The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. Officially the head of the state is the Queen, but her power is not absolute, it is limited by the Parliament.
The British Parliament consists of 2 chambers: the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
The British monarch appoints the leader of the party, having the majority in the House of Commons, as the country Prime Minister. The Prime Minister forms his / her Cabinet and is responsible for the policy conducted by the British Parliament.
There are several political parties in the country. The largest and most influencial of them are the Conservative (the Tory), the Liberal (the Whigs) and the Labour parties.
3. * Закончите предложения:
1. The official name of Great Britain is...
2. The United Kingdom comprises...
3. It is a constitutional...
4. The official head of the state is...
5. The House of Commons and the House of Lords are...
6. The British Prime Minister is...
7. English is... of the state.
8. London is...
9. Great Britain is one of the world’s...
4. Переведите на английский:
1) конституционная монархия; 2) высокоразвитая промышленная держава; 3) густонаселенная страна; 4) страна богатых культурных традиций и обычаев; 5) официальный язык государства; 6) ограничивать власть монарха/королевы; 7) отвечать за политику, проводимую парламентом; 8) крупнейший в мире производитель различного оборудования; 9) символизировать власть и могущество; 10) иметь большинство в палате общин; 11) назначать премьер-министра; 12) партия либералов/лейбористов/кон-серваторов.
II. Прочитайте новые слова и их перевод:
The Globe – Земля Ancient – древний Cosmopolitan – многонациональный West End – Уэст-Энд (западная, аристократическая часть Лондона) East End – Ист-Энд (восточная часть Лондона, в прошлом – рабочие кварталы) A few – немного, некоторое количество Within – в, внутри Rebuild – отстроить заново, восстановить, реконструировать Fortress – крепость Royal – королевский Palace – дворец Mint – монетный двор Prison – тюрьма Involve – вовлекать; касаться, затрагивать | Residence – местожительство, местонахождение Judicial – судебный Abbey – аббатство, монастырь To be crowned – быть коронованным Outstanding – выдающийся, знаменитый To be buried – быть похороненным Fashionable – модный Square – площадь Plant – завод, фабрика Block of flats – многоквартирный дом Inhabited – заселенный Dock – пристань, причал; док Attract – привлекать; притягивать Understandable – понятный, ясный Worth +Ving – стоит + делать что-либо |
1. * Выберите любые 5 слов и, пользуясь словарям, найдите к ним синонимы. Пример: Plant – factory
2. Ответьте на вопросы: Can you name any places of interest of London? What are they famous for? Прочитайте текст и скажите, какую новую информацию вы узнали.
London
The capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is London. It is situated in England on the banks of the Thames.
London is not only the main city of the country, its political, economic, cultural, commercial and industrial center. It is also one of the largest cities on the Globe and one of the three largest sea ports in the world. London is an ancient city. It is more than 2000 years old.
The UK capital is a cosmopolitan city. People of different races and nationalities live here. The population of London is over 10 million.
Traditionally London is divided into four main parts: the City, the West End, Westminster and the East End. The parts differ from each other in many ways.
The City is the oldest part of the British capital. It is the major financial and business center of the country. Different firms and offices, numerous companies and banks are situated here. Every day many people come to the City to work and only a few of them live here.
Within the City you can see the famous Tower of London, built by Julius Caesar and later rebuilt by William the Conqueror. At first it was a fortress, then– a royal palace, later – a mint, a prison and now it is a museum. St. Paul’s Cathedral – the greatest of the English Churches, built by the famous English architect Sir Christopher Wren, is also here.
Westminster is the official and historic part of London. It involves the Houses of the British Parliament (Westminster Palace) with the country’s main and biggest clock Big Ben, the Buckingham Palace (the official London residence of the UK Queen) and the Westminster Abbey – the royal church where many British kings and queens were crowned and where many outstanding people of the nation are buried.
The West End is the most beautiful and richest part of the UK capital. It is full of grand hotels and numerous clubs, famous theatres and museums, fashionable shops, beautiful squares and houses. As a rule, only rich people live here. The Trafalgar Square with the Nelson’s Column (the geographical center of London), the National Gallery and one of the world’s largest museums – the British Museum also belong to this part of London.
The East End is quite different. It is the region of plants and factories, small shops and cheap blocks of flats, mainly inhabited by the working class families. The Port of London and the Docks (often called the Docklands or the Pool of London) are also here.
Characterizing the main parts of London, people often say that the City is «the money» of London, the West End — «the goods» of London and the East End – «the hands» of London.
Every day the UK capital attracts thousands of tourists from all over the world. And it is quite understandable – London is worth visiting.
3. * Игра «Экскурсия по Лондону»:
Вы должны подготовить игру «Экскурсия по Лондону». Один студент – гид, остальные – туристы. Используйте фразы, приведенные ниже:
Guide: Dear Friends, welcome to... I’d like to suggest you a bus tour about the city. That’s OK./Yes, with pleasure. As you know/I’d like to remind you... Now, we are coming to/You are now at... Please, sit down here. You’ll listen to... Do you have any questions about...? On the left you can see.../Now, please, turn to the right. Our tour is over. I hope you’ve enjoyed it. What places of interest did you like most of all? Thank you, good bye.
Tourists: We’d like to see famous sights of your city. Excuse me, could I ask you a question? Would you be so kind as to...? May we take some photos here? Where could I buy any film/photos of…? What do/does... symbolize?/And what about this? Would you tell us about...? Thanks a lot./Thank you very much. We’ve enjoyed a tour very much. It is unforgettable. We’ve learned a great deal. Thank you. Good bye.
III. * Прочитайте новые слова и их перевод:
To reach – достигать To overtake – обгонять | Means of transport – транспортные средства Double-decker – двухэтажный автобус Shape – форма |
1. Посмотрите на новые слова в течение минуты, затем закройте их и попытайтесь вспомнить как можно больше слов с переводом.
2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Transport in Britain
You can reach England either by plane, by train, by car or by ship. The fastest way is by plane. London has three international airports: Heathrow, the largest, connected to the city by underground; Gatwick, south of London, with a frequent train service; Luton, the smallest, used for charter flights.
If you go to England by train or by car you have to cross the Channel. There is a frequent service of steamers and ferryboats which connect the continent to the south-east of England.
People in Britain drive on the left and generally overtake on the right. The speed limit is 30 miles per hour (50 km/h) in towns and cities and 70 m.p.h. (110 km/h) on motorways.
When you are in London you can choose from four different means of transport: bus, train, underground or taxi. The typical bus in London is a red double-decker. The first London bus started running between Paddington and the City in 1829. It carried 40 passengers and cost a shilling for six kms.
The next to arrive were the trains; now there are twelve railway stations in London. High-speed freight trains serve the major industrial centres.
The world’s first underground line was opened between Baker St. and the City in 1863. Now there are ten underground lines and 273 underground stations in use. The London underground is also called the Tube, because of the circular shape of its deep tunnels.
3. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:
1. What is the fastest way of traveling?
2. How many airports are there in London?
3. What kind of service helps to cross the Channel?
4. What are some «rules» of driving in Britain?
5. What does typical bus in London look like?
6. Where was the first underground opened?
7. Why is London underground called the Tube?
IV
1. Прочитайте текст и составьте его план.
2. Выпишите новые слова из текста (не более 15). Найдите в словаре их произношение и перевод.
3. Переведите текст и проверьте правильность составленного вами плана.
The United States of America
The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world after Russia, Canada and China. It was formed in 1776.
The country consists of three parts: the continental part – in the center of the North American continent, the Hawaii and Alaska.
Its total area is over 9 million sq. km. The US borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It also has a sea border with Russia.
The USA is washed by 3 oceans – the Arctic, the Pacific and the Atlantic. There are many rivers in this country. The longest of them are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Columbia and some others. The US also has many lakes, with the Great Lakes included.
The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera, the Appalachians and the Sierra Nevada. The highest pick, Mount McKinley, is in Alaska. Due to the large territory, the climate conditions are rather different.
The USA is rich in various mineral resources: oil, gas, coal, and different metals. It is one of the most highly developed industrial powers in the world. The US main industrial branches comprise aircraft, rocket, automobile, radio-engineering, textile, electronics, chemical and others. The country agriculture is highly mechanized.
Americans are made up from nearly all nations and races of the world. Due to immigrants the USA population is now over 300 million. The majority of the country population lives in cities and towns.
The official language of the state is English. The main national symbols of the country are its national flag «Stars and Stripes», having 50 white stars on the dark blue field and 13 white and red stripes, and the Bald Eagle.
Officially the country comprises 50 states and one District Columbia. Each state has its own capital. The capital of the USA is Washington. It is situated in the Federal District of Columbia.
There are many large cities in the country: New York (the country’s largest city called «A Big Apple»), Chicago, San-Francisco Los-Angeles, Boston, Philadelphia, Detroit and some others.
The USA is a federal state headed by the President. According to the US Constitution, the powers of the Government are divided into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial.
The legislative power belongs to the Congress consisting of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate represents the states and the House of Representatives – the population. The executive power belongs to the President and his Administration – the Vice President and the Cabinet of Ministers. The judicial power belongs to the Supreme Court and the system of the Federal courts.
There are several political parties in the USA. The largest and most influential of them are the Republican Party, symbolized by a donkey, and the Democratic Party, symbolized by an elephant.
Nowadays the USA is one of the leading powers in the world due to its great economic, political and military influence in the world.
4. * Переведите на английский язык.
1) занимать центральную часть североамериканского континента; 2) иметь морскую границу с Россией; 3) большая англоязычная страна; 4) омываться тремя океанами; 5) граничить с несколькими государствами; 6) богатые природные ресурсы; 7) высокоразвитая промышленная держава; 8) различные климатические условия; 9) состоять из различных рас и наций; 10) официальный язык страны; 11) состоять из 50 штатов и одного округа; 12) звездно-полосатый флаг; 13) количество первоначальных штатов; 14) исполнительная, законодательная и судебная ветви; 15) президент, вице-президент, кабинет министров; 16) конгресс, сенат, палата представителей; 17) влиятельные / крупнейшие политические партии.
5. Переведите на английский язык. Ниже приведен перевод географических мест и названий, встречающихся в тексте:
Washington, Potomac River, District of Columbia, American Congress,White House, Capitol, House of Representatives, Senate Chamber, Lincoln Memorial, National Academy of Science, Library of Congress
Вашингтон
Вашингтон – столица Соединенных Штатов Америки. Столицу назвали в честь первого американского президента Джорджа Вашингтона. Она была основана в 1790 году. Столица расположена на реке Потомак в штате Колумбия. Вашингтон – не самый большой город в США. Он имеет население в 900 тысяч жителей.
Вашингтон – резиденция президента и конгресса США. Белый дом – резиденция президента, Капитолий – место, где заседает американский конгресс. Самое большое и самое высокое здание в городе – Капитолий с Палатой представителей и Сенатом. Там нет небоскребов, потому что ни одно другое здание не должно быть выше, чем Капитолий.
Недалеко от Капитолия расположен памятник Вашингтону. Мемориал Линкольна, который тоже находится в Вашингтоне, посвящен памяти президента Соединенных Штатов, отменившего рабство в Америке.
Вашингтон – это важный научный и культурный центр, где есть много исследовательских институтов, пять университетов, Национальная Академия наук, библиотека конгресса.
V. * Прочитайте новые слова и их перевод:
Mobility – мобильность Truck – грузовик Rush hour – час пик Public carrier – общественный перевозчик City transit system – (амер.) система общественного транспорта Subway – (амер.) метро Ride – поездка | Freight – груз Vehicle – транспортное средство Passenger service – пассажирское обслуживание Navigable waterway – судоходный водный путь Barge – баржа Tonnage – тоннаж, грузовместимость |
1. Выберите любые 5 слов. Составьте предложения/текст с ними.
Пример:This ship has a gross tonnage of 552
2. Прочитайте текст и запишите все виды транспорта, которые используются в США, а также их роль в транспортной системе США.
Transportation in the USA
The economic and social complexion of life in the United States mirrors the nation’s extraordinary mobility. This freedom to move explains in large measure the dynamism of the U.S. economy. Mobility has also had destructive effects. It has accelerated the decay of older urban areas, intensified pollution of the environment, and helped to undermine public transportation systems.
Nearly 90 per cent of all households own at least one automobile or truck, and many own two or more. The majority of home-to-work travel in the rush hours is by public carrier in such large centres as New York City, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Boston. At the same time, most city transit systems have undergone a sharp decline: bus and subway rides have generally decreased despite a large increase in the urban population of some areas.
Although railroads once dominated both freight and passenger traffic in the United States, government regulation and increased competition from trucking substantially reduced their role in transportation. Railroads now move about one-third of the nation’s intercity freight traffic, the most important items carried being coal, grain, chemicals, and motor vehicles.
Many rail companies had given up passenger service by 1970, in which year Congress created the National Railroad Passenger Corporation to take over passenger service.
Navigable waterways are extensive. Barges carry more than two-thirds of domestic waterborne traffic, the major products moved being petroleum products, coal and coke, and grain. The country’s largest ports in tonnage handled are New York City, New Orleans, Alaska, Houston and Texas.
Airplane traffic has experienced spectacular growth in the United States since the mid-20th century. There are nearly 500 public airports, the busiest being Chicago and Atlanta.
Контрольные задания по теме English-speaking countries
1. Составьте письменно 5–7 вопросов для диалога в аудитории (тема «English speaking countries).
2. В группах по 3–5 человек назовите 10 фактов об одной из англоговорящих стран. Каждая группа называет по одному факту по очереди.
Unit 3. Art and Sport
Part 1. World-Famous Masterpieces. Museums of the World
I. Прочитайте новые слова и их перевод:
Precious – драгоценный Fine arts – изящные искусства Cover – покрывать Span – зд. период времени Canvas – полотно, холст; картина Impressionist – импрессионистский Eminent – выдающийся, известный Besides – кроме того, более того Department – отдел Represent – представлять Scythian – скифский Admire – восхищаться; любоваться Tapestry – гобелен Weapon – оружие Ivory – слоновая кость; предметы из слоновой кости Pottery – керамика Porcelain – фарфор Exceed – превышать By all means – обязательно, непременно Merchant – купец, торговец | Connoisseur – знаток, эксперт, ценитель Enlightenment – образование, просвещение Humanity – человечество To be devoted – быть посвященным Amazing – изумительный, удивительный Prominent – выдающийся, знаменитый The Trinity – Троица Swan Lake – Лебединое Озеро The Nutcracker – Щелкунчик The Queen of Spades – Пиковая Дама To be staged – быть поставленным (о пьесе) Immortal – бессмертный Masterpiece – шедевр Volume – книга, том Fairy-tale – сказка Essence – сущность |
1. *Выберите 4 новых слова. Подберите к ним как можно большее количество подходящих глаголов, существительных, прилагательных или наречий и составьте словосочетания.
Пример: Masterpiece;Словосочетания с прилагательным: great masterpiece; с глаголом: to create a masterpiece
2. Запишите имена известных русских людей, которые внесли большой вклад в развитие русской культуры и/или искусства. Чем они были известны? Прочитайте текст и дополните ваш список.
Russian Culture and Art
Russia is a country that can rightfully boast its artistic and cultural traditions, its art galleries attract huge crowds of tourists from all over the world. St. Petersburg is a precious stone in the crown of Russian cities. The Hermitage, being the largest fine arts museum in Russia, contains the world famous collection of the West – European paintings, covering a span of about 700 years (XIII–XX centuries). It also houses the works by Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Titian, El Greco, Velasquez, Murillo, as well as paintings of Rembrandt, Van Dyck, Rubens; remarkable French canvas group of the XVIII century; impressionist and post – impressionist paintings.
The collections illustrate the art of many countries: Spain, Italy, Holland, Germany, Finland, Britain, Sweden, Danmark and many others.
The museum also includes the European sculpture: Rodin, Michelangelo and many other eminent masters. Besides, it has several departments representing the arts of China, Egypt, India, Greece, Rome, not to mention the Scythian art.
Visitors also admire the collections of tapestry, textiles, weapons, ivories, pottery, porcelian and furniture. The annual number of visitors exceeds 2 million.
The Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow should be mentioned by all means. This picture gallery was founded by a Russian merchant and a connoisseur of art Pavel Tretyakov in the 19th century. He was sure that art was a great force in the enlightenment of humanity and wished his collection of the Russian paintings to fulfil a historic mission: patriotic and moral education of the Russian people. His brother Sergei also collected pictures both by the Russian and foreign painters, especially those by the French and Dutch masters.
Later the gallery was enlarged.Today the Tretyakov Gallery has got many departments. Some of them are devoted to the great Russian painters Repin, Levitan, Rublev, Serov and many others. Their paintings reflect the history and beauty of Russia, the Russian people life and soul, give us amazing portraits of many prominent people of our country.
The Treryakov Gallery has a rich collection of early Russian painting including famous icons. The world famous «The Trinity» by Andrey Rublev is exhibited in the gallery.
The Tretyakov Gallery reflects the whole history of Russian Art. The Gallery is always full of visitors, both from our country and foreigners (the annual number is about 2 million). And it is quite understandable, the Gallery is worth visiting.
Speaking about art one should not forget about music, especially classic music. Outstanding Russian composers make the whole world admire their music. One can’t find a man, who does not know Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Michail Glinka, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov – the prominent composers of 19th century, and Sergey Rachmaninov, Sergey Prokofiev and Dmitriy Shostakovich.
It was Glinka (1804–1857) who laid the foundation for modern Russian music; his music expressed the temperament of Russian people. His two best known operas «Ivan Susanin» and «Ruslan and Ludmila» were based on Russian folklore and historical legends.
The most famous ballets «Swan Lake», «The Sleeping Beauty», «The Nutcracker» and not less famous operas «The Queen of Spades», «Eugene Onegin» by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky are still excellently staged and performed not only in Russian but in many greatest theatres in the world.
Russia is world famous for its literature. The «golden age» of Russian literature began in the 19th century when such outstanding masters of letters as Alexander Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Turgenev, and Dostoyevsky created their immortal masterpieces.
Alexander Pushkin, the father of Russian Literature was the author of more than 700 lyrical poems. He also wrote the volumes of dramatic works, short stories, made adaptations of Russian fairy-tales.
Russia is also rich in young talents, new Russian culture is forming. It will appear on the basis of the old one, but its essence will be new. We can hear new voices in music and poetry, new canvases of modern artists, great actors and film directors. All of them will make their contribution into Russian Culture and Art.
3. В группах придумайте 2–3 специальных вопроса к тексту. Задайте их другим группам.
4. * Скажите, к каким частям речи относятся данные слова. Переведите их.
1. devote – devotedly – devotee – devotion – devoted;
2. remark – remarkable – remarkably;
3. enlightenment – enlightened – enlighten – enlightener;
4. amaze – amazing – amazement;
5. collector – collection – collect – collective – collectivity;
6. reflect – reflection – reflector – reflective;
7. understanding – understand – understandable;
8. donation – donate – donative – donator;
9. moral – morally – morality – moralize;
10. education – educate – educationally – educational;
11. admire – admiration – admirer – admirable;
12. representative – represent – representation;
13. complete – completely – completion – completive;
14. foundation – founder – found – founded;
15. painting – paint – painter – painted;
16. sculptor – sculpt – sculptural – sculpture;
17. impression – impressive – impressionism.
II
1. Можете ли вы привести примеры произведений искусства Великобритании (литература, кино, музыка или изобразительное искусство)? Назовите ваши примеры и запишите примеры других студентов. Попытайтесь прочитать/посмотреть или послушать что-нибудь из названного в свободное время.
2. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Art and Culture in Great Britain
Great Britain gave the world a lot of talented people. Many famous writers and poets were born and lived in Great Britain.
One of the best known English playwrights was William Shakespeare. William Shakespeare wrote 37 plays which may be divided into: comedies (such as «A Midsummer Night’s Dream»), tragedies (such as «Hamlet», «Othello», «King Lear», «Macbeth») and historical plays (such as «Richard II», «Henry V», «Julius Caesar», «Antony and Cleopatra»).
Robert Burns («Halloween», «The Jolly Beggars») represents the generation of Romantic writers, as well as Lord George Gordon Byron («Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage», «Manfred»).
Sir Walter Scott wrote the first examples of historical novel.
Lewis Carroll became famous when he published «Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland».
There was little pictorial art in England until the great miniaturists of the Tudor epoch. Hogarth was the first great native painter born at the end of the 17th century, famous for both engravings and oil paintings. Reynolds was the painter of the countryside. In a similar tradition was Stubbs, as famous for his portraits of horses as of people.
Among the other portraitists of the 18th century were Romney, and Raeburn. The modern period in British art may be said to date from the year 1910, when the first Post-Impressionist Exhibition was held in London.
The first decade of the century had been dominated by two romanticists, Frank Brangwyn and Augustus John and by the sculptor Jacob Epstein who became a protagonist of modernity.
Such modern painters as Peter Blake, Allan Jones and some others seek an image of immediate popular appeal (hence the term «pop-art» sometimes applied to this school).
Britain has a long and rich dramatic tradition. The two national companies, the National itself which stages modern and classical plays and the Royal Shakespeare company, which is performing in Stratford-upon-Avon and in London. Contemporary British playwrights who have received recognition at home and overseas include Harold Pinter, Tom Stoppard and some others.
Considerable interest is shown at present for the professional arts festivals which take place each year. The Edinburgh International Festival featuring a wide range of different arts, is the largest of its kind in the world.
It is no surprise that the British Museum, one of the greatest museums in the world, tops the visitors’ charts. It is principally a museum of antiquities. This distinguishes the British Museum from the likes of the Louvre (France), the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, USA) and the Hermitage Museum (St. Petersburg, Russia) which are universal museums of art and culture. Founded in 1753, it is also one of the world’s oldest museums, with its contents catalogue covering over 2 million years of the world history and culture. In 1759 it opened its doors to the public.
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