the questions you are being asked is "Why do you want to work?" Give your reasons. (to be straight from school, to have (little) experience in (translating, using a computer, etc.), to need the job for... reasons, to need a worthy worker, to be taught to do something at school, to give the Job, to be interested in, to be satisfied with, to find this sort of work pleasant).
2. Your younger brother is in his last year at school. He is thinking of entering a university. Your parents are ready to provide only half the amount of money necessary for paying your brother's future tuition. Give him a good piece of advice where to get the rest of the money. (to earn money in part-time work, many opportunities available to earn money, to have a variety of interests, to do something in the computer (library, cleaning, repairing, translating)line, to be a resposible person).
UNIT FOUR
Topics: Money. Managing Money
Grammar: Gerund
Part I
Preliminary Exercises
Exercise 1. Transcribe and pronounce the following words:
value, frequency, availability, monetary, influence, care, luxuries, opportunities, acquire, financial, awareness, clothes, necessities
Exercise 2. Recognize the words formed according to the pattern. Translate the sentences containing these words into Russian.
Pattern: V + - ment = N
Example: manage + - ment = management
1. A spending plan or budget is a means of money management
2.Making and using a budget is difficult at first and demands development of good habits in money matters.
3.Modern sport equipment sometimes is rather costly.
4.Any extra money she has for luxuries and entertainment comes from her own earnings.
5.The financial agreement was reached between the parties
6. Full employment is a desirable social goal.
7. The experience of unemployment - of not being able to find a job when you want one - can be painful.
Exercise 3. Say which of the words given below could be explained like this:
a) an action or a state; b) the result of the action.
Use them in sentences of your own. Advertisement, management, equipment, statement, development, payment, employment, enjoyment, announcement, requirement.
Exercise 4. Answer the following questions:
1. What kind of advertisements can one come across in newspapers?
2. What are the biggest scientific achievements in the 20th century?
3. Do you notice any improvement in your English since last year?
4. What are the requirements for entering the Par East State Technical University?
5. Do you have any habits of money management?
6. Do you usually read the announcements on the notice - board?
7. What arrangements do you usually make for a journey?
8. What appointment would you like to obtain after leaving the University?
Exercise 5. Complete the box where possible. Use your dictionary to check the words you have written. Translate all the words in the box.
verb | - er /- or | - nent | - ing |
1. manage |
|
|
|
2. |
| payment |
|
3. |
|
| advertising |
4. | buyer |
|
|
Words and word combinations to be remembered:
availability (n) - наличие, доступность
available (а) -имеющийся в наличии, доступный
afford (v) -позволить себе
money (n) - деньги
monetary (а) -денежный
measure (v) - измерять
measure (n) - мера
goods (n) - товар, товары
consumer goods -потребительские товары
cost (v) - стоить
cost (n) - стоимость
costly (a) - дорогой
costs (n) - затраты, издержки
expenses (n) - расходы
earn (v) - зарабатывать
earnings (n) - заработок, заработная плата
earning power - способность зарабатывать
financial resources - финансовые источники
bill (n) - счет, банкнота
benefit (n) - благо, выгода
pay (v) - платить
payment (n) - плата, платёж item (n) - изделие, вид товара
increase (v) - увеличивать, возрастать
needs (n) - потребности, нужды, запросы
luxury (n) - предмет роскоши
necessities (n) - предметы первой необходимости
acquire (v) - приобретать; овладеть
save (v) - экономить, копить, откладывать
waste (v) - растрачивать, тратить впустую
essential (а) - существенный
value (n) - ценность, стоимость
worth (а) - стоящий, имеющий ценность
worthless (а) - не обладающий ценностью
How much is it worth? - Сколько это стоит?
Read Text A and translate it.
Text A. Money
1. Three of the most important personal resources are time, energy, and money. We use time and energy in every phase of everything you do. We use energy even when sleeping, for then body is at work rebuilding itself. Money is not quite so integral a part of our lives: there are things - like sitting on a log - that we can do without it. We do however, live in a world where money is in constant use. We use it to reach many of our goals.
2. Money is a standard of economic value, frequently, the answer to the question "How much is it worth?" can be given in dollars and cents. By itself, however, a dollar bill is worthless. It is dust a piece of paper. It has value because everyone agrees that it has value. People are willing to say that a banana is worth five cents and that a refrigerator is worth $ 200. The person who sells the banana is willing to accept five cents as a payment. The buyer is
willing to pay that much.
3. One reason the seller is willing to accept money for some- thing of more immediate value is that he can keep the money. He can spend it later for something which he wants. Money, then, is not only a measure of value, it is a store of value. It can be kept for future needs. As you must know, person's money resources can either increase or bе depleted.
4. Money is also a measure of price - of how much something
costs. This monetary price is determined bу a number of factors, one of the most important of these is availability. If there is only one or two of an item, it will cost more than if there are seven thousand. The price also depends on how much an item costs to make. If a house costs $ 10.000 to build, you will probably not be able to buy it for $ 6.000.
5. What does money mean to you? Your attitudes toward money influence the way you use it. Money is needed to provide food, clothing, shelter, health care, and other basic necessities. For those who can afford it, money can be used for nonessential items, or luxuries. Apart from direct material benefits, money can buy opportunities in the. form of education, travel and recreation. As a means of acquiring goods and services, it can confer feelings of safety and security. Some people, in the hope that others will think better of them, buy showy, costly, consumer goods.
6. The years after school present new opportunities and challenges for the management of financial resources. For many, the young adult years will involve new problems of money management. You yourself may be contemplating leaving home for the first
time to attend the University, take a job, join the armed forces, or embark on marriage. Review now your past experience in managing your financial resources. Have you saved to pay your own expenses for a trip, to buy your own clothes, books, or hobby equipment? If you have already begun to earn, save and spend, you have probably establish some habits of money management. For a time, you may continue to recieve financial help from your family, even after leaving home. Such help may be your basic financial resource. Yoy may receive stipend for your education. But first and foremost among adult financial resources is earning Power.
Word Study
Exercise 1. Arrange the words into the opposite pairs. Give their Russian equivalents.
Worth, willing, seldom, nonessential, important, costly, unimportant, worthless, frequently, cheap, basic, unwilling, essential.
Exercise 2. Arrange the words into pairs of synonyms and translate them.
Necessities, opportunity, costly, needs, to increase, chance,
to go up, eager, to accept, expensive, willing, to take, permanent, energy, goal, constant, power, aim.
basic necessities
to provide opportunities
health care
material benefits
consumer
to acquire services
knowledge
nonessential items
luxuries
to afford education
recreation
costly consumer goods
money
to manage financial resources
time
people
Exercise 4. After each sentence there is a choice of several words. Pick the word that is closest in meaning to the word underlined in the sentence.
1. Good money management will help you get the most out of the
money you have. (use, controlling, spending).
2. Poor financial managers lessen their opportunities of economic success. (cases, possibilities, occasions).
3. Money is a means of acquiring a lot of things. (providing, giving, gaining).
4. Learning to live within your financial resources is very important. (means, earnings, power).
5. Expenses depend on your life style. (needs, earnings, spendings).
6. People may save money for acquiring some costly item. (waste, keep, spend).
7. Every family chooses consumer goods it likes and can afford according to its standard of living, (needs, items, benefits).
8. People at the comfort level have enough money for necessities and also have enough left to buy many things that are not necessities. (benefits, luxuries, basic needs).
9. Deciding to buy a new car is an important economic decision. (to afford, to purchase, to acquire).
10. There are many "hidden costs " added to the purchase price of an item. (prices, expenses, benefits).
Exercise 5. Look at the list of words below. The words on the left are from text A. Choose the pairs in which the word or phrase on the right has the same meaning as the word or phrase on the left.
1) basic necessities – needs
2) material benefits – goods
3) a measure - a means
4) to keep for future - to save
5) availability - a store
6) luxuries - nonessential items
7) to be willing - to want
8) to earn - to make one's living
9) consumer goods - goods for everyday use
10) expenses – prices
11) security - being guarded
12) payment – salary
13) to advertise - to publicize
14) safety - being out of danger
15) an item - a thing
16) available - being at one's disposal
17) financial resources - money means
Grammar Study
Exercise 1. Read and translate the following passage paying attention to the Gerund.
Learning to use money wisely isn't easy. Some people waste money without even knowing it. Learning to manage money is like learning to drive a car, because it gets easier as you become more experienced. Managing your money, like driving your car, requires your developing good habits. Good drivers or good managers need not work any harder than the poor drivers or poor managers. They know what to do and do it with the confidence that comes from developing competency in driving - or in managing money.
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences using the Gerund. Use the following verbs as prompts: manage, earn, acquire, waste, pay, buy, save, spend, lose, advertise.
1. Does your job involve... people?
2. I don't enjoy... money.
3. He had to postpone... education in the University.
4. You risk your financial resources.
5. You'd better avoid... luxuries.
6. I consider... a very effective means of promoting trade.
7. Have you finished... for your house?
8. I can't imagine George... so much money.
9. He admitted... the car, but denied... the company money.
Exercise 3. Join two sentences to make one sentence. with the Gerund. Mind using the Gerund after the following expressions:
It’s no use
It’s no good
It’s (not) worth doing smth
It’s waste of money
It’s waste of time
Example: Don't get a taxi. It's not worth it. - It's not worth getting a taxi.
1. Don't smoke. It is waste of money.
2. Don't buy this house. It is not worth it.
3. Don't buy a car if you don't want to drive it. It's no use.
4. Don't waste so much money. It is no use.
5. Den'1 advertise this item. It's not worth it.
6. Don't sell these books if you don't need money. It's no good.
7. Don't buy things you don't need. It's waste of money.
8. Don't read this book. It's rubbish. It's waste of time.
Exercise 4. Complete the following situations using sentences with "be/get used to doing smth".
Example: Bill doesn't have any money. He doesn't find this unusual because he has never had any money. He is used to having no money.
1. Connie earns her own money. She doesn't mind this. She has been earning her money for the last two years. She....
2. Connie saves some of her money. She doesn't mind it. She has been saving for the last six months. She....
3. He's the boss. He manages people. He's been managing this firm for a number of years. He....
4. He is in advertising. He likes advertising. He enjoys it. He...
5. She buys only necessities. She dosn't mind it. She's been saving for travelling and recreation lately. She....
6. They plan and control money carefully. They've avoided many family problems by planning and controlling money. They....
Exercise 5. Complete the sentences using active and passive Gerund:
рекламировать товары в известных журналах
1. They prefer
чтобы их рекламировали в известных журналах
получать образование
2. He dreams of
чтобы ему дали возможность получать образование
приобретать предметы роскоши
3. She objected to
когда ей покупают дорогие вещи
оплатит ли он счёта во-время
4. It depends on
будут ли счёта оплачены во-время
чтобы копить деньги для отдыха
5. They don’t mind
чтобы деньги тратить на развлечения
зарабатывать свои собственные деньги
6. He looked forward to
чтобы ему заплатили за его работу
Exercise 6. Complete the following sentences using the Gerund:
приобрести знания
1. He takes every opportunity of
заработать деньги
покупать дорогие вещи
2. He had no cha
оплатить счёта
управлять деньгами?
3. What’s you idea of
копить деньги?
рекламировать товары
4. There are many ways of
экономить деньги
управлять финансовым ресурсами
5. They have no experience in
продавать потребительские товары
продавать этот дом
6. What’s (his, your, their) reason for
увеличивать цены
Text Study
Exercise 1. Give the main points of the text answering the following questions.
1. What is money?
2. Why does the author say that a dollar hill is worthless
3. Why is the seller willing to accept money?
4. What is monetary price determined bу?
5. What is money needed for?
6. Does money provide only direct material benefits?
7. What-problems of money- management do young adults come across?
8. Have you established any habits of money management yet?
9. What is the most important among adult financial resources?
Exercise 2. Say whether these statements are true or false and give your arguments.
1. Money is a standard of economic value.
2. A dollar bill is quite worthless.
3. The monetary price is determined by a number of factors.
4. Money is needed to provide basic necessities.
5. Money can buy only direct material benefits.
6. The years after school involve new problems of money management.
7. The years after school present new opportunities for the management of financial resources.
Exercise 3. Give some facts from the text to explain the following statements:
1. By itself a dollar bill is worthless because....
2. A dollar bill has value because....
3. Money is not only a measure of value because....
4. Availability is very important among factors which determine the monetary price because....
5. The seller is willing to accept money because....
6. Money is needed because....
7. Money can confer feelings of safety and security because...
8. The young adult years involve new problems of money management because....
9. Everybody should establish some habits of money management because....
10. Earning power is very important because....
Exercise 4. Expand the idea contained in each of the following statements to make a short paragraph by adding details or proofs.
1. We live in a world where money is in constant use.
2. A dollar bill has value because everyone agrees that it has value.
3. Money can buy not only direct material benefits.
Exercise 5. Fill in the numbered blanks from the selection of words given below. The correct choices will complete the sense of the given passage.
You may know a family who seems to have more (1) problems than the average family. This family is always behind in (2) bills. Even though the head of the family makes a good (3), this family is never quite able to catch up in paying (4). Such family is not living within its (5). What is meant by "Living within your (6)"? It means the wise use of money you (7)'. Also, it means (8) no more than you earn, or not buying things for which you cannot (9).
salary, money, paying, spending, means, earn, pay, bills.
Part II
Preliminary Exercises
Exercise 1. Translate and pronounce correctly these words. Give their Russian equivalents.
Therefore, flexibility, eliminate, goal, valuable, government, review, experience, utilities, fluctuating, charity, contribution, entertainment, magazine.
Exercise 2. Translate the following groups of words:
base-basic-basically; estimate-estimation-estimator; continue-continuation-continuous; value-valuable-valueless; help-helpful-helpless.
Exercise 2. Look at the headline of the text and choose in the list given below 10 words which you expect to come across while reading the text.
1) budget 6) student 11) save
2) cinema 7) money 12) recreation
3) shopping 8) luxuries 13) buy
4) financial 9) work 14) needs
5) food 10) pean 15) year
Exercise 3. Look through Text Б and identify the words meaning:
бюджет, планирование, студент,программа, документ, автомобиль, сба лансировать, секрет, транспорт, телефон, регулярный, практика, дис циплина, компромисс.
Exercise 4. Read Text В and get ready to answer the following questions.
1. What is a budget?
2. Does planning a budget give any advantages?
3. What budgets are considered to be complex?
4. What are the two steps in planning a budget?
5. What kind of expenses do people usually have?
These words will help you to understand the text:
1) long-range (adj) - долгосрочный, перспективный
2) flexibility (n) – гибкость
3) eliminate (v) - устранять
4) competency (n) – умение
5) estimate (v) – оценивать
6) estimate (n) – оценка
7) fixed expenses - постоянные расходы
8) income (n) – доход
9) make cuts - сокращать, урезывать
10) occur (v) – происходить
11) rent (n) - квартирная плата
12) overhead (n) - накладные расходы
13) grooming (n) - уход за внешним видом
14) aids (n) – средства
15) outlay (n) – расходы
Read and translate the text.
Text B. Budgey and Budgeting
1. A spending plan, or bedget is most important for managing your money. At the end of the week have you ever thought, “Just look at the money I have spent this week. How did I spend so much with so little show for it?” The secret of knowing where your money is spent is to develop a good budget. Perhaps a weekly plan could be used: but such planning offers no continuation from week to week. Therefore, long-range plans with some flexibility appear to be the best.
2. A family budget should be planned on a yearly basis. Your spending plan should be based on what you wish to do with the money you earn. Planning a budget has certain advantages to you whether you are a student or the head of a family.
(1) It will force you to establish goals in using your money.
(2) It will help you live on the money you earn.
(3) It will help you eliminate wasteful habits of spending your money.
(4) It can help you achieve long-range goals.
(5) It can give you valuable experience and develop competency in money management.
3. Budgets can be simple or complex. The budget of the government is a document that requires the work of thousands of people and is a major document when printed. The budget of a student working past time can be written on a single sheet.
4. You budget may not look like a major automobile manufacturer’s budget, yet the two are basically the same. Two steps are involved in planning your budget.
(1) First you must estimate how much money you will earn for the week, month, or year. In estimating your income, all sources should be included in your budget.
(2) There you must estimate expenses for the year.
5. In reparing an estimate of income for the year, it is helpful to review income for the last year. A city manager will use figures from the last year’s budget and the present year’s sprnding to estimate the amount of money needed for the next year.
6. The second step in planning your budget is to determine how to use the money you earn. This may be difficult because you will be deciding what things you must buy, how much you will save, how mach you will spend on recreation, etc. This part of the planning can be ful as well as difficult. At this point you must set goals and make some compromises in spending money you will need to make cuts in different items to balance your expenses with income.
7. You will find you have certain fixed expenses-expenses which occur in every budget period. When you assume financial responsibility for yourself, these necessary expenses might include rent, transportation (perhaps car ownership), food, and living overhead (utilities, telephone and certain items such as laundry). Your fluctuating expenses are those expenses which occur from time to time. These will include clothing, grooming ang grooming aids (including hair styling and haircuts). Yyou may also include recreation (including books, newspapers and magazines), gifts and entertainment and contribution to charity. A wise spending plan might also include a regular plan of savings. Keeping income and outlay in a desired balance takes practice and self- discipline. Try to avoid unplanned “extras”.
Word Study
Exercise 1. In each line there is a “test” word followed by 4 possible meanings. Ghoose the word whose meaning is closest to that of the “test” word.
1) budget document – income – plan – management
2) single rich – wide – daily – one
3) simple ready – major – alone – easy
4) occur reach – happen – offer – thank
5) goal thing – plan – aim – help
6) waste sell – save – purchase – spend
7) perhaps probably – necessary – possibly – maybe
8) constant frequent – regular – main – recent
9) offer take – accept – give – get
10) outlay money – income – spending – payment
11) fixed present – complex – basic – constant
12) fluctuating different – flexible – reguluar – future
13) achieve develop – earn – force – get
14) require involve – estimate – demand – determine
Exercise 2. Give all the words that can be derived from the fol lowing verbs and translate them into Russian:
to manage, to pay, to require, to plan, to work, to earn, to estimate, to use, to buy.
Exercise 3. After each sentence there is a choice of several words. Pick the word, that is closest in meaning to the word underlined in the sentence.
1. A budget helps you plan your expenses wisely, (costs, spending, needs)
2.A wise snending plan might also include a regular plan of savings. (income, budget, outlay)
3. Estimating income for the year is quite a challenge for most people, (establishing, managing, examining)
4. Long-range plans appear to be the best.(flexible, long-term, lasting)
5. Fluctuating expenses occur from time to time.(regular, flexible unexpected)
6. Income and outlay should be kept in balance, (budget, overhead, spending)
Text Study
Exercise 1. Which of the following choices - a, b, c- most adequately sums up the ideas of the whole paragraph?
Paragraph 1.
a. Long-ranggplans.
b. The secret of knowing where your money is spent.
c. Developing a good budget.
Paragraph 2.
a. Planning a budget.
b. Advantages of planning a budget.
c. Developing competency in money management.
Paragraph 3.
a. The budget of the government.
b. The budget of a student.
c. Simple and complex budgets.
Paragraph 4.
a. Two steps in planning a budget.
b. Estimating your income.
c. Estimating expenses.
Paragraph 5.
a. A city manager activities in planning a budget.
b. Preparing an estimate of income for the year.
Paragraph 6.
a. Setting goals in spending money.
b. Estomating expenses for the year.
c. Balancing expenses with income.
Paragraph 7.
a. Financial responsibility.
b. Types of expenses.
c. A regular plan of savings.
Exercise 2. Say whether these statements are true or false. Give your arguments.
1. Planning a budget has certain advantages.
2. A budget can be a simple list on a small piece of paper.
3. The budget of a student working part time and the budget of a major automobile manufacture are quire different.
4. A budget should onclude all the ways of spending money.
5. Income and outlay should be kept in balance.
6. Fixed expenses occur from time to time.
7. Fluctuating expenses may include clothing, grooming, recreation, entertainment, contributions to charity, etc.
8. The purpose of a budget is to help a person save money for goals set in life.
Exercise 3. Explain the following:
1. This part of the planning can be fun as well as difficult.
2. Try to avoid inplanned “extras”
3. How did I spend so much with so little to show for it?
Exercise 4. Look through the text, find sentences with the Gerund and translate them into Russian.
Exercise 5. Read Text C and answer the question which follow it.
Text C
On common mistake that many people have made is this: they have thought that it would be a very good thing if everybody had exactly the same amount of money, no matter whether they worked hard or lived quite idly. They forget that very few people would work at all if it were not for the money their work brings them and that without work there would be no money. And they have imagines that if all the money in the country were equally divided, everybody would be rich. That is a very great mistake, because there simply is not enough money to make everybody rich. If it were shared equally all round everyone them would recieve quite a small amount. That may be more that you receive now or it may be less, bur would certainly not make you really rich. It is quite true that there are a small number of very rich people; beu rhey are so few in comparison with the whole population that even if they were to share out all their wealth among the rest, it would make very little difference. It is said that if you flattened out that dreat French mountain Mont Blane, the highest mountain in Europe, and spread it over by whole of France you would only raise the level of the land by about six inches. See if you can think out what that has to do with the question I have been talking about.
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