English
for Students of Technical
Universities
BOOK TWO
Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по высшему образованию
Дальневосточный государственный технический университет
ENGLISH FOR STUDENTS
OF TECHNICAL UNIVERSITIES
BOOK TWO
Рекомендовано Дальневосточным
региональным учебно-методичес-
ким центром (УМО) в качестве
учебника для технических вузов
Владивосток
ББК Ч 486.26
English for Students of Technical Universities. Book Two:
Учебник / Городецкая Е.Я., Евсюкова Е.Н., Курылёва Л.А., Резник Л.Г., Рутковская Г.Л. – Владивосток: Изд-во ДВГТУ, 1996. - 132 с.
В учебник входят упражнения, направленные на развитие всех видов речевой деятельности. Тексты, составленные на основе оригинальных английских и американских источников, включает такие темы, как «Виды производства», «Трудовая деятельность», «Роль денег в обществе», «Права и обязанности личности».
Предназначен для студентов вторых курсов технических университетов.
Рецензенты: канд.филол.наук Л.И.Балута
канд.филол.наук В.П.Кочетков
Под общей редакцией Е.Я.Городецкий
Отв.редактор С.И.Сухомлинова
Издано по решению Редакционно-издательского совета ДВГТУ
Оцифровал студент Р-9741 Юрьев Дмитрий
ISBN 5-7596-0078-8 Издательство ДВГТУ, 1996
Предисловие
Учебник предназначен для студентов первых и вторых курсов технических университетов и рассчитан на 198 часов аудиторной и примерно такое же количество часов самостоятельной работы. Он состоит из двух книг, содержащих семь и пять разделов соответственно, и четырёх приложений, в которые входят краткий грамматический справочник в форме таблиц, перечень неправильных глаголов, словарь поурочной лексики, список связующих элементов.
Тексты подобраны по тематическому
принципу: семья, высшее образование, наука, виды производства и трудовой деятельность, и предназначены для развития различных видов чтения (изучающего, просмотрового и поискового).
Объём лексических единиц, подлежащих активному усвоению составляет 1100.
При отборе словаря и текстового материала для чтения авторы использовали оригинальные английские и американские источники.
Грамматический материал учебника охватывает основные явления английского языка, необходимые для чтения и перевода общетехнической и научной литературы.
В учебнике предусматривается комплексное обучение различным видам речевой деятельности, при этом особое внимание уделяется развитию навыков чтения (понимания) и устной речи.
Методические пояснения
Каждый раздел (unit) состоит из трёх частей (parts); первая часть объединяет предтекстовые упражнения, предназначенные для снятия фонетических, лексических и грамматических трудностей, текст для развития навыков изучающего чтения, список активных слов и систему упражнений на закрепление лексико-грамматического материала и глубокое понимание текста; вторая часть содержит материал для чтения с общим охватом содержания и систему упражнений для проверки понимания прочитанного; третья часть ориентирована на формирование навыков устной речи по изученной в первых частях тематике и содержит диалоги, ситуативно направленные упражнения и проблемно ориентированные задания, стимулирующие активную речевую практику обучающихся.
Группа упражнений, объединенных под названием Word Study, служит для работы над лексикой в её текстовом значении, для введения, тренировки и закрепления поурочного словаря и первичной активизации лексических единиц.
Упражнения под названием Grammar Study обеспечивают усвоение грамматики, они базируются как на лексике данного раздела, так и на лексике предыдущих разделов.
Цель упражнений Text Study – обеспечить глубокое понимание текста, поэтому задания направлены на различные виды трансформаций содержательного плана текстов.
Краткий грамматический справочник составлен в виде таблиц основных грамматических явлений и примеров на их употребление.
Поурочный словарь включает все новые слова, встречающиеся в тексте, в алфавитном порядке.
UNIT ONE
Topic: Some Facts from the History of Manufacturing
Grammar: Infinitive, Infinitive Constructions
Part I
Preliminary Exercises
Exercise 1. Transcribe and pronounce:
produce, production, grind, machine, machinery, industrialize, industry, manufacture, resources, research, leather, iron, particular.
Exercise 2. Recognize the words formed according to the following patterns and give their Russian equivalents. Translate the sentences with these words into Russian.
Pattern: V(verb) + er/or = N(noun)
Example: produce + re = producer
1. The invention of stream turbines in the late 1800s provided an economic source or steam power to turn electrical generator.
2. Highly skilled managers perform different tasks while managing a modern plant.
3. Researchers should promote the development of modern production.
4. Modern plants require skilled workers for operating the machinery.
Exercise 3. Say which of the words given below could be explained like this:
a) operator – a person who operates...; or like this:
b) generator – a machine which generates...;
1) producer, 2) designer, 3) researcher, 4) manufacturer, 5) manager, 6) driver, 7) computer, 8) propeller
Exercise 4. Complete the box where possible. Use your dictionary to check up the words you gave written. Translate all the words in the box.
| er/or (n) | (t)ion (n) | ment (n) |
produce |
| invention |
|
|
|
| development |
| researcher |
|
|
manage |
|
|
|
|
|
| improvement |
Exercise 5. Give the original forms of the words given below and translate them. Use the dictionary to check up your variants:
Manufacturer, production, industrialization, requirement, improvement, development, economical, useful, principally, natural, technological, industrial, transportation, operation.
Exercise 6. Give the correct translation of the underlined words (choose the right variant from the words in brackets).
1. As time went on, people began to develop special skills in making particular items 1)предмет 2) пункт 3)вопрос
2. Woodworking establishments were common in the USA early in the 19th century 1) заведения 2) предприятия 3) заводы
3. Many areas in the world today carry on both household and workshop types of manufacturing 1) несут 2) развивают 3) выполняют
Words and word combinations to be remembered:
produce (v) – производить
production (n) – производство
producer (n) – производитель
product (n) – продукт
manufacture (v) – производить, изготовлять
manufacture (n) – производство
grind (v) – измельчать, шлифовать
mill (n) – мельница
develop (v) – развивать
development (n) – развитие
machinery (n) – техника (машины, механизмы, станки)
steam engine (n) – паровой двигатель
invent (v) – изобретать
invention (n) – изобретение
drive (v) – приводить в действие
drive (n) – привод
raw materials – сырьё
coal (n) – уголь
access (n) – доступ
power (n) – энергия
industrialize (v) – индустриализировать
woodworking (n) – деревообработка
iron (n) – железо
require (v) – требовать
requirement (n) – требования
resources (n) – ресурсы
equipment (n) – оборудование
equip (v) – оборудовать
manage (v) – управлять
manager (n) – менеджер, управляющий
provide (v) – обеспечивать
promote (v) – содействовать
employer (n) – наниматель
employee (n) – служащий, работник
research (n) – исследование
researcher (n) – исследователь
improve (v) – улучшать, усовершенствовать
improvement (n) – улучшения
market (n) – рынок
demand (n) – потребность, спрос
demand (v) – требовать
Read and translate the text.
Text A. Some Facts from the History of Manufacturing
1. For the past few months, you have been studying many interesting things about the world you live in. Now it is time to get to know some aspects of the world in which you’ll work after you make a specialist. Have you ever thought of what production is like at present, what work has to be done to produce products that can be used to satisfy our needs and wants. When we are thinking about
books, clothes or anything that man makes, we are thinking about manufactured products. Today, manufacturing varies from the extremely simple to the highly complex.
2. Throughout history, manufacturing has been carried out in the home. At first it was done entirely by hand, without the use of motors. Even today, there are many people in the world who make things in their own homes. Millions of people in China, India and other southeastern Asiatic countries still grind grain in hand mills to make the flour. The Swiss make toys in their own homes for sale throughout the world. The women of central France make lace while they watch their flocks and herds in the fields.
3. As time went on, people began to develop special skills in making particular items. These specially skilled workers of ten travelled from home to home, making things for other people. Later they settled down in one place and built their own shops. Farmers and others brought raw materials to them to be made into finished products. In this way the things people needed came to be made, not in homes but in special workshops.
4. Workshops manufacturing was common in the USE early in the 19th century. There were tanneries where leather was prepared, woodworking establishments were skilled workers made furniture, blacksmith shops where iron products were made, and printing shops. These workshops had two things in common: they required little money to operate; and they made things that everyone needed.
5. Many areas in the world today carry on both household and workshop types of manufacturing. Workshop manufacturing is also carried on in China, Japan, India and many other countries on the Asiatic continent. Raw materials used for this kind of manufacturing are usually from local sources.
6. Modern manufacturing develop in more advanced countries greatly differs from the types of manufacturing mentioned above. It began in England less than 200 years ago, when people started to make things with the aid of machinery. January 5, 1769, is the date often used to mark the beginning of this movement. It was on that day that James Walt of England patented his first successful steam engine. The invention of steam turbines in the late 1800s provided an economical source of steam power to turn electrical generators and to drive the propellers of steamships.
Since that time factories have replaced workshops in many advanced countries and huge amounts of power are required to run the machines which turn raw materials into useful products. This power, or energy, comes principally from coal, petroleum, or falling water. In recent years a number of nations have built plant which produce atomic power. In the future, we shall undoubtedly use more and more of this type of energy. We may even use power from the rays of the sun. Only those countries which have access to large amounts of inanimate power can hope to become industrialized. However, not all of the areas endowed with the necessary raw materials and sources of energy have developed modern manufacturing. If we were to examine these areas, we would find them lacking, not natural resources, but human resources. They do not have workers skilled in tending up-to-date equipment. They do not have people trained to manage large-scale factories. Therefore, for manufacturing to be developed there must be people to operate the machines, and there must be people to plan and manage the operations of a factory. Industries will not grow and prosper unless they are run well.
7. People who manage plants must perform difficult tasks. They must see the needed raw materials arrive at the proper time; they must deal with the workers in the factory; they must select the right workers for the right jobs; they must provide training so workers can learn to do their jobs skillfully; and they must promote peaceful employer-employee relationships. Managers face still another problem, that of providing for research. If factories are to keep in business, they must be able to compete with other factories making the same kinds of things. Learning how to do this requires a great dead of technical research. As a result, many technological improvements have been made in industrial products.
8. It is worth mentioning another key factor in the development of modern industry. It is systems of transportation. Without adequate transportation, a modern factory would have to stand idle most of the time. Modern plants require such quantities of rawmaterials and pile up finished products so fast that for modern industry proper transportation equipment is as proper production equipment.
9. According to many authorities one more condition needs to be considered to make production successful. It is the market. It would not be possible to manufacture products unless was a demand for them and unless the people who wanted them could afford to buy them.
Word Study
Exercise 1. Arrange the words into the opposing pairs. Give their Russian equivalents.
Simple, skilled, unfinished, advanced, complex, unskilled, hack- ward, finished, successful, unsuccessful, huge, little
Exercise 2. Make up English-Russian pairs:
1) grind 1) улучшать
2) produce 2) служащий
3) access 3) наниматель
4) resources 4) содействовать
5) employee 5) измельчать
6) employer 6) ресурсы
7) promote 7) доступ
8) improve 8) производить
9) исследовать
10) решать
Exercise 3. After each sentence there is a choice of several words. Pick the word that is closest in meaning to the word underlined in the sentence.
1. Manufacturing; varies from the extremely simple to the highly complex. (processing, production, invention)
2. Many areas in the world today carry on both household and workshop types of manufacturing. (develop, create, establish)
3. Managers face the problem of providing: for research. (developing, insuring, promoting)
4. Huge amounts of power are required to run up-to-date machines. (to provide, to drive, to operate)
Grammar Study
Exercise 1. Give the correct translation of the underlined construction, choosing the right variant. State the function of the Infinitive in each case.
1. Now it time to get to know some aspects of the world in which
you live and work.
a) представить
b) стать известным
c) узнать (познакомиться)
2. Farmer and ethers brought raw materials to them to be made into finished products.
a) чтобы превратить их
b) чтобы они сделали
c) чтобы сделать
3. On this way things people needed came to be made, not in homes but in special workshops.
a) начали делать
b) стали изготовляться
c) пришли, чтобы сделать
4. January 5, 1769 is the data often used to make the beginning of this movement.
a) отмечает
b) чтобы отметить
c) которая отмечает
5. Huge amounts of power are required to run the machines.
a) требуется для того, чтобы привести в действие
b) потребовали привести в действие
c) требуют привести в действие
6. They must see the needed raw materials arrive at the proper time.
a) чтобы прибыть в надлежащее время
b) чтобы сырьё поступало в надлежащее время
c) чтобы привезти сырьё вовремя
Exercise 2. Choose among the sentences given below those in which infinitives are used as attributes and translate them into Russian.
1. For manufacturing to be developed there must be people to operate the machines, and there must be people to plan and manage the operations of a factory.
2. If factories are to keep in business they must be able to compete with other factories.
3. It would not be possible to manufacture products unless there were a demand for them, and unless the people could afford to buy them.
4. James Watt of England was the first to invent a steam engine.
Exercise 3. Transform complex sentences given below into simple ones using Infinitive Constructions.
1. January 5, 1769 is the date which marks the beginning of machinery application.
2. James Watt was the first man who invented a steam engine and patented his invention.
3. The invention of steam turbines in the late 1800s provided an economical source of steam power which could be used to turn electrical generators.
4. Modern manufacture requires people who can plan and manage the operations of a factory.
Exercise 4. Choose the right variant of translation. Mind the constructions "Nominative with the Infinitive" (Complex Subject) and "Objective with the Infinitive (Complex Object).
1. Everybody considers managers to perform different tasks.
a) Все считают, что менеджеры решают разнообразные задачи.
b) Менеджеры считают, что они решают разнообразные задачи.
c) Считается, что менеджеры обязаны выполнять различные функции.
2. Managers are known to face different problems.
a) Менеджеры знают, что сталкиваются с различными проблемами.
b) Известно, что перед менеджерами стоят разные проблемы.
c) Мы знаем, что менеджеры сталкиваются с различными проблемами.
3. Modern production is supposed to satisfy our needs.
a) Предполагается, что современное производство удовлетворяет наши потребности.
b) Современной производство должно удовлетворять наши потребности.
c) Мы считаем, что современное производство удовлетворяет наши потребности.
4. Mankind is sure to make use of solar energy in the near future.
a) В ближайшем будущем человечество будет использовать солнечную энергию.
b) Человечество обязательно воспользуется в будущем солнечной энергией.
c) Человечество уверено, что в ближайшем будущем будет использовать солнечную энергию.
Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using Infinitive Constructions.
1. Известно, что новые источники энергии заменяют традиционные источники, такие как уголь, нефть, вода.
2. Все ученые полагают, что в будущем солнечная энергия станет широко использоваться в промышленности и сельском хозяйстве.
3. Оказывается, что современное производство требует не только больших запасов сырья-, энергии, но и развитой транспортной системы и высококвалифицированных рабочих.
4. Считают, что человеческие ресурсы не менее важны для развития современного производства, чем запасы сырья и энергии.
Text Study
Exercise 1. Give the main points of the text answering the questions
1. What is the difference between household and workshop types of manufacturing?
2. What was typical of workshop manufacturing?
3. When and where did modern production begin?
4. Who invented the first steam engine?
5. What did the invention of steam turbines in the late 1800s provide?
6. What sources of energy do you know?
7. Why are human resources so important for developing modern production?
8. What are the manager's functions at a modern plant?
9. Why is proper transportation equipment as essential as proper production equipment?
10. What factors make a modern plant competitive with other plants?
Exercise 2. Say whether these statements are true or false and give your arguments.
1. Throughout history manufacturing was based on machinery.
2. Household and workshop types of manufacturing are still carried on in many countries.
3. Modern manufacturing began in England when people started to make things with the aid of machinery.
4. In order to turn raw materials into useful products huge amounts of power are required.
5. Modern factories can effectively work without adequate transportation and market.
Exercise 3. Identify the parts of the passage which refer to:
1) the history of manufacturing;
2) household and workshop types of manufacturing; 4
3) characteristic features of modern production;
4) the conditions which are necessary to make any production successful;
Exercise 4. Give some facts from the text to complete the following sentences:
1. When we are thinking about books, clothes or anything that man make s, we....
(see paragraph 1)
2. The difference between household and workshop types of manufacturing consists in....
(see paragraphs 2,3,4,5)
3. Modern manufacturing began....
(see paragraph 6)
4. Industrialized countries are those....
(see paragraph 7)
5. Industries will not grow and prosper unless....
(see paragraph 7)
6. Systems of transportation and the market are among key factors which make any production successful because....
(see paragraph 0,9)
Exercise 5. Write a short summary of the text according to the following plan:
1. What is production like at present?
2. What types of manufacturing are termed as household and workshop ones?
3. In what way can you describe modern manufacturing?
4. What sources of energy are essential for developing modern production?
5. What resources are to make productions successful?
6. What problems do managers of production face?
Exercise 6. Fill in the numbered blanks from the selection of words given below. The correct choices will complete the sense of this summary of the reading passage.
This text deals with the history of (1). It describes the difference between household and workshop types of (2) and emphasizes the role of (3) for the development of modern production. Modern production may be effectively (4) if there are people who can plan and manage the (5) of a factory. These people must (6) difficult tasks.
1. | a) machines | 4. | a) | operated |
| b) production |
| b) | run |
с) mechanical equipment |
| с) | carried on | |
2. | a) manufacturing | 5. | a) | relationships |
| b) resources |
| b) | Operations |
| c) machinery |
| с) | transportation |
3. | a) energy sources | 6. | a) | perform |
| b) steam engines |
| b) | achieve |
| с) turbines |
| с) | rialize |
Part II
Exercise 1. Transcribe and pronounce these words. Give their corresponding Russian equivalents.
Distinquish, inquiry, permanent, Utopia, destiny, privacy, profound, philosopher, argue, traumatic, accelerate, intellectual, pervasive, uninleble, contemporary, inhabitable, anticipation.
Exercise 2. Look at the headline of Text В and write down 15 words which you expect to come across while reading the text, then read the text again and check up yourself.
Exercise 3- book through Text В and identify the meaning of the following words:
исследование, технология, влияние, современное общество, источник,
промышленник, отношение, производительность, радиоактивность, последствия, ущерб.
Read Text B and be ready to answer the following questions:
1. What are the prevailing views on the role of technology in society?
2. What are the arguments of those who hold these views?
3. How may technology be defined?
4. Why is modern technology considered as an important determinant in the life of society?
5. What should be done to understand and control the effect of technology on society?
These words will help you to understand the text:
to assess (v) – оценить
contemporary (a) – современный
to distinguish (v) – различать (отличать)
dignity (n) – достоинство
to suffer (v) – переживать
to accelerate (v) – ускорять
to measure (v) – измерять
relationship (n) – взаимосвязь
to define (v) – определять
techniques (n) – методика
value (n) – ценность
a rifle (n) – ружьё
to inhabit (v) – населять
awareness (n) – осознание
determinant (n) – решающий фактор (детерминанта)
to cause (v) – вызывать, быть причиной
pollution (n) – загрязнение
environment (n) – окружающая среда
damage (n) – ущерб
anticipation (т) – (зд) прогнозирование
to strengthen (v) – усиливать, укреплять
hardware (n) – технические средства (обеспечения)
Text B. The Role of Technology in Society
1. While a good deal of research is aimed at discerning the particular effects of technological change on industry, government, or education, systematic inquiry devoted to seeing these effects together and to assessing their implications for contemporary society as a whole is relatively recent.
One may distinguish three prevailing views on the role of technology in society.
2. The first holds that technology is an unallowed blessing for man and society. Technology is seen as the motor of all progress, as holding the solution to most of our social promise of utopia in our time. This view is held by many scientists and engineers, by many military leaders and aerospace industrialists, by people who believe that man is fully in command of his tools and his destiny.
3. A second view holds that technology is an unmitigated source. Technology is said to rob people of their jobs, their privacy, their participation in democratic government, and even, in the end, their dignity as human beings.
This view is akin to historical “back-to-nature” attitudes towards the world and is propounded mainly by artists, literary commentators, popular social critics, and philosophers. It is becoming increasingly attractive to many of our youth, and it tends to be held by segments of the population that nave suffered dislocation as a result of technical change.
4. The third view is of a different sort. It argues that technology as such is not worthy of special notice, because it has been well recognized as a factor in social change at least since the Industrial Revolution, because it is unlikely that the social effects of computers will be nearly so traumatic as the introduction of the factory system in the 18th century, because research has shown that technology has done little to accelerate the rate of economic productivity since the 1880s, because there has been no significant change in recent decades in the time period because improved communications and higher levels of education make people much more adaptable that heretofore to new ideas and to new social reforms required by technology.
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