality of life for human beings everywhere.
Exercise 2. Think of the situations for these answers:
1. Countries can encourage or discourage scientific inquiry and technological development.
2. Scientists usually have left the application of science to mechanics and tradesmen.
3. Scientists working in the rapidly developing countries can hope for considerable material as well as intellectual rewards.
4. Each new idea, each new development in science leads to many others.
5. American science was closely linked with the needs and feelings of the people.
Exercise 3. Speak on your ideas and suggestions of the technological rise. Use these formulas:
to my mind, I think, I suppose, I would suggest, as for me.
Exercise 4. Read and practice the following short dialogue with your group-mates:
- When we use the word "technology or technique" most of us automatically think of machines.
- In a way, that’s right, though seems rather oldfashioned.
Technique certainly began with the machine.
- Surely. Machine is historically the first.
Exercise 5. Join the statements to make small dialogues, using the following expressions:
that is why, that’s true, that’s right, in a way, to some extent.
The dialogue in exercise 4 may be used as a pattern.
1. Growth of technique power today has no relation to the growing use of the machine.
2. Machine is dependent upon technique.
3. Technique certainly began with the machine.
4. All the rest developed out of mechanics.
5. Many of the up-to-date industries are known as high-technology- industries ("high-tech").
6. High-tech industries depend on the latest developments in technology.
7. High-tech industries tend to be highly automated.
8. High-tech industries need fewer workers than traditional industries such as steelmaking, for example.
Exercise 6. Render into English this historical review of the most important developments that turned America to the high -tech society.
Первые американские отрасли промышленности значительно зависели от квалификации рабочих, занятых в небольших мастерских, которые обслуживали местный рынок и только. Но так как в США был большой дефицит рабочей силы, то наниматели приветствовали любой новый метод, любое изобретение, которые могли сократить потребность в рабочей силе. И одним из таких усовершенствований было введение заводской системы, которая собирала много рабочих в одном рабочем месте, а производила товары, распределяемые на обширной территории.
Другим нововведением была "американская система" массового производства (1800г), требовавшая уже точного машиностроения для производства взаимозаменяемых деталей, что позволило собирать конечный продукт поэтапно, а рабочим специализироваться на отдельной операции. Третьим условием подъёма американской промышленности послужило использование новых источников энергии в промышленном производстве (паровая машина).
Новые формы организации производства и бизнеса, такие как банки и корпорации, значительно способствовали росту производства. Первый банк в Америке появился в 1780-х годах. Строительство железных дорог с 1830-х ознаменовало начало новой эры для США.
Обеспечив транспортные связи между отдаленными районами, железные дороги увеличили деловую активность и способствовали появлению новых
населенных пунктов. Строительство железных дорог увеличило также все возрастающую потребность в угле, чугуне, стали, помогая развивать тяжелую индустрию.
Стала быстро развиваться новая отрасль, специализирующаяся на производстве станков и инструментов, т.е. на инструментах, используемых в производстве других товаров. И уже к 1913 г. более 1/3 мирового промышленного производства приходилось на США.
The following words and word combinations may be useful for this work: transportation links, machine tools, come from (зд.-приходиться); facilitate, skills, developments, precision engineering, in stages.
Exercise 7. First look through round-table discussion "She Problems of the Technological Society". Help the Russian participants in this discussion.
- You see, were facing one of the problems: the opportunities of the modern technology are not realized to full capacity. And the society loses a lot because of that.
- Совершенно верно. Потери огромные. Это означает, что многие потенциально разрешимые проблемы остаются не решенными, а цели не достигнутыми.
- It's really so. Moreover we waste our technological resources or use them insufficiently.
- Вы правы. И одной из причин этого является то, что правительство, в целом, и средства массовой информации (mass media), в частности, не готовы решать такие огромные задачи, как подготовка общественности, необходимые, если наше общество собирается в полной мере использовать свой технологический потенциал.
- I agree with you. But I'd like to add that there is an incomplete understanding of what technology is and its signficance.
- As for me, I must say that we should remember that there’re often good reasons for not developing or utilizing a particular technology. The fact that it exists and can be developed is not sufficient reason for doing so.
- Ну, конечно же. Например, стоимость разработки может оказаться слишком высокой по сравнению с ожидаемой выгодой (benefits).
- Sorry for interrupting, but a new technological device may be so dangerous in itself that it is never developed.
- Да, да. Правильно. И тут возникает еще одна серьезная проблема - проблема отношения общества к технологии и как одно из проявлений такого отношения - технофобия (technofobia).
Exercise 8. Keep the discussion going on.
Speak out on 1) the reaction of the society to technology
2) the advantages and disadvantages of high-tech
Use these words and word combinations:
to be in deep trouble unemployment
overpopulation crime
inflation pollution
to give everyone a job to cleen up
shortages to educate
to clothe
Exercise 9. Be prepared to discuss the following statements. Formulate the topics for your discussion.
1. The new generation of managers began the careful study of factory operations with the aim of finding the most efficient ways of organizing tasks which helped to lower the costs of production still further.
2. Critics of United States foreign policy charge, American firms with using their economic power to influence foreign governments into adopting policies that serve US political and economic interests rather than local interests.
3. Americans have what might be called a love-hate relationship with business.
4. The competitiveness of the worldwide economy can be expected to intensify in the years ahead.
5. Sometimes business values come into conflict with other social values, advertising being an example.
6. Because of the cyclical nature of business activity, such economic indicators as employment rates and investment levels are constantly fluctuating.
UNIT TWO
Topic: Work - Life's Central Activity- Grammar: Attributive Clauses without who/that/which
Review of Tenses
Part I
Preliminary Exercises
Exercise 1. Look at these words and try to give their corresponding Russian equivalents:
factor, plan (v), personal, line, psychologist, career, style, group (v). typical, role, chief.(a), ingredient.
Exercise 2. Transcribe and pronounce the following words:
identity, identify, leisure, engage, available, career, average (a), influence (v), opportunity, relationship.
Exercise 3. Take notice of this pattern and translate the sentences below:
Pattern: A (adjective) + -ty/ - ity = N (abstract noun)
active + - ity = activity;
difficult + - ty = difficulty.
1. Special attention is paid to industrial safety.
2. The control function is usually a management responsibility.
3. Young people have many opportunities nowadays but they don't always make the most of them.
4. He is a man of marked individuality.
5. Career is the central activity around which we plan our daily lives.
6. When we say that people have ability to do something, we mean that they are able to do it.
7. People who have difficulty in associating with other people are usually mare successful working alone.
Exercise 4. Give the adverb a corresponding to the following adjectives and translate them into Russian.
main - mainly; close -.... careful -...; occupational -...; professional -...; large -...»
Exercise 5. Give the Passive Infinitive forms of the following verbs:
to place, to learn, to introduce, to ask, to think, to make, to do, to choose, to plan, to serve, to call, to reach.
Exercise 6. Transform these sentences according to the model and translate them:
Model: You must perform the work on time.
The work must be performed on time.
1. You should choose your career carefully.
2. One can't learn a foreign language in a week.
3. Can you introduce me to Br.Wilson?
4. You must place books in the right order.
5. When you meet a person he may ask you "What do you do?"
6. Students must plan their daily life around their studies.
7. They can't do research without this equipment.
8. Children should serve their parents in the old age.
9. A computer can do a great amount of work in a fraction of a second.
10. We can call this idea a brilliant thought.
Remember: "For" answers the question "How long?"
"During" answers the question "When?"
The noun after "for" may have: The noun after "during" may a, an - for a long time have:
no article - for years the - during the holidays
a numeral - for two weeks a demonstrative pronoun - during
this week
some, several - for some time, a possessive pronoun - during
for several hours their visit
for ages - очень долго, целую вечность
for ever – навсегда
Exercise 7. Fill in the blanks with "for" or "during".
1... the lesson 4... most of his life
2... the journey 5... a century
3... hours 6... his stay in London
7. … the last few days 9. … our trip
8. … two days 10. … the talks
Exercise 8. Say the whole sentence in English:
1. My father has lived in Vladivostok (всё свою жизнь).
2. We have had no rain (около месяца).
3. I shall remember my school years (навсегда).
4. We talked our business (во время конференции).
5. I haven’t seen you (целую вечность).
6. I am afraid it will last (много дней).
7. It stopped snowing at last but only (на несколько часов).
8. We met each other (в школьные годы).
Words and word combinations to be remembered:
earn (v) – зарабатывать
to earn one’s living – зарабатывать на жизнь
influence (v) – оказывать влияние
leisure (n) – досуг, свободное время
leisure time – свободное время
opportunity (n) – удобный случай, благоприятная возможность
age (n) – возраст
trade (n) – занятие, ремесло, профессия
profession (n) – профессия
complex (a) – сложный
job (n) – работа, место (работы)
work force – рабочая сила
goal (n) – цель
average (a) – средний, обычный, нормальный
involve (v) – вовлекать, втягивать
to be involved in – участвовать в
major (a) – главный, более важный
amount (n) – количество
equal (a) – равный, одинаковый
similar (a) – подобный, похожий
determine (v) – определять, устанавливать
Read and translate the text
Text A. Work – Life’s Central Activity
Today the work you do to earn a living influences your way of life. It is the major factor in your identity. It affects your choice of friends and the way you spend your leisure time. Work gives you an opportunity to have impact on the culture in which you live. Work is the central activety around which people plan their lives. Successful work activity is necessary to achieve personal happiness.
In the past the variety of work activity available to a young person was limited. Few women worked outside the home. Most young people followed in the same line of work as their parents. Many became farmers, having learned how to work at an early age by helping on their parenrts’ farm. Others learned a trade by helping their parents or a friend of the family. There was not much choice about the king of work a person could do.
During the past 50 yours, our society has become much more complex. There are naw more than 20,000 different jobs. Most women now work for at least 25 years of their lives outside the home. Women have become an important part of the work force. Most people no longer perform their work activities in the home – they travel to work. Thus, many young people never see their parents engaged in the work activity which earns the family livelihood. While there are several thousand kinds of work which are avalible to young people, there is less opportunity to closely observe work activity today then there was 50 years ago.
Psychologists tell us that one of the thengs which most disturb young people is the lack of an occupational identity. That is, too many young people have no picture of themselves some five or ten years in the future. They have no career goals. They don’t know where they are going. Young people who know where they are going occupationally have a goal to pursue. They have a purpose. As you daydream (as everyone does) about your future, have you thought carefully about how your work affects you and your overall lifestyle? Did you know, for example, that half of the average person’s lifetime is spent at or involved in work? Your work, or career, is not something that affects you only during working hours.
If you are going to spend most of your waking hours involved in some kind of work activity for moet of your adult life, you can see hew important it is to spend some time planning this facet of your future.
Word Study
Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the active vocabulary.
1. Colleges and universities are free to determine their own individual standards, admissions and graduation requirements.
2. The faculties must prepare their students to earn a living immediately after graduation.
3. The main principle of our educational system is an equal opportunity of getting education.
4. You may take courses in adult evening school.
5. Some people believe that traditional family values are now in danger.
6. The average human life is now longer.
7. Various schools and systems are similar in structure.
8. Does education influence culture or doss culture influence education?
9. Old age is highly respected in China.
10. One of the goals of education is to bring people together.
Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with the necessary words of the active vocabulary:
average, goal, work force, jobs, leisure, make up, involved, major, alone, complex.
1. The proportion of women in the total... is about 52 percent.
2. The... of education may be money, status, power, or simply knowledge.
3. The speaker showed the... tendencies in the devolopment of science.
4. Many different cultural traditione, ethnic sympathies, ratial and religious groups... the people Of Amerioa.
5. Few of us like to be told that wo are... or typical.
6. There are many families in which women have to raise their children....
7. A very small proportion of the country's population is... in agriculture.
8. A large number of students hold... in addition to studying.
9. Many people are too busy in their jobs and cannot enjoy...
10. The world around us is becoming more and more....
Exercise 3. Make the pairs of synonyms:
affect, trade, goal, culture, equal, similar, major, central,
important, chief, like, the same, influence, purpose, career, occupation, society.
Exerciac 4. See the difference between "some" and "the same" and translate the sentences:
1. Children must have some of the duties at home.
2. All mothers are the same in their love for their children.
3. Some computers are designed so that they never give wrong unswers.
4. He is the same age as his wife.
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