The logistics aspects of the distribution chain (цепочка) in any organisation relate to the use of information to manage more effectively the functions of transportation, storage, warehousing, and freight forwarding (пересылка груза). The information system has to co-ordinate a distribution network which consists of transportation services between suppliers to factories, factories to storage facilities, ports and warehouses, storage services in the warehouses, transportation services between the warehouses and buyers and linkages between countries. As a result of implementing an efficient information system and computer network, McDonald's restaurants are able to receive food products from various suppliers, repackage them to meet McDonald's specifications, and then deliver them to their restaurants throughout the world, and still maintain consistent (соответствующие) standards.
Some companies perform logistics services themselves, but many are contracting these services to specialists who have information systems to offer a package of services — from simple storage and warehousing to a total package or complete service which might include consolidation (объединение) of cargo, transportation, storage and inventory management. Companies within the logistics sector distinguish themselves by the totality of the services they offer. Generally, smaller firms may have less sophisticated information systems and may only provide services such as warehousing and transportation. Large firms have the resources and economies of larger scale to develop more sophisticated information and computer systems. However, developing a sophisticated and centralized information and mechanized warehouse may not necessary lead to a success.
Certain larger companies choose to rely on more flexible systems, which allow for learning and adaptation.
В. Подберите к словам в колонке А синонимы или близкие по значению слова из колонки В.
|
А
1. complex
2. total
3. diverse
4. keep up
5. profit
6. very great, enormous
7. help
8. totality
В
a. tremendous
b. of different kind
c. sophisticated
d. assistance
e. maintain
f. returns
g. entirety
h. complete
|
C. Найдите в тексте слова, означающие:
1. help given to those in need and trouble
2. skilled, expert
3. get back, return quickly
4. spread out over a large area
5. a problem, difficulty
6. serious situation, needing action as soon as possible
7. a/per year
8. a building for storing goods before distribution
9. easily changed, adaptable for new needs or conditions
D. Заполните пропуски словами:
management logistics distribution inventory storage returns transported warehouse
1. We know (1)... to be a detailed list of goods, parts, equipment, etc. 2. Small profits and quick (2)... is the motto (девиз) for shops that rely on large sales and quick turnover. 3. In the same way, Toshiba might contract with a (3)... firm so that television sets and other products could be picked up from the factory, taken to а (4)..., perhaps repackaged, and then (5)... to stores in other countries. 4. Many companies are interested in improving customer service through better inventory (6)... 5. As a rule, an unproductive (7)... chain results in a higher total inventory cost. 6. NAVAIR wants logistics data to be converted to digital form for storage in a «virtual» (8)... facility — a single set of consolidated databases that could be accessed by sailors aboard ship, support engineers at shore and program managers.
Упражнение 1. А. Назовите 15—20 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему «Logistics».
В. Speak about:
Problems logistics deals with.
SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS
To be read after Text 1
Finding Opportunity in the Global Economy
Bill Gates says today if you had to guess (угадать) somebody's approximate income (i.e., money you receive) and you were limited to asking one polite question, a good one would be: «What country do you live in?» That is because of the huge difference in average wages (weekly payment for work) from country to country. But a generation from now, if you want to guess someone's income, a more-telling single question might be: «What's your education?» «This, at least, is my belief», B. Gates says. Future business opportunity will depend on educational opportunity — for everyone.
Compared to almost anything else in a developed society, the cost of investment in education is low — and the returns are high. Even the poorest of countries can develop better schools. Education is essential because electronic networks and software-driven technologies are beginning to break down the economic barriers between nations. The Internet and the availability of inexpensive, powerful computers are helping spread opportunity to developing nations.
International communication, which is certain to become extraordinary1 cheap in all its forms, will bring suitably educated people from every economic region into the mainstream of the world economy. Well-educated, enterprising individuals with access to information technology will do well no matter where they live.
Nearly a billion people in rural China may find their lives little changed for decades, but tens of millions of the best-educated Chinese could earn more or less what similarly educated people in the United States or Germany do.
As technology breaks down the barriers of distance and national borders, it will be even more important that everybody be given equal educational opportunities. Eventually, being «poor» won't be much a matter of living in a poor country as it will be a matter of having poor skills.
Assuming you want to develop those skills, what should you study? There are a lot of opportunities in the knowledge-based global economy, and B. Gates is particularly enthusiastic about the business he knows best — software.
Because software is an almost pure expression of logic, the industry is a great field for almost anyone today. Just about every technical and scientific discipline will apply. The business side is equally exciting and challenging2 because the industry is so dynamic. And software jobs are among the highest-paid. It is not a win-lose industry, either. More software development in one region does not mean reduced software development in another. Rather, software development as a whole helps to grow the world economy.
The value and importance of the software industry — and its employees — will continue to grow indefinitely. Software is transforming the workplace in industry after industry, increasing productivity and helping globalize the world economy.
Notes to the Text
unusually
interesting and difficult
To be read after Text 2, 3, 4
Ten Attributes of a Good Employee
Here are 10 of the qualities Bill Gates finds in the «best and brightest» employees the companies should attract and retain.
First, it is important to have a fundamental curiosity1 about the product of your company or group. You have to use the product yourself.
Second, you need a genuine (настоящий, подлинный) interest in discussion with customers about how they use your product, what they like or don't like in order to know where your company's product could be better.
Third, once you understand your customer's needs, you have to enjoy thinking through how this product can make work more interesting.
These first three points are related. Success comes from understanding and caring deeply about your products, your technology and your customers' needs.
Fourth, you as an individual employee should develop your own skills and those of the people you work with. If maximizing your next bonus2 or salary increase is all that motivates you, you are likely to lose an opportunity to benefit from teamwork3 that creates success in the long term.
Fifth, you need to have specialized knowledge or skills while maintaining a broad perspective. Big companies, in particular, need employees who can learn specialties4 quickly, so a willingness to learn is critical.
Sixth, you have to be flexible enough to take advantage of opportunities that can give you perspective. At Microsoft Co., they try to offer a person lots of different jobs in the course of a career. Anyone interested in joining management is encouraged (поощрять) to work in different customer units, even if it means moving within the organization or relocating to a different part of the world. Microsoft Co. has many employees working for their US subsidiaries in other countries. This helps them better understand world markets.
Seventh, a good employee will want to learn the economics of the business. Why does the company do what it does? What are its business models? How does it make money? And a company, in turn, should educate its employees in the fundamental financial realities of its industry.
Eighth, you must focus on competitors, i.e., you must think about what is going on in the marketplace. What are your company's competitors doing that is smart5? What can we learn from them? How can we avoid their mistakes?
Ninth, you've got to use your head. Analyze problems to understand the implications (скрытый смысл, последствия) of potential tradeoffs6 of all kinds, including the tradeoff between acting sooner with less information and later with more. Use your head in practical ways. Prioritize your time effectively.
Finally, don't fail to see the obvious essentials, such as being honest, ethical7 and hard working. These attributes are critical and go without saying.
Notes to the Text
1. strong desire to learn / know about smth.
2. addition to usual payment
3. combined effort
4. special activities, operations, products, etc.
5. skillful, clever (=quick in learning and understanding things)
6. compromise, compromising decision, choice
7. of moral principles
ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ
|
A
annum — per annum [per'aenem] в
год
asset ['aeset] n имущество; активы баланса
В
balance ['baelons] n account ~ баланс счета
belief [bi'li:f] n вера; мнение, убеждение
bid [bid] n предложение цены (на аукционе)
bidding ['bidiqj n предложение цены
bill [bil] n счет, расходы
bonus ['beunes] n премия, вознаграждение
buyer ['baie] n покупатель
С
card [ko:d] n карточка; identity удостоверение личности; credit кредитная карточка; smart многофункциональная платежная карточка, чиповая карточка
cash [kaej] п наличные деньги challenge ['tfaelindj] п сложная задача; проблема; v ставить задачу, сталкиваться с трудностями challenging а сложный, многообещающий, перспективный charge [tfa:dj] v назначать, запрашивать цену; взимать плату cheque [tfek] п чек coin [кэш] п монета coinage ['koinidj] п монетная система; чеканка монет commerce ['komes] п торговля (оптовая); коммерция competitor [kem'petite] п конкурент; участник рынка compile [kom'pail] v составлять (бюджет); собирать материалы, факты
consumer [ken'sju.me] п потребитель
contract ['kontraekt] v заключать договор, сделку, соглашение corporate ['koiperit] а корпоративный, групповой curiosity ^kjueri'ositi] л любопытство, любознательность currency ['kArensi] п валюта customer ['kASteme] п покупатель, заказчик, клиент
D
demand [di'ma:nd] n спрос
distribution ^distri'bjuijen] n сбыт, реализация
diverse [dai'va:s] а различный, разнообразный
division [di'v^an] n подразделение
E
earn [э:п] v зарабатывать
emergency [I'maicfcansi] n чрезвычайные обстоятельства
employee [,emploi'i] n служащий; рабочий; работающий по найму
empower [im'paua] v давать право, возможность
encourage [in'kAridj] v поощрять
enterprising ['entapraizirjj а предприимчивый
ethical ['eGikal] а нравственный, этичный
expenditure [iks'penditfe] n расходы, затраты
expense [iks'pens] n расходы, издержки; at the - of за счет
extraordinary [iks'tro:dnri] а необычный, чрезвычайный
F
fee [fi:] n вознаграждение, гонорар; взнос, сбор
forecast ['fo:ka:st] n прогноз, предсказание
funds [fandz] n средства, фонды (iденежные)
G
gain [gein] v получать, приобретать, добиться
H
handle ['haendl] v управлять; иметь дело с holder ['hauIda] n владелец; credit card владелец кредитной карточки
I
income ['тклт] я доход
insurance [in'Juarans] n страхование
interest ['intrist] n процент
intranet [in'traenat] n внутренняя связь
inventory ['inventri] n инвентаризация; наличные товары (запасы)
investment [investment] n капиталовложение, инвестиция, вклад invest v вкладывать, делать инвестиции
issue ['iJuiH'isju] v выпускать в обращение
К
key [ki:] v нажимать кнопку; ~in набирать
L
limit [limit] п credit предельный размер кредита
loan [laun] п заем, ссуда
logistics [lau'djistiks] п логистика
М
maintain [mein'tein] v сохранять, поддерживать
manage ['maenicfc] vуправлять, руководить; money управлять деньгами, управлять финансами
market ['ma:kit] п рынок, сбыт, продажа
marketing [#ma:kitir\] п торговля; предметы торговли; сбыт, продажа
memo ['mi:meu] п меморандум; служебная записка, памятная записка
N
network ['network] n сеть number ['плтЬэ] n personal identification идентификационный номер
О
order ['orde] n заказ; распоряжение
overheads [,euve'hedz] n накладные расходы
P
pace [peis] n скорость, темп package ['paekidj] n пакет; of services пакет услуг
payment ['peiment] n оплата, платежи, выплата
personnel [,pe:se'nel] n персонал, кадры
price [prais] n цена; retail розничная цена; wholesale оптовая цена
productivity [,prodAk'tiviti] n производительность
proficient [pre'fifent] а опытный, умелый
profit ['profit] n прибыль, доход
promotion [ргэ'тэи/эп] n содействие в продаже; продвижение, повышение в должности
prosper ['prospe] v преуспевать
purchase ['parses] n покупка; v покупать
R
raise [reiz] v поднимать; n повышение
relief [ri'lirf] n помощь; пособие; скидки (с налога)
respond [ris'pond] v отвечать, реагировать
retrieve [ri'trirv] v отыскать (информацию); вернуть, восстановить
return [ri'tern] п возврат оборота, прибыль; tax налоговая декларация
S
salary ['saelari] п зарплата (служащему)
sales [seilz] п продажа, реализация, сбыт; representative агент по продаже; target намеченная цифра; цель; количество продаж salesman п коммивояжер save [seiv] v экономить, сберегать saving п экономия savings п сбережения seller ['sela] п продавец share [Jea] п доля, часть; участие; акция; market долевое участие на рынке в процентах specialty ['spejalti] п особенность, отличительная черта, отличие (специализация)
staff [starf] п состав (служащих); штат, персонал
state [steit] v заявлять, сообщать storage ['storricfc] п хранение; склад
streamline ['strirmlain] v ускорять, модернизировать
subsidiary [sab'sidjari] п филиал; дочерняя подконтрольная компания
supply [sa'plai] п снабжение, поставка; and demand спрос и предложение
supplier [sa'plaia] п поставщик
Т
teller ['tela] п кассир, счетчик; ~ machine банкомат tense [tens] а напряженный thrive [Graiv] (throve, thriven) v процветать, преуспевать totality [teu'taeliti] n все количество, вся сумма целиком
tradeoff ['treidef] n сравнительная оценка; принятие компромиссных решений
transaction [traen'zaekjen] п дело, сделка, операция (торговая, банковская)
turnover ['te:n,euve] п оборот, товарооборот
U
unit ['ju:nit] п единица; of account расчетная денежная единица
V
value f'vaelju:] п стоимость, цена
vital [Vaitl] я жизненно важный, крайне необходимый
W
wages ['weicfcoz] п заработная плата (рабочих)
warehouse ['weehaus] п склад; v помещать на склад, хранить на складе
warehousing п складское хозяйство, складирование withdraw [wift'dro:] v изымать из банкомата; забирать деньги из банка
Y
yield [ji:ld] п процентный доход
ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ ДЛЯ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ «ЮРИСПРУДЕНЦИЯ»
Text 1
Что Вы понимаете под словом «закон»? Прочитайте и переведите текст.
What Is Law?
The word «law» refers to limits upon various forms of behaviour. In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws, laws which prescribe how people ought to behave. For example, the speed limits are laws that prescribe how fast drivers should drive. Some of such laws are customs, that is, informal rules of social and moral behaviour. And some of them are precise laws made by individual nations, governments and enforced against all citizens within their power.
The purpose of government-made laws is social control (without laws there would be anarchy in society) and the implementation of justice. Sometimes laws are simply an attempt to implement common sense. It is obvious to most people that dangerous driving should be punished. But in order to be enforced, common sense needs to be defined in law.
The laws made by the government of one country are often very different from the laws of another country. But the law today is, to a large extent, a complex of different and relatively independent national systems. Despite major revisions over the centuries, the legal system of England and Wales is one of the oldest still operating in the modern world. English law has directly influenced the law of former British colonies such as Australia, India, Canada and the nation where law plays a bigger part in everyday life than anywhere else, the United States. In addition, although the legal systems of Western Europe and Japan come from rather different traditions, there are enough similarities in principle and institution.
Each country in the world, even each state of the United States, has its own system of law. But it should be said that there are two main traditions of law in the world. One is based on English Common Law, and has been adopted by many Commonwealth countries and most of the United States. The other tradition, sometimes known as Continental, or Roman law, has developed in most of
continental Europe, Latin America and Africa which have been strongly influenced by Europe. Continental law has also influenced Japan's legal system. In these countries Continental systems have resulted from attempts by governments to produce a set of precise, detailed codes to govern every legal aspect of a citizen's life.
Text 2
Какие слова и термины из области правопорядка и преступлений Вы знаете? Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Law, Order, Crime
When somebody breaks the law and does something against the law the police must investigate who is responsible for a crime. If they find the person who committed the crime, they arrest him or her. At the police station the person is questioned and charged with the crime. He must then be sent to court for trial.
The person charged with the crime is now called the defendant or accused. In court, he must try to prove that he is innocent. The jury listens to all the evidence for and against the defendant and then makes their decision.
If the jury decides that the defendant is guilty, the judge will give the sentence. For example, if a person is convicted of murder, the sentence will be many years in prison. The person then becomes a prisoner and the place he lives in is called a cell. For minor offences (that is, crime that is not serious, e.g. illegal parking), the punishment is usually a fine. To fight crime the courts now give tougher punishments for crimes committed than in the past (e.g. bigger fines or longer prison sentences). There is capital punishment (death by electric chair or hanging) for some crimes. If a person convicted of a crime is put on probation, instead of punishment, he must behave well for a period of 1-3 years. If he is convicted of another crime while on probation, he will also be punished for the original crime. Suspended sentence1 is a prison sentence of less than two years which does not take effect unless the convicted person commits another crime during the period specified by the court. Corporal punishment consists of causing a person to physical pain, e.g. by whipping. A community service order2 is a court order to a person convicted of a crime to do a certain number of hours of work without pay in the local community instead of another form of punishment.
Common offences like theft, robbery, burglary, shoplifting; more serious offences such as murder, manslaughter and rape, crimes against public morals, pollution and traffic offences are aris
ing every day in the courts. Thief, robber, burglar, shoplifter, murderer, rapist are criminals.
People who defend criminals and present evidence are called barristers (lawyers) or attorneys (in Am Eng).
Notes to the Text
1. Suspended sentence — отсрочка исполнения приговора или наказания
2. community service order — направление на общественные работы
Упражнение 1. Поставьте следующие события в правильной последовательности.
1. You are convicted of an offence.
2. You are sentenced to punishment for an offence.
3. You are tried for an offence.
4. You are suspected of an offence.
5. You plead guilty or not guilty to an offence at the trial.
6. You are arrested for an offence.
7. You are accused of an offence (You are charged with an of-
fence).
Унражнение 2. Заполните пропуски.
1. The... must decide if the accused is innocent or... 2. The police were sure the man was a..., but it would be difficult to... it in court. 3. Two months later the defendant was sent to court for... 4. If the accused is convicted of rape, the... may be at least ten years in... 5.... defend people and present... 6. If you park your car illegally, you will have to pay a... 7. In Britain it is... the law to drive a motor vehicle without insurance. 8. Fortunately, it was only a minor... and we were not taken to the police station. 9. The... sentences people. 10. I have never... the law and... a crime. 11. Police are allowed to stop anyone in the street and... them.
В |
Упражнение 3. Подберите к словам и словосочетаниям в колонке А соответствующие по значению из колонки В.
A
|
1. wrong
2. ask questions
3. commit a crime
4. arrest
5. evidence
a. punishment
b. provide facts
c. kill someone by intention
d. question
e. investigate
6. sentence
7. theft
8. rob
9. burgle
10. steal
11. shoplift
12. murder
13. manslaughter
14. capital punishment
15. try to find out what happened
16. prove
f. kill someone by accident
g. break into a shop / house
h. take to the police station
i. steal from a shop when open j. steal from people or places k. break the law
1. illegal, against the law m. information about the crime n. stealing o.take
p. death sentence
|
Упражнение 4. Заполните пропуски.
1. We think the driver of a BMW will be charged with... because he did not mean to kill the boy. 2. Did he kill his partner? Yes, he has been charged with... 3. He took the money from women's bags. He has been charged with... 4. She stole things from a supermarket, so she will be charged with... 5. Two boys have been charged with... because they broke into a shop in the middle of the night and took money.
Упражнение 5. Замените выделенные слова и словосочетания близкими по значению словами или словосочетаниями.
1. If someone commits a crime, the police must try to find out what happened. 2. When the police find the persons responsible for the crime they take them to the police station and ask them a lot of questions. 3. To reach their decision, the jury must listen carefully to the information about the crime for and against the accused. 4. It was only a minor offence and a driver had to pay money. 5. If you do something wrong, then you commit a crime. 6. Death sentence is a comparatively rare event now. 7. What can government do to stop crime?
Упражнение б. Составьте словосочетания глаголов из колонки А и суще- ствительных из колонки В.
| А | В |
1. | make | a. the sentence |
2. | commit | b. of the crime |
3. | break | c. against the law |
4. | give | d. the law |
5. | listen to | e. decisions |
6. be charged f. the evidence
7. be convicted g. with the crime
8. do smth. h. a crime
Упражнение 7. Заполните пропуски антонимами.
guilty... lawful...
illegal... usual, common
minor... right
Упражнение 8. Заполните таблицу на словообразование.
Verb | Noun | Verb | Noun |
accuse • • • | conviction question | punish • • • sentence | • • • commitment • • • |
Упражнение 9. А. Назовите 20-25 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему «Law and order, crime».
В. Speak about:
1. Individual actions necessary to prevent a crime from happening (to stop a crime).
2. Capital punishment for some crimes.
3. Do you think people should be allowed to use a gun or knife in self-defence?
Text 3
Какие виды права вы знаете? Прочитайте и переведите текст.
The law is the whole body of laws considered collectively. There are many ways in which the law can be classified. It can be divided into common law, civil law, criminal law, constitutional law, substantive and procedural laws, etc.
By the words «common law» we mean law which is common to the whole country — national law in contrast to local law. Common law (in England) is unwritten law based on judicial decisions made by judges in previous cases (case law) in contrast to the law made by Parliament or other law-making body (statute law). It distinguishes the common law legal systems based on precedents from the civil law jurisdictions based on civil codes. Law of equity is the application of principles of justice outside common law or statute law, used to correct laws when these would apply unfairly in special circumstances.
A simple distinction between the criminal law (the foundation of which is the common law), and the civil law is that the latter regulates the relationships between individuals or bodies and the former regulates the legal relationships between the state and individual people and bodies. Examples of the civil law include breaches of contract (the law of contract), tort (literally meaning «wrong»), property or claims for damages for negligent conduct. Consider the following situation. You decide to buy a cellphone from a local shop. You pay the correct price and take the cellphone away. You have entered into a contract with the owner of the shop. After three days the cellphone fails to work. This is a common situation and usually the shopkeeper will replace the cellphone or return your money. If not, you may wish to take legal action to recover your loss. As the law of contract is part of the civil law the parties to the action will be you (an individual) and the owner of the shop (an individual person or body). Hence, the civil law is more concerned with apportioning losses than determining blame. Given that the defendant has damaged the victim's property, the question in the civil law is who should pay for that damage. If the victim is wholly innocent and the defendant even only little to blame, then the defendant should shoulder the liability.
Now let us look at some examples of the criminal law. This is the law by which the state regulates the conduct of its citizens. Criminal offences range from the petty (e.g. parking offences) to the very serious (e.g. murder). Look at the following situation. You are driving your car at 70 m.p.h. (112 kilometers per hour) in an area, which has a speed limit of 40 m.p.h. You are stopped by a police officer and subsequently a case is brought against you for dangerous driving. This is a criminal offence. The parties to the action will therefore be the state (in the form of prosecuting authority) and you (an individual).
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