Введение
Цель данных методических указаний – научить студентов использовать английский язык в различных коммуникативных ситуациях, а также понимать тексты общеобразовательной тематики.
Методические указания рассчитаны на 80 ч.; они cостоят из шести разделов (Units), ряд из которых делится на несколько частей (Parts). В каждом разделе представлены списки наиболее часто употребляемых слов по тематике раздела с переводом.
Часть (Part) раздела состоит из базового текста, предтекстовых заданий к нему и упражнений, которые органически связаны между собой. Также предусмотрены дополнительные задания и тексты, отмеченные звездочкой.
В завершении методических указаний представлен библиографический список использованной литературы, словарей и интернет-ресурсов.
Unit 1. Language as a Cross-Cultural Means of Communication
I. Прочитайте новые слова и их перевод:
Means – средство To reflect – отражать Whole – весь, целый Influence – влиять; influencing – влияющий Domain – сфера, область Human – человеческий Dominate – господствовать, доминировать | Field – область; поле Unconscious – неосознанный Assumption – принятие Currently – в настоящее время Mother tongue – родной язык United Nations Organization – ЮНЕСКО Transmit – передавать Exceed – превышать Store – хранить Encompass – заключать |
1. Выберите 4 новых слова. Подберите к ним как можно большее количество подходящих глаголов, существительных, прилагательных или наречий и составьте словосочетания.
Пример: Store;Словосочетания с существительными: store information; store goods.
2. Перед прочтением текста обсудите следующее:
a) Ответьте на один из двух вопросов: Do we meet English in our everyday life? Where? Или Do you use English in your life?
b) Have you ever communicated with someone who doesn’t know your language? How did you communicate, what language did you use?
3. Прочитайте текст и найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы: How important is English? What’s its role?
English as a Global Language
People began to speak many centuries ago, and since then they have been speaking different languages. Every language reflects the soul, behaviour and temperament of each nationality. Peoples created their own alphabets and rules, but they always wanted to communicate with each other, to understand and to know more about each other.
Languages help people to understand each other better, they help them to solve different economic and political problems, which stand before them, and so people learn foreign languages.
All languages are different. Some are very hard, some are easier, some are similar, but there are no identical languages in the whole world. There are more than 2,700 languages in the world. Many of them are «alive» because people use them, but there are some «dead» languages, for example Latin.
What does a Global Language mean? It means a common language for the world. Having such a status, the global language has to be of great importance, influencing all the domains of the human activity in the world. For example, English dominates every field such as the media, foreign language teaching, business, etc. English can be called an international language because of its simple and wide use already.
The thinning of national borders due to globalization has made English a global communication tool. In one way or the other, every language is a pathway to understand its parent culture, because each language contains the unconscious assumption of that culture. This is certainly true of English which provides us an opportunity to know the culture that it generally represents. We learn it through various media including stories/fiction, movies, and so on.
While English is not an official language in most countries, it is currently the language most often taught as a second language around the world. However, now English is spoken practically all over the world. It is spoken as a mother tongue in Great Britain, the United States of America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Besides, a lot of people speak English in Japan, India, China, Africa and many other countries.
Facts:
– Over one billion people speak English. That’s almost one fifth of the world’s population.
– For over 400 million it’s their first language.
– For the other 600 million it’s either a second language or a foreign language.
Two thousand years ago, Latin was the world’s most important international language. Today this title belongs to English. English is the language of pop-culture, of tourism, of markets, of the Internet and trade. English is one of the official languages of the United Nations Organization and other political organizations. Nearly half of all business deals in Europe is conducted in English. It is the language of sports and glamour: the official language of the Olympics and the Miss Universe Competition. The largest broadcasting companies in the world (CBS, NBS, ABC, BBC) transmit in English to audiences that regularly exceed one hundred million.
Facts:
– Half of the world’s technical and scientific literature is in English.
– English is the medium for 80 per cent of the information stored in the world’s computers.
Several people speak English with their friends, and people get introduced to each other most often in English. English encompasses more than just a convenient means of communication among people around the world.
Facts:
– Over half of all personal letters/sms/E-mails are also written in English.
English language is a wonderful language. It’s the language of the great literature. It’s the language of William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens and others.
4. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What are language functions?
2. How many languages are there in the world?
3. What requirements should global language meet?
4. How many people speak English as their first language, a second language or a foreign language?
5. What was the world’s most important international language two thousand years ago?
6. What events are held in English?
7. Name famous English poets and writers. Can you add any other names?
5. Расскажите о месте английского языка в современном мире (2 минуты). Сначала еще раз просмотрите текст English as a Global Language, найдите и запишите информацию, касающуюся следующих вопросов: 1) who speaks English; 2) in what domains English is used; 3) English as an international language.
Используйте эти слова и фразы: Firstly/first of all, secondly, thirdly; For instance/for example; In short; In conclusion/To sum up.
6. Подумайте, по какой причине вы хотите изучать английский язык. Объясните, почему вы выбрали именно эти причины (можно с помощью примеров из вашей жизни). Затем расспросите других студентов об их причинах изучения английского языка, используя вопросы: What/how about you? Why did you choose these reasons?
Unit 2. Across the Continents and Countries
Part 1. Cultures and National Stereotypes
I. Прочитайте новые слова и их перевод:
Share – делить; разделять Area – район; область Regard – считать, расценивать Scientifically-minded – с научным складом ума Industrious – трудолюбивый Solid – надежный List – вносить в список, составлять список Tough – сильный, выносливый Suspicious – недоверчивый | Reserved – сдержанный Courteous – вежливый, учтивый Delicate – утонченный Open-hearted – чистосердечный, открытый Majority – большинство Influence – влиять Belonging – принадлежность Trait – черта Feature – черта |
1. Выберите 3 любых слова. Пользуясь словарями, найдите к ним как можно больше однокоренных слов. Прочитайте эти слова и их перевод группе. Пример: majority – большинство; major – главный, значительный; majors – главные компании, монополии.
2. Прочитайте текст и объясните, что такое национальный характер.
Cultures and National Stereotypes
A nation is a group of people who share common history and usually a language and usually, but not always, live in the same area. Culture can be described as our everyday life: how we communicate, what makes us happy and sad. It also includes our language, religion, traditions, behavior, way of life – in other words, what we do each day. People that belong to various nations may differ and they always differ from one another.
For example, the Germans are regarded as scientifically-minded and industrious, they’re always considered solid, intelligent and mathematical. There is a big amount of examples we can list about national character of different people. Proving the difference of the national stereotypes I want to compare Russian and English nations. There are a lot of features that vary. The Russians are industrious, tough, brave, progressive and suspicious. They are also considered to be over – patriotic (because of this reason they’re good soldiers), we are willing to respect opinion of other people.
Speaking about Englishmen I may note that they’re reserved, tradition-loving, courteous, honest etc. To my mind, they have a specific sense of humor. They say that they can’t understand our jokes and anecdotes not only because of the different meanings of the words, but because their humor is more delicate. Looking at these features of the Russians and the Englishmen it is not hard to mark out the differences. The Englishmen are reserved, but the Russians are open-hearted and communicative. The Englishmen are tradition-loving and the Russians, to my mind, don’t keep their traditions in such a degree. There is a great majority of factors that influence the nation’s stereotype and its people’s character. People who live in the southern countries have less problems than those who live in the North and because of this they’re more cheerful and artistic. The history also has a great influence on the national character.
The National Character exists. It is not a myth, it’s a reality. But the National Character doesn’t describe the character of every person, it describes the character of people of nation in general. Every person has its own character, but according to the person’s belonging to some nation many traits of character are similar and these features may be explained as the national character.
3. a) Запишите все национальности из текста. Найдите и запишите прилагательные, которые описывают стереотипы в отношении этих национальностей. Ответьте на вопрос: What is your opinion, does national character exist?
b) Напишите 3 черты вашего характера (положительные). Сравните их со стереотипными чертами характера русских из текста/стереотипными чертами характера вашей националь-ности. Ответьте на вопросы: Are there any differences? How do you think, why? Can we judge people of the other nation, thinking only about stereotypes? Why? Используйте эти фразы: In my opinion/view…; To my mind…; It seems to me that…; I think that…
Part 2. Russia
I. Прочитайте новые слова и их перевод:
I. Equal – быть равным Border on – граничить с Highland – нагорье Desert – пустыня Motherland – родина Sweet – пресный (о воде) Include – включать в себя Due to – благодаря, вследствие Mild – умеренный (о климате) Ferrous metals – черные металлы Non-ferrous metals – цветные металлы Aerospace – аэрокосмическая промышленность Aircraft – авиационный Chemical – химический Coal-mining – угольная промышленность II. Comprise – включать в себя Legislative – законодательной Executive – исполнительный Branch – зд. ветвь власти, власть Judicial – судебный Chamber – палата (учреждение) | Council – совет (орган государственной власти) To be headed – быть возглавляемым To be appointed – быть назначенным To be approved – быть одобренным, утвержденным Court – суд Supreme Court – верховный суд Tricolor – трехцветный Bicephalous – двуглавый Eagle – орел Census – перепись Influential – влиятельный Irrespective – безотносительный, независимый Raw material – сырье Immense – огромный Provide – снабжать, обеспечивать Cargo – груз Backwards – в обратном направлении |
1. Найдите и выпишите все слова, связанные со следующими темами: a)climate b) industry c) government.
2. Прочитайте текст и напишите его краткое изложение (5–6 предложений, иллюстрирующих основные идеи текста).
Russia
I. The official name of our country is the Russian Federation. It is the largest country in the world. No other country equals it in size. Our country is situated both in Europe and Asia. Its total area is over 17 million square kilometers.
Our land is washed by 12 seas, most of which are the seas of the Arctic, the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. In the south and in the west our country borders on 14 states. It also has sea borders with the USA and Japan.
The country has a great variety of flora and fauna. There are numerous forests, endless plains and steppes, taiga and tundra, highlands and deserts on the Russian territory. The country’s highest mountains are the Caucasus, the Altai and the Urals.
In the Russian Federation there are over 2 million rivers. The longest of them are the Volga, the Lena, the Yenisei, the Ob, the Amur and some others. Our Motherland is also rich in lakes (over 200 000 lakes), with the deepest, oldest and unique lake of sweet (fresh) water in the world, the Baikal, included.
On the Russian territory there are 11 time zones. Due to the vast territory, the climate conditions are rather different: from arctic and mild to continental and subtropical.
Russia is one of the richest in the natural resources countries in the world: oil, gas, coal, different ores, ferrous and non-ferrous metals and other minerals. It is also one of the highly developed agro-industrial powers in the world. The main industrial branches comprise aerospace, aircraft, atomic, machine building, ship building, automobile, chemical, coal-mining, metallurgical, electrical-engineering, textile, food and some others.
II. The Russian Federation is a constitutional state headed by the President. It comprises over 80 subjects: two cities of the federal status (Moscow and St. Petersburg), several autonomous republics, provinces (krais), regions (oblasts) and some autonomous districts (okrugs), each having equal rights.
The state powers are divided among the legislative, executive and judicial branches which are independent of one another.
The legislative power belongs to the Russian Parliament, called the Federal Assembly, consisting of two Chambers: the Council of the Federation (the Upper Chamber) and the State Duma (the Lower Chamber). Each Chamber is headed by the Speaker.
The executive power belongs to the President and our country Government (the Cabinet of Ministers) headed by the Prime Minister. The country Prime Minister is appointed by the President and approved by the State Duma.
The judicial power belongs to the system of courts: the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court, as well as federal and regional courts.
The state language of the Russian Federation is Russian. The national symbols of our country are the white-blue-red Flag (Tricolour) and the Golden Two-Headed (or Bicephalous) Eagle.
Russia is a multinational state. It is a unique country hosting a great variety (over 150) of nationalities, nations, ethnic groups, cultures and epochs. It ranks sixth in the world in population after China, India, the USA, Indonesia and Brazil. According to the last census, our country population is about 150 million. Our country has a multiparty system. The most influential and largest political parties are the United Russia, the Liberal Democratic, the Communist and some others.
The foreign policy of the Russian Federation is that of international cooperation, peace and friendship with all the nations of the Globe, irrespective of their political and social systems.
The role of the Russian Federation in the today’s world is great and extremely significant. Being the major source of raw materials for many countries of the Globe, Russia is also an important mechanism of developing these countries’ economies.
In addition, due to its immense territory, our unique country is a bridge connecting Europe and Asia. It is able to provide more than 7% of the world’s transport corridor to transit various cargoes from Europe to Asia and backwards.
3. Работая в группах, сделайте схему российского правительства.
4. * Переведите на английский.
1) Крупнейшая в мире страна; 2) общая площадь; 3) занимать часть Европы и Азии; 4) граничить со многими государствами; 5) мост, соединяющий Европу и Азию; 6) многонациональное государство; 7) различные климатические условия; 8) автономная республика/национальный округ/регион/город федерального значения; 9) столица государства; 10) высокоразвитая промышленная держава; 11) законодательная, исполнительная, судебная власть; 12) Совет Федерации/Государственная Дума; 13) Федеральная Ассамблея; 14) верхняя и нижняя палаты; 15) Верховный/Конституционный/федеральный суд; 16) многопартийная система; 17) черезвычайно важная роль; 18) влиятельные партии; 19) внешняя политика нашей страны; 20) национальные символы; 21) триколор; 22) золотой двуглавый орел; 23) назначать премьер-министра, одобрять; 24) основной источник сырья; 25) перевозить различные грузы; 26) обеспечить транспортный коридор; 27) важный механизм развития экономики многих стран.
5. Переведите следующие вопросы / несколько вопросов на английский и составьте с ними диалог.
1. Как называется наша страна официально?
2. Где она расположена?
3. Россия – самая большая страна в мире, не так ли?
4. С какими государствами она граничит?
5. Какие моря и океаны омывают нашу страну?
6. Назовите крупнейшие реки нашей страны.
7. Где находится самое глубокое озеро в мире?
8. Какими природными ресурсами богата Россия?
9. Россия – развитая промышленная и аграрная страна, не так ли?
10. Расскажите о составе РФ.
11. Кто является главой государства?
12. Кому принадлежит законодательная, исполнительная и судебная власть?
13. Что вы знаете о партийной системе в нашей стране?
14. Расскажите о внешней политике нашего государства.
15. Какова роль России в мире сегодня?
II. Прочитайте новые слова и их перевод:
State – государство To be returned – быть возвращенным To be situated – находиться, располагаться Bank – берег (реки) Seat – зд. местонахождение Light industry – легкая промышленность Fatherland – отечество
| Establishment – организация, учреждение Numerous – многочисленный Remarkable– замечательный, выдающийся Variety – разнообразие Epoch – эпоха Marvelous – изумительный, удивительный Unforgettable – незабываемый Monument – памятник |
1. Посмотрите на новые слова в течение минуты, затем закройте их и попытайтесь вспомнить как можно больше слов с переводом.
2. Прочитайте текст и скажите, чем примечательна наша столица.
Moscow
The capital of the Russian Federation is Moscow. It is the main city of our Motherland, its political, cultural and economic center. And it is also one of the largest and most beautiful cities on the Globe.
Moscow is over 850 years old. It was founded in 1147 by the Russian Prince Yuri Dolgoruky and in the XVI century it became the capital of our state.
In 1712 Peter the Great moved the capital of our countryto St. Petersburg. However after the October Revolution Moscow was returned its status as the state capital. In fact, it has always been the heart of our land.
At present Moscow is a large modern city. It is situated on the banks of the river Moskva. More than 12 million people live in it now. Moscow is the seat of the Russian Federation Government and the center of our country political life. The President of our state lives and works here.
Moscow is the largest industrial center of Russia. Its major industries are automobile, engineering, textile, light, chemical and some others.
The city is also the largest scientific and educational center of our Fatherland. Having got over 100 higher educational establishments, Moscow is known as the city of students. It is also one of the biggest publishing centers in the world.
Moscow is famous for its wonderful theatres, with the Bolshoi, the Maly and the Arts theatres included. Its numerous museums and galleries are remarkable for the greatest variety of styles, historic epochs and national art schools: the Museum of Moscow History, the Tretyakov Gallery, Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, Andrey Rublev Museum of Early Russian Arts and many others, over 80 museums all together.
The city is also known as one of the biggest centers of the world cinema industry due to its famous Film Studios and International Film festivals.
Every day Moscow attracts millions of tourists from all over the world. They are eager to visit the capital’s places of interest: the Red Square and St. Basil’s Cathedral, the ancient Kremlin with marvelous Cathedrals, unique Tsar-Cannon and Tsar-Bell, unforgettable Russian churches, museums and galleries, the Exhibition of Achievements and numerous monuments.
3. Перечитайте текст и скажите, верны ли следующие утверждения. Приведите доказательства из текста.
1. Moscow is the heart of our state.
2. It is a rather young city.
3. The city was founded in the XIX century.
4. Moscow became the capital of our Motherland in the XX century.
5. At present Moscow is one of the largest and most beautiful cities in the world.
6. More than 10 million people live in the city now.
7. Moscow is the largest political, economic, cultural and industrial center of the Russian Federation.
8. The President of our state lives and works in St. Petersburg.
9. The latter is also the seat of the country Government.
10. Today Moscow is the largest cultural, scientific and educational center of our land.
11. It is one of the biggest publishing centers in the world too.
12. Moscow lacks several museums and galleries.
13. The city is famous for its numerous places of interest.
14. The tourists from all over the world are eager to visit the Russian capital.
4. В группах, подготовьте презентацию о Новосибирске, о его истории, достопримечательностях и известных людях. Вы можете воспользоваться как примером предложениями из текста Moscow.
Part 3. English-Speaking Countries
Great Britain, the United States of America, Australia, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand are large English-speaking countries. They are situated in various parts of the Globe and differ in many ways.
Each country has its own history, national holidays, traditions and customs. But they have a common language, English, the language of the people who left Britain to settle in new countries.
From the British Isles the English language spread all over the world, that’s why we can say that the UK is the major English-speaking country.
I. Прочитайте новые слова и их перевод:
Densely – густо, плотно Majority – большинство Separate – отделять Lowlands – низменность, низина Gulf Stream – Гольфстрим (тёплое течение в северной части Атлантического океана) Goods – товары, товар Oil – нефть Navigation – навигация Equipment – оборудование Vital – (жизненно) важный, необходимый Welsh – валлийский; уэльский Scottish – шотландский Gaelic – гэльский, гаэльский Union Jack – «Юнион Джек» (государственный флаг Великобритании) | House of Commons – Палата общин (нижняя палата британского парламента) House of Lords – Палата лордов (верхняя палата британского парламента) Monarch – монарх Responsible – ответственный Tory – тори (английская политическая партия, возникла в XVII в., в XIX в. была преобразована в Консервативную партию) Whigs – виги (британская политическая партия, возникшая в XVII в.; в середине XIX в. объединилась с др. группировками и образовала Либеральную партию) Labour party – Лейбористская партия |
1. Выберите любые 5 слов. Составьте предложения/текст с ними.
Пример: Elisabeth II is the monarch of the United Kingdom.
2. Ответьте на вопрос: Do you know the difference between The United Kingdom, Great Britain and England? Прочитайте текст и проверьте правильность вашего ответа.
Great Britain
The official name of this country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the UK – for short). It is situated on the British Islands and comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
The population of Great Britain is over 60 million. The United Kingdom is one of the most densely populated countries on the Globe. The majority of the UK population (almost 92 %) lives in cities and towns.
The country is washed by the North and Irish seas and by the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans. The English Channel (La Mansh) separates the country from the European continent. North and West of the country are highlands, South and East – lowlands. The highest mountain of the country, Ben Nevis, is in Scotland.
Britain has several rivers, but they are not very long. The longest river is the Severn, but the deepest and the most important one is the Thames.
The country climate is mild due to the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf Stream ’ warm waters and the mountains. The country weather often changes.
The UK is one of the most highly developed industrial powers in the world. The country isn’t rich in mineral resources. That’s why it has to import some goods, raw materials, gas and oil.
Great Britain is known now as one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of electronics and machinery, chemicals and textile, various aircraft and navigation equipment. The main industrial branches comprise coal mining, metallurgical, automobile, aircraft, ship-building, textile, chemical and some others.
The sea is vital to the British trade. Fishing plays an important role. Agriculture is highly mechanized and is one of the most important sectors of the country national economy.
The capital of the country is London. Among the largest cities of the UK there are also Glasgow, Liverpool, Leeds, Birmingham, Belfast, Manchester, Cardiff and Edinburgh.
Britain is a country with old cultural traditions and customs. The official languages of the state are English, Welsh, Scottish and Gaelic. The national symbol of the country is the Union Jack – the National Flag having 3 red and white crosses on the dark blue field.
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