5. We have lived in the same house for twenty years.
6. Some years ago he married a girl whose mother is an expert cook.
7. I can't eat the same food every day.
8. Some mothers see their daughters as teachers because they themselves always wanted to be teachers.
9. The day will come when we can reach some stars.
10. People can use the same words in different meanings.
11. Knowledge and experience are not the same thing.
12. Values of life will not be the same when your children grow up as they are today.
Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with "some" or "the same":
1. These facts are not new to us, we received... information two days ago.
2. I hear you have... important information.
3. They are not close friends, they simply took economics at... college.
4.... (itudents get to college by bus.
5. people smoke,... don't.
6. They smoke... sort of cigarettes.
7. I have... good friends among actors.
8. My brother and I are in... group at college.
9. They are twins, they were born on... day.
10. We used... materials in all the experiments.
Exercise 6. Read the following sentences and note "that" and "those" which are used in place of nouns, singular or plural:
1. The climate of California is different from that of Alaska.
2. The relationship between parents and children in China is much different from that in the West.
3. Compare the newspapers of today with those of a hundred years go.
4. Planetary distances are about a million times greater than those of ordinary, everyday life.
5. The article included, among other things, that of the total number of Indians in the United States.
6. Like schools in Britain and other English speaking countries those in the U.S. provide a lot of sports activities.
7. You can see the greatest contrast of the present educational standards with that of the past.
8. The human memory is a filing system that has a far greater capacity than that of the largest computer.
9. It is a mark of a cultured man that he is interested not only in his own thoughts and feelings but in those of others.
Exercise 7. Choose the right word:
1. It is a very interesting (work, job).
2. What time do you get home from (work, job)?
3. Over three million people are now out of (work, job) in Britain.
4. She got a (work, job) as a secretary when she left college.
5. If you are looking for a (work, job) as a typist why don't you read the advertisements in the evening paper?
6. The principal of equal pay for equal (work, Job) has now been accepted.
7. A lot of married women havo (work, job) nowduyn.
8. She's constantly changing (worku, Jobn).
9. Peter's (work, job) has improved this term.
10. I have much (work, job) to do.
11. This is one of Bethoven's early (works, jobs).
Exercise 8. Say the following in English:
1. Моя работа мне нравится.
2. Он ищет более интересную работу.
3. Она устроилась работать машинисткой в издательстве (publishing house).
4. У меня завтра будет очень много работы.
5. Он хочет сменить работу.
6. Этот пейзаж - одна из последних работ Левитана.
7. Ирина еще не пришла с работы?
8. В саду всегда много работы.
9. Она но хочет потерять работу.
10. Ходить по магазинам и стряпать считается женской работой.
Grammar Study
Exercise 1. Study the following models. Analyze the sentences below in the same way and translate them:
Modulo: 1. Where is the letter I gave you to read? Where is
the lotter? - I gave you to read it. Where is the letter which
I gave you to read?
2. The man I wanted to see was away on business. The
iimn I wonted to see him - was away on business. The man who
I wnrited to see was away on business.
3. This is the book the professor referred to in his lecture. This is the book - the professor referred to it in his lecture. This is the book that the professor referred to in his lecture.
1. Every person ahould like the work he does to earn a living. 2. How old is the oompuny you work for? 3. This is a job you are interented in. 4. My friend takes every chance of getting a job he in qualified for. 5. Ellon will go back to work as soon as she likes and feels she can do well. 6. He is a kind of person I would like to be. 7. Perhaps the biggest mistake you
could make in your life would be to start a job you are not interested in. 8. They had to live on the money they had saved. 9. When you plan your budget you should determine how to use the ncney you earn. 10. Naturally you will be interested in the amount you will be paid. 11. The work you do largely determines your way of life. 12. Parents want to make the children into people they could be proud of.
Exercise 2. Give Participle II of the following regular verbs and pronounce them in accordance with the three variants of the endings, [d], [t], [rd]:
to answer, to atVange, to attend, to play, to close, to develop, to discover, to discuss, to enter, to equip, to establish, to introduce, to pass, to offer, to provide, to receive, to publish, to help, to construct, to fail.
Exercise 3. Make up sentences using the table and translate them.
I You We They | have | just already never | helped them. 4-translated texts into English, attended seminars on psychology, equipped the laboratory with a new computer. passed an exam in maths, received a letter from the company been to England. | |
He She | has | |||
I You We They | haven't | introduced the new method into the production listened to the latest news answered their letter discussed the development of tho experiment
loomed muny new words arranged tho mooting | yet. today. this week. thin month, letoly. recently. | |
He She | Hasn’t | |||
| I |
| published your article in |
|
| you |
| their journal
| yet? |
Have | we |
| constructed the new building | already? |
| they | (ever) | of the University | today? |
Has | he she |
| written letters to your foreign colleagues looked through the newspapers been in Russia failed to finish the work | this month? |
Exercise 4. Make the necessary substitutions and reproduce the dialogues:
1. A: I haven’t read this book yet. Have you?
B: No, I haven't read it either.
(A: had lunch, decided where to go for the summer vacation, returned books to the library;
B: had it, decided it, returned them).
2. A1: What’s Ann doing?
B: She’s reading a book.
A2: Has she done her homework yet?
B: Yes, she has.
(A2: washed the dishes, typed the letter, bought any bread).
3. A: I met Peter yesterday.
B: How’s he? I haven’t seen him lately.
A: He is fine.
(A: Nick, Frank; B: this month, this week).
4. A: Bob has just come back from Moscow.
B: Oh, has he? How did he like it? I was there last year and I liked it very mach.
(A: St.Peteraburg, Rome, London).
Exercise 5. Study the model and complete using suitable time expressional this year, this month, this week, today.
Model: Last year Dr.Brown wrote one paper.
This year he has written two.
1. Last year Dr.Brown went to two countries.
2. Last year he read three Eussian papers.
3. Last time he visited one of our laboratories.
4. Last time he came here with his family.
5. Last month he gave two lectures at the Far Eastern Technical University.
6. lie was in Italy last year.
Exercise 6. Confirm the followiflg statements by reference to the exact time in the past:
Model: Student 1: You have read this article, haven't you?
Student 2: Yes, I read it last month.
1. You have met Dr. Green, haven't you?
2. Dr.Green has been to this country, hasn't he?
3. You have heard his lecture, haven't you?
4. He has told you about his research, hasn't he?
5. Dr.Green has been twice to see your faculty, hasn't he?
6. You have made friends with some foreign students, haven't you?
7. Some of them have been to the country, haven't they?
8. You have had much practice in English with native speakers, haven't you?
Exercise 7. Listen to the statements with "I" read by Student 1. Make statements with the same vert about your friend:
Model: Student 1: I have recently visited a chemical labiratory.
Student 2: My friend has recently visited a research centre
1. I have recently collected interesting material for my course paper (graduation paper).
2. I have never attended seminars on sociology (economics).
3. I have already looked through "Science and Life" ("Nature").
4. I have gained some experience in computering (typing).
5. I have recently found an interesting article on optics in our library (electronics).
6. I have had little interesting work lately (much).
7. I have had much practice in English lately (Gorman).
8. I have lately been very buoy writing my oouret paper (thesis).
Exercise 8. Say what you have done recently, lately, thin year, this week.
Exercise 9. Ask and answer the following questions: Model: Teacher: Ask: another student if he has ever visited a modern laboratory?
Student 1: Have you ever visited a modern laboratory?
Student 2: No, but I am thinking of visiting a modern laboratory of the Far Eastern Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
1. Ask another student if he has ever heard of quasars?
2.... if he has worked much lately.
3.... if he has collected any good material for his report.
4.... if he has talked to native English speakers.
5.... if he has read many books in English.
6.... if he has ever been to any English speaking countries.
Exercise 10. Translate into English.
1. Закройте, пожалуйста, окно. - Я уже закрыл.
2. Ты купила хлеб и сливочно.а масло? - Да.
3. Могли бы вы перевести этот текст сейчас? - Я уже перевел его.
4. Вы еще не обедали. Давайте пообедаем в кафе.
5. Я не видел Андрея последнее время. - Я тоже.
6. Ты сегодня была в библиотеке? - Нет, еще не была.
7. Вы когда-нибудь играли в шахматы (to play chess) с Олегом? Хорошо ли он играет? - Я не знаю. Я никогда с ним не играл.
Exercise 11. Translate these sentences paying special attention ti the Perfect Tense forms:
1. Sometimes parents think tyey’ve chosen their children’s careers.
2. The old often say to the young: “I have crossed mare bridges than you have crossed streets”.
3. He knew that the Browns had gone to Scotland by car.
4. Before the Revolution in 1776, the American colonies had already had nine colleges. Most of them later became Universities.
5. We can’t foget our parents who have done so much for us.
6. We have becomee used (привыкнуть) to machines that are more powerful, more accurate, and faster than we are.
7. Before the exhibition closes 100 thousand people will have attended it.
8. He sattied down in India because he had made several earlier visits there.
9. By the end of the year they will have completed their experiment.
10. By 1900, according to several criteria, the USA had become the greatest industrial nation. Today, the American economy no longer dominates the world as it did then.
11. Most Europeans have already been to America, even if they have never placed one foot on American soll (земля). They have seen, heard, and read much about this land.
12. Before we make the experiment they will have published their work.
Text Study
Exercise 1. Find in the text the English equivalents of the following Russian phrases:
1. как вы проводите свободное время;
2. воздействовать на общество;
3. доступное молодому человеку;
4. вне дома;
5. занимались той же работой, что и родители;
6. не было возможности выбора;
7. не видят своих родителей в работе;
8. средства к жизни семьи;
9. больше всего мешает молодым людям;
10. отсутствие профессиональной ориентации;
11. не имею представления о своём будущем;
12. влияет на весь ваш образ жизни;
13. средняя продолжительность жизни человека;
14. эта сторона вашего будущего.
Exercise 2. Match the pairs of the sentences expressing the same idea.
1. In the past the variety of 1. Very often, those who are most work activity available to a interested in and «uooeeeful person was limited. in their career» nre moet sa
tisfied with life.
2. Women have become an impor tant part of the work force. 3. Some young people have no career goals. 4. How successful you are in life is largely measured Ъу your success in your work. 5. People who have successful careers often find that their success is accompanied by happiness, satisfaction in life. | 2. Many young people do not know where they are going occupationally. 3. There was not much choice about the kind of work a per son could do. 4. The role of women in the wor king world has increased. 5. Success in your work influen ces all aspects of your life |
Exercise 3. Answer the questions on the text.
1. What is the major factor in a person's identity?
2. How does the work a person does to earn a living influence his way of life?
3. Successful work activiv is necessary to achieve personal happiness, isn't it?
4. What opportunities of choosing work were available to people in the past?
5. Why do you think young people have less opportunity to closely observe work activity today?
6. According to psychologists what most disturbs young people nowadays? Do you agree?
Part II
Exercise 1. Look through the following text and choose from the three variants below the most suitable title for it. Say which places of the text promoted your choice.
1. Major Facets of your life.
2. Work and your Lifestyle.
3. Typical Lifestyle Patterns.
Text B. Work and Your Lifestyle
Life is made up of relationships with people, places, and lifestyle. Your use of time in these relationships is called your lifestyle. These relationships may be grouped into four major facets of your life and diagrammed to show a “picture” of your lifestyle. Since everyone has a set of values (things that are important), lifestyle patterns are also different. One person may place about the same value on and give about the same amount of time to each of these four facets. Such a lifestyle pattern would look something like this:
Most people, however, do not place equal value on or give equal time to each facet of their life relationships. More typical lifestyle patterns would be similar to these:
Each major facet of your life in some way affects all of the others. Notice that career was placed at the centre in each lifestyle pattern because it is the central activity around which we plan our daily lives.
As a student, your lifestyle is determined by your role as a student. It is the central activity around which you plan your daily life, Your identity is that of a student. When you are introduced to another person, you may be asked, “where do you go
to college?” or “what year are you in?” As you approach adulthood, you will assume a new identity, and it will be determined mainly by the kind of work you do to earn a living. After being introduced to another person, you may be asked, “What do you do?” “What kind of work do you do?”, or simply, “Where do you work?” While other things make up a pact of your identity, the work you do is the chief ingredient. If you are concerned about your identity – who you will become – remember that the work you do largely identifies you to others.
Exercise 2. Arrange the words given below according to the logical order of Text B:
A person’s main identity comes from the... or position. “what do you do?” comes to be the... question, and from the answer the person is... and placed in status by the stranger who makes the inquiry. The answer will tell a great deal about the significance this person has in..., about his..., his education, his level of living, his associations, his income, his friends, his future, and so on.... is probably the most important key to understanding a man’s place in the social structure.
identified, work, key, leisure time, job, society.
Exercise 3. Read the following and think of 10-12 jobs that can be predicted as most important for Russia of 2000.
From recent studies research agencies predict the following jobs will take up more than half the work force in the United States of the 90s:
1. Computer programmer 7. Oceanographer
2. Dentist 8. Physician
3. Dietitian 9. Psychologist
4. Financial expert 10. Repairman
5. Geologist 11. Salesman
6. Medical technician 12. Social scientist
Exercise 4. Arrange the following sentences to compose an orderly and complete text:
1. Only through work can they feel creative and useful and have a sense that life is worth living.
2. But to be happy and content they must work outside the home.
3. Some women have to work to be happy - no matter how much money a husband earns.
4. For them to live is to work.
5. They may be professional people, creative people, or only routine workers whose household help, baby - sitters, and extra taxed take about every cent they make.
Part III
Exercise 1. Say the following in English:
1. Они живут в обычном доме. 2. Есть ли возможность исследовательской работы в вашем университете? 3. Мужчины и женщины должны получать (зарабатывать) равную плату за равный труд. 4. Студенты сами определяют, в какой группе они хотят учиться. 5. Некоторые молодые люди не понимают значения (ценности) образования, 6. В наше время большинство людей работает на своих рабочих местах не более восьми часов в день пять дней в неделю. 7. Мой отец по профессии юрист, 8. Она прожила во Владивостоке всю свою сознательную (взрослую) жизнь.
Exercise 2. Make up short dialogues as shown in the model:
Model: A: When did you visit Moscow? (1)
B: During my summer holidays. (2)
A: (For) how long did you stay there? (1)
B: For about a fortnight.
Use the following words and word combinations:
|
| |||
1) | to | come to see, to stay | his illness
the break | fifteen minutes |
2) | to | speak to somebody | five minutes | |
5) | to | begin to feel ill, | the examination | two weeks |
| to | keep to bed | on Monday | the week - end |
4) | to | return, to stay | last summer | about a month |
5) | to | learn to play tennis | vacation |
|
Exercise 3. Do you agree with the statement? Give your arguments.
The best time to talk anybody into anything is during a good meal.
Exercise 4. Say what you think about the following:
1. Young people who have occupational goals will be successful workers.
2. Women are now becoming successful in careers that used to be open only to men.
3. Career is the central activity around which we plan our daily life.
4. Woman's work is never done.
5. Education will not stop for most people when they graduate from school or even college. They will continue their education throughout their lifetime.
Exercise 5. Make up your own lifestyle pattern and describe it to the students of the group.
Exercise 6. Make up the sentences matching these jobs with their corresponding responsibilities:
Job... deals with... responsibilities.
1. A lawyer... 1.... mind and character formation.
2. A nurse... 2.... typing and sending letters,
keeping papers in order, taking
care of business, etc. for orga-
nazation or another person.
3. A teacher... 3.... designing and building machi-
nes, ships, roads, bridges, etc.
4. A policeman/ 4.... problems of human rights.
militiaman...
5. A secretary... 5.... working at a material science.
6. A dentist... 6.... problems of health and life.
7. An engineer... 7.... keeping public order.
8. A salesperson... 8.... taking care of teeth.
9. A cook... 9.... the occupation of publishing,
editing or writing for a newspaper.
10. An economist... 10.... the production, distribution
and consumption of money and
goods.
11. A pilot... 11.... selling goods in a shop or
a store.
12. A manager... 12.... navigating aeroplanes.
13. A scientist... 13.... preparing food for the table.
14. A journalist... 14.... directing an enterprise or
business.
Exercise 7. Pick out (from ex. 6) a few occupations you consider as most important for modern society. Give your reasons.
Exercise 8. Act out the following jokes:
1. Wife: Have a look at the cake. I've decorated it for my birthday party. Don't you think my sense of design is wonderful? Husband: (counting the candles): Well, it's certainly better than your arithmetic.
2. Once Samuel Johnson, an English writer and author of the famous "Dictionary of the English Language", was asked how he had compiled his great dictionary. He smiled and answered: "Oh, it was like quarreling with one's wife - one word led to another".
3. Manager: How long have you worked at your last job? Job Applicant: Fifty - five years.
Manager: How old are you? Job Applicant: Forty - five.
Manager: How could you work 55 years on a job and only be 45 years old?
Job Applicant: Overtime.
Notes: quarrel - ссориться; job applicant - нанимающийся на работу; overtime - сверхурочная работа.
ONIT THREE
Topic: Why We Work
Grammar: Gerund, and Constructions with Gerund
Part I
Preliminary Exercises
Exercise 1. Transcribe and pronounce the following; words:
psychological, purchase, automobile, desire, luxury, vary, source, dangerous, finally, measure, accompany.
Exercise 2. Divide the following words into three groups based on the pronunciation of their endings [z], [s], [iz]. Pronounce the words clearly.
lives, others, elements, animals, interests, experiences, friends, services, goods, reasons, places, affects, wants, beings, means, ones, cave6, needs, provides, contacts, forms, benefits.
Exercise 3. Use your knowledge of the word-building elements to translate the following groups of derivatives:
necessary - necessity; important - importance; vary - various; protect - protection; satisfy - satisfaction; success - successful; use - useful - usefulness; person - personal - personality; happy - happiness.
Exercise 4. Point out the sentences in which "one" is used in place of nouns, singular and plural.
"Some" means more than one.
1. Can a man be a natural gentleman or must he learn to become one?
2. A realistic goal is one that you can reach.
3. He is thinking about leaving his present job and accepting one with another company.
4. We can't accept your ideas, even if they are good ones.
5. What kinds of knowledge would you expect from a cultured person?
6. Which ones do you consider most important?
7. One person's success is another person's failure.
8. University is only one king of education.
9. This is a very small town. One cannot get lost in it.
10. They see one another five days a week.
11. Many schools have been opened recently in our city and new ones will appear in the near future
Words and word combinations to be remembered:
expect (v) – 1) ждать, ожидать;
2) рассчитывать, надеяться
reason (n) – причина, повод, основание
to give reasons for smth. – объяснить причины чего-либо
hate (v) – ненавидеть; не выносить, не терпеть
pay (v) – smb for smth – платить кому-либо за что-либо
cost (n) – цена, стоимость
goods (n) pl – товар, товары
be satisfied with – быть довольным чем-либо,
быть удовлетворённым
money (n) (only singular) – деньги
need (n) – 1) надобность, нужда;
2) pl.потребности
need (v) – нуждаться в чём-либо
meet (v) (a wish, requirements, etc.) – удовлетворять, соответствовать, желанию, требованиям и т.д.
sense (n) – чувство
worth (n) – ценность, достоинство
worth (a) predict. – стоящий
worthy (a) – достойный
accept (v) – принимать
seek (v) – 1) искать, 2) стремиться
to seek success, status – стремиться к успеху, занять положение в обществе
source (n) – источник
exceed (v) – превышать, превосходить
unless (conj) – если не, пока не
Read and translate the text.
Text A. Why We Work
You have now seen that working affects your total lifestyle and that almost all of us can expect most of our adult lives working. Why do people work? Basically they work for three reasons:
1. Money (economic) to provide for physical needs.
2. Contact with people (social) for the feeling of loving or belonging.
3. Self-esteem (psychological) for self-respect and pride.
If you were asked the question, “Why do you want to work?”, your first answer might well be, “For money!” This indeed is a good reason. Based on the cost of living today and the outlook for the future, you will need at least half a million dollars to pay for the goods and services you will purchase during your life and well-being. These necessities include such goods as food, clothing and shelter (housing). Some services are also necessary. These include medical attention and education. An automobile is also a necessity if you must have one to get to work or to the places.
None of us is satisfied with only being able to purchase the goods and services which are necessary. Our wants exceed our needs. Whatever you desire in addition to the necessities of life is called a luxury. Of course a necessity to one person may be a luxury to another. Money is only one reason for working. There are other important ones.
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