People need contact with other, although the amount of contact they need varies greatly from one person to another. One of the most hated forms of punishment in to be placed “in solitary”. People are gregarious. They do not like to be alone. It is difficult to imagine a happy person without even one friend or at least someone with whom to talk. Work provides opportunities for contact with other people. You will find that your place of work will be a source of social contacts and possibly one or two close friends.
The famous social psychologist Dr. A.H.Maslow, has identified the basic needs of all human beings. His list begins with the most
basic needs – life, food, and water. After these needs are met, we become concerned about safety. Early man found shelter from the heat, cold, wind, and rain by living in caves or cliffs, or by building crude houses in trees. This protection also provided shelter from dangerous animals. Today people live in homes and apartments which provide protection from the elements.
Once safety needs are met, we look for companionship and affection. Finally when all these needs have been met, we seek status with others. This is known as self-esteem. It means that you feel good about yourself. Your outlook on life (your satisfaction with life) depends to a large extent upon how you feel about your work. The importance of work is not the same for everyone. Some think work is important only because it provides the money to enjoy some leisure-time activity. To others, it is indeed a way of life!
How successful you are in life is largely measured by your success in your work. Being successful on a job which interests you helps you to develop a sense of pride. It gives you self-respect. Very often, those who are most interested in and successful in their careers are the people who are most satisfied with life. Job success is the chief way we measure our own usefulness, our worth. Naturally, this has a great effect upon one’s personality. Without self-respect, you cannot accept yourself as a worthy person, you cannot accept others as worthy people and be truly concerned about them.
As you can see, you receive many benefits from working. However, you will not receive all this unless you give something. What you receive from working depends directly upon what you give to your work.
Notes to the text:
hated – ненавистный
cost of living – прожиточный минимум
amount – сумма
whatever – всё что; что бы ни
(an emphatic from of “what”)
Word Study
Exercise 1. Wake up pairs of synonyms.
a) need, person, seek, feeling, shelter, loving, desire, pride, cost;
b) want, self-respect, necessity, affection, look for, sense, human-being, protection, value.
Exercise 2. Give antonyms of:
hate, receive, heat, luxury.
Exercise 3. Translate the following word-groups and use them in sentences or your own:
(1) | food and clothes for the family; the expedition with water; shelter from rain; |
to provide | money for the project; everything necessary; opportunities for contacts with other jobs for the graduates. |
(2) | the student’s answer; the conditions of life and work; |
to be satisfied with | the quality of goods and services; housing available. |
(3) | the student’s wishes; the educational needs; the manpower needs; |
to meet | requirements for goods and services; requirements in raw materials; personal needs. |
(4) | the amount of food and water; an average lifetime; |
to depend on | the quality of work you do; how you feel about your work; how successful your career is. |
(5) | living today; medical service and education; | (6) | humour; pride; self-respect; |
cost of | necessary goods and |
| danger; |
| sevices; housing; work. | sense of | duty; fear; satisfaction; responsibility; time; order. |
|
Exercise 4. Respond to the statements below. Add a sentence of your own using the prompt in the brackets. Start with "I think"/ "I suppose"/"I believe"/"To my mind"/"In my opinion"/"As far as I know".
Model: She is always late, (time)
I think she has no sense of time.
1. He never forgets his parents (duty).
2. They are reliable partners (responsibility).
3. We like the humourous atmosphere of this teacher's lessons (humour).
4. Barbara is proud of her son's success as a pianist (pride).
5. His money satisfied him only little, (satisfaction).
6. She is afraid that the worst will happen with her son (fear).
Exercise 5. Translate the following phrases and sentences; use them in situations.
1. Bad money. 2. Money bag. 3. Time is money. 4. To make money. 5. To be worth money. 6. To marry money. 7. To spend money. 8. To be short of money. 9. To be in the money. 10. Your money or your life. 11. Money bag(s) (sl). 12. Paper money. 13. Ready money. 14. A piece of money. 15. To coin money. 16. To come into money. 17. Money matter.
Exercise 6. Paraphrase the following using the word under discussion:
1) a rich person; 2) to cost much; 3) to earn one’s living;
4) false, not real bank-notes or coins; 5) to be getting rich very
rapidly; 6) bank-notes which can be used instead of coins; 7) to be poor; 8) to marry a rich person; 9) to be very rich; 10) a coin.
Exercise 7. Insert articles whenever required.
1. She always spent... money when she was dipressed.
2. All she thinks of is... money.
3. He took... money from his pocket and showed it to me.
4.... hidden (спрятанный) money was never discovered.
5. She took... money and put it into her purse.
6. They think they’ll earn... good money.
7. He had a talent for making... money.
8. Here are... money I borrowed from you. Thank you for lending it to me.
Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences:
1. Где деньги, которые я тебе дала? – Я часть истратила вчера, а остальные в кошельке. 2. Эта книга стоит очень дорого. 3. Деньги для него ничего не значат. 4. Где ты взял эти деньги? – Я нашел их. 5. Неужели мы истратили уже все деньги, которые получил отец? – Мы их истратили ещё неделю тому назад. 6. Все его деньги лежат в банке. 7. Ваши деньги нашлись (turn up). Вот они. 8. Мать оставила ему немного денег, достаточно, чтобы купить дом.
Exercise 9. Fill in the blanks choosing the right word.
1. We bought the table for £ 2 but its real... (value, cost) is much higher.
2. The (value, cost) of living continues to rise.
3. These old books have considerable (cost, value).
4. The necklace turned out to be of very little (value, cost).
5. The value, cost) of pictures by the Impressionists increased dramatically after the First World War.
6. Living (values, costs) are usually higher in cities than in the country.
7. The (cost, value) of training doctors is borne by the stare.
Exercise 10. Read and translate the following:
a) It’s a discovery of great worth. This information is of no worth. This idea is of little worth. These books are of not much worth.
b) What is it worth? It is worth nothing. This picture is not worth the money you've paid for it. This job is not worth the time we've spent on it. An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.
c) This film is well worth seeing. Books of that kind are not worth reading. This problem is not worth discussing. His illness is hardly worth troubling about.
d) She is very worthy woman. His behaviour was not worthy at all.
Exercise 11. Insert prepositions if necessary.
1. I am afraid the climate affected... his health.
2. We depend... the newspapers for information about what is happening.
3. Marion and Barbara both go... nursery school.
4. They are studying to become teachers... English.
5. Our youngest son is... his senior year... college.
6. From his earliest years he was interested... maths.
7. He studies four hours every evening... the work he does... the day.
8. The law provides... equal opportunity getting education.
9. They usually listen to the latest news... breakfast.
10. Some American families pay small amounts of money... children’s helping around the house.
Exercise 12. Translate these sentences:
1. We are fully satisfied with the flat we live in. 2. Banks provide money for different purposes. 3. Advertising provides consumers (потребители) with information on new goods. 4. Sports clubs are available to students at no cost. 5. Universities only accept the people who meet their requirements. 6. Americans readily demonstrate their patriotism and sense of national pride. 7. The driver exceeded the speed-limit. 8. This is a job you are seeking. 9. After the winter the garden needs a lot of work. 10. Unless you do very well on the job you are now doing, you will not be able to do a more responsible one. 11. He is a bright student. The University expects much from him. 12. These reasons are quite understandable.
Grammar Study
Exercise 1. Compare the use of the Noun and the Gerund.
1. a) Improving your personality is possible, but it is not easy.
b) If you feel that the improvement of your personality is really important to you, it can be done.
2. a) Preparing to produce a product or provide a service is a long process, b) We began our.experiment with the preparation of the necessary instruments and tools.
3. a) Silver is used in producing accumulators. b) The company is involved in the production of medical instruments.
4. а) More than any school and teacher an individual is responsible for developing his own abilities, b) Scientists study the development of animal life.
Exercise 2. Study the following sentences and say what helps to identify the "-ing" forms as the Gerunds:
1. This work requires additional training.
2. The importance of carefully selecting education or training after completing secondary school is increased.
3. Workers must continue learning to advance in their jobs.
4. An example of providing a service is selling computer time to companies, which do not have their own automated equipment.
5. Having a good sense of humor is healthy both physically and mentally.
6. Few people enjoy paying taxes.
7. Your parents began influencing your life the day you were born.
8. Most learning in school and in life comes to you through reading.
9. Having a fine library doesn't mean that its owner is a cultured man.
10. Without being able to listen or without being able to read, we would never be able to think.
11. Reading, if it is active, is thinking.
12. It will take practice before driving is easy for you.
13. Some people use words and phrases without really knowing what they mean.
14. Management is usually responsible for controlling all the functions of the establishment.
Exercise 3. Transform these sentences according to the models.
a) Are they still building their house?
No, they've just finished building.
1. Are they still discussing the problem? (to finish). 2. Is it still raining? (to stop). 3. Is the machine still working? (to break down). 4. Is she still thinking of changing the profession? (to give up).
b) I don't like it when he is doing nothing.
I don't like his doing nothing.
1. I dislike it when you are late. 2. I don't mind if you open the window. 3. His mother hates it when he is so impolite. 4. She dislikes it when someone criticizes her actions.
c) What did he say about the novel? (to read)
He said it was worth reading.
1. What did he say about the performance? (to see). 2. What did she say about the lecture? (to attend). 3. What did they say about the project? (to approve). U. What did he say about my article? (to publish).
d) You should think it over before you give an answer.
You should think it over before giving an answer.
1. You should collect the necessary material before you start to write an article. 2. You should reserve a hotel room before
you leave on business. 3. You should discuss their offer in detail before you accept it. 4. You should review the material before you write a test.
e) I see no reason why they should leave tonight.
I see no reason for their leaving tonight.
1. I sее no reason why they should criticize him. 2. He gave me no reasons why he should engage that business. 3. I don't like the idea that I should do everything myself. 4. There is a way this problem can be settled.
f) I Suppose Mr Anderson saw the manager before leaving?
No, he left without seeing the manager.
1. I suppose Mrs Blake left a message (записка) before going away? 2. I suppose he thought the offer over before accepting it? 3. I suppose you made some changes before handing the paper?
Exercise 4. Make up sentences using Gerunds after these words and word combinations:
to start, to enjoy, to hate, to remember, to mind, to be busy. to thank for, to depend on, reason for, after, before, instead of, without, by, afraid of, fond of, sorry for, opportunity of.
Exercise 5. Read the sentences with the “be worth + Gerund” constructions and translate them:
1. This book is worth reading. 2. Is the film worth going to see? 3. II think the museum is worth visiting. 4. The problem is worth considering. 5. It’s not worth worrying about. 6. The play is well worth seeing. 7. The camera is worth buying. 8. His advice is worth following. 9. It is worth struggling for. 10. Those old shoes are not worth repairing.
Exercise 6. Answer these questions. Use “worth”.
Model: “Will you vote for Mr Brook?”
“Certainly. He is worth voting for”/ “Certainly not. He is not worth voting for.”
1. Shall we see the film? 2. Shall we discuss this problem? 3. Will you photograph this country scene (вид)? 4. Do you remember Joe? 5. Do you remember what Sindy said? 6. Don’t forget to mention this fact. 7. Will you subscribe (подписаться) to this magazine?
Exercise 7. Say it in English
1. Факт не стоит, чтобы о нем упоминать.
2. Этот человек не стоит, чтобы из-за него ссориться (to quarrel about).
3. Ради этого стоит жить.
4. Проблема не стоит того, чтобы её обсуждать.
5. Мой дом в десяти минутах ходьбы отсюда. Не стоит брать такси.
6. Ты считаешь, что эту статью стоит перевести?
7. Это событие не стоит, чтобы о нём говорить.
8. Этот метод стоит, чтобы его внедрить, не так ли?
Exercise 8. Identify the constructions with the Gerund and translate the sentences:
1. His failing at the examination surprised us.
2. Your teacher wouldn't he very happy about your, being late.
3. Some people believe in computer's being a thinking machine.
4. It may be that our first meeting with beings from other worlds is already nearer to us in time than Columbus' landing in the Hew World.
5. One reason for the adults continuing education is to improve their job skills.
6. The happiness of a student consists in his achieving „the freedom to use his mind.
7. The possibility of one's living to age seventy without an accident is quite low.
Text Study
Exercise 1. See whether you have guessed the meanings of the following words from Text' A correct:
1) purchase - buy; get in exchange for money
2) lifetime - the length of time that a person lives'
3) luxury - something which is not strictly necessary to life but which makes life more enjoyable and pleasant, usually something expensive or difficult to get
4) gregarious - liking to be with others; liking the companies with others
5) status - social position or rank
6) shelter - a place of safety and protection; one's home
7) affection - kind and friendly feeling, love
8) pride - too high an 9plnion of one's own worth, rank, qualities, etc.
9) match - be equal to, correspond with (in quality, colour, etc.)
10) benefit - that which helps happiness; advantage.
Exercise 2. Translate the following word combinations and use them in situations or sentences of your own:
an average person's lifetime; to learn throughout one's lifetime; to find shelter from cold and wind; shelters available to young families; to live in luxury; to be friendly and gregarious;
to purchase all necessary for living; to be Interested in status, the benefits of a good education.
Exercise 3. Study the contexts in which the structure words given below are used and arrange them into the groups of:
a) connectives b) intensifiers
indeed, which, at least, as, how, very, unless, even, once, if, well, only, also, of course, since.
Exercise 4. Answer the following questions on the text:
1. What are three main reasons why people work?
2. What goods and services are necessary for an average person's life and well-being?
3. Do you agree that, an automobile is a necessity?
4. What does "luxury" mean? What things do you think could be
5. Why is placing in solitary a bad punishment?
6. Why do people seek contacts with other people?
7. What is the principal source of social contacts for a working person?
8. What is self-esteem?
9. The importance of work is not the same for everyone, isn't it?
10. What is your own outlook on work?
11. De you think a person can be satisfied with life without being successful in his work?
12. What is the chief way of measuring our own usefulness?
13. Why is self-respect so important?
14. What benefits can a person receive from working?
15. What things do you suppose he must give to his work?
Part II
Exercise 1. Read Text В and guess what word is missing. Say what you think of it.
Text B
Most of the... that most people have to do is not in itself interesting but even such... has certain great advantages.
To begin with, it fills a good many hours of the day without the need of deciding what one shall do. Most people when they are left free to fill their own time according to their own choice, are at a loss to think of anything sufficiently pleasant to be worth doing. And whatever they decide on, they are troubled bу the feeling that something else would have been more pleasant. To be able to fill leisure intelligently is the last product of civilization, and at present very few people have reached this level.
(Bertrarid Russel)
Note:
advantage - преимущество
Exercise 2. Read Text С and pick out the sentence that expresses the general idea of it.
Text С
Since the work you do will have a great influence upon your life, then selecting appropriate career goal is one of your most important considerations. You need experiences which can prepare you for attractive and interesting work. Your life's work (your career) should match your abilities, values, interests, personality, and overall lifestyle goals. Success in your work influences all aspects of your life. People who have successful careers often find that their success is accompanied by happiness, satisfaction in life, and the ability to have closer personal relationships with family and friends.
Note:
appropriate - подходящий, соответствующий
Exercise 3. Before reading Text D mind the following assignments:
1. Read the title and the first paragraph of the text and specify its subject.
2. Translate the title of the text and specify its field (science, methods of teaching, history, regional geography, etc.)
3. Find and read aloud the paragraph describing the principles on
which methods of teaching fast reading are based.
4. Find some sentences that show the advantage of fast reading.
Text D. How to Learn to Read Faster
Several Moscow researchers formed a public group some years ago to deal with the important problem how to teach people to read faster.
The first experiment started in 1970. 30 Muscovites of diverse age and professions formed a group. They were taught by methods based on research done by Soviet psychologists and linguists. The entire group has increased its reading speed roughly three times. The first graduates were invited back for control reading a year later. None of them has lost the ability they acquired.
The scientists reason in this way: Not only the eyes and the brain function when a person is reading. Even though a man reads in silence, a speech process is still taking place. Reading speed depends precisely on how quickly a person speaks. Therefore three units of absorption of information – visual, vocal and auditory – are involved when one reads. Strange as it may seem, you have to break a person’s habit of “speaking” the text to make it possible for him to grasp more quickly the meaning of what he sees. Our speaking speed is not very great – 150 words per minute is the limit.
Professor A.Sokolov, a Soviet psychologist, introduced the term “Inner speech”. This is a soundless, thought conversation which is generated when we think about something, write or read. But “inner speech” differs from proper speech, in that it is, as it were, contracted. Professor Sokolov has shown that, when we read, the words may be replaced by a single image or sketch, or a single short word, which generalized the sentence’s meaning.
How does one learn to do this? It is a two-stage task – one has to stop “speaking” the text and learn to absord it with one’s eyes only. A whole set of methods has been evolved to make the reader stop “speaking”, to inhibit his speech articulation and to take the speech element out of reading. The second stage is to teach the person the ability to grasp the lines in large blocks. It was discovered that it was necessary to economize the movement
of the eyes. According, to the observations made the eyes move
along the lines in leaps. And the text is absorbed at the precise moment when the movement stops. During the leap the eye doesn't see anything. A man trained to read faster manages to see several and not just a single word each time his eyes stop. When a person has developed a certain habit, he can scan the page not horizontally, but vertically, along a line going through the middle of the page. Special exercises are used to develop marginal vision and to induce the ability to read vertically". We now hear of people reading 10,000 to 20,000 words per minute or more.
Enthusiasts of fast reading have noticed that a person who can quickly absorb the text can do more work and his thinking becomes more active.
The flow of information in all fields of knowledge is steadily growing at present. Past reading is one ayailable means of absorbing a great amount of information.
Answer the following questions:
1. What does the term "inner speech" mean?
2. How does inner speech differ from proper speech?
3. What are the two stages of learning a person to read faster?
4. How can you explain the principle of economizing the movements of the eyes?
5. What is the highest possible speed of a fast-reading person?
Read the following annotations to text D in Russian and in English:
Рассматриваются принципы методики обучения быстрому чтению. Указывается на необходимость исключить из чтения элементы проговаривания и добиваться зрительного восприятия больших кусков текста.
The concepts of teaching fast reading are considered. The necessity of taking the speech elements out of reading and grasping the lines in large blocks is pointed out.
Part III
Exercise 1. Translate these sentences into English:
1. Книга - источник знаний.
2. Мы не можем принять это предложение, не обсудив его.
3. Люди, которые испытывают удовлетворение от работы, счастливы.
4. Он взял небольшую сумму денег из банка, чтобы заплатить за операцию.
5. Он перестал писать брату, не объяснив причин.
6. В этом каталоге содержится основная информация о товарах, выпускаемых нашей фирмой.
7. Ваш выбор учебного заведения зависит от того, какие надежды вы с ним связываете.
8. Со временем вы поймете значение образования.
9. Я думаю, этот человек достоин уважения.
10. Если вы не будете присутствовать на конференции (attend the conference), вы можете прислать тезисы (thesis) вашего док- лада.
11. Геологи ищут новые источники полезных ископаемых (minerals).
12. Терпеть не могу, когда ты тратишь деньги на плохие товары.
Exercise 2. Match parts A and В of the sentences. Add one or two sentences to express your own opinion. Use the formulas: "Yes, I agree, "That's right", "I think so", "In a way yes, hut...", "I can't agree", "I don't think so".
А В
1. People developed machines 1.... his own potentialities and and processes... the chances of developing them.
2. Every young person should 2.... giving them your attention know... and making them feel important.
3. You should choose your work 3.... simply arriving at work on instead of... time; it means starting work
on time.
4. Dr. Carnegie states that 4.... Improves our
"you can make more friends personalities
in two months by...
5. Being able to enjoy humour... 5.... being chosen by it.
6. Psychologists tell us that, 6.... for doing the hard
in general, doing things with labour.
and. for others...
7.You can make people love you, 7.... makes life a lot
do almost anything for you easier and much more
by... interesting.
8. Being punctual is more than 8.... becoming interested in
other people than you can
in two years by trying to
get other people
interested in you".
Exercise 3. Read the following quotation by Oscar Nilde and do a good translation of it:
"Education is an admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing worth knowing can be taught."
Exercise 4. Debate these problems. Give your arguments "for" and "against".
1. Success in life depends upon how successful you were in learning.
2. The future of society depends on the quality and quantity of its educated citizens.
3. Money spent on the brain is never spent in vain.
4. Little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
Exercise 5. Read this joke and act it out before the group.
"How are you in literature?"
"Not good at all".
"Maths, physics, chemistry?"
"No".
"What are you good at then?"
"I don't know. They are my weak ones too".
Exercise 6. Act out the following situations. Use the words and word combinations in brackets as prompts.
1. You are being interviewed for a Job. The most important among
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