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119. The Perfect Passive Participle, from which the Participial Stem is derived by dropping -us, is formed:—
1. By adding -tus (sometimes to the Present Stem, sometimes to the Verb Stem); as,—
| amā-re, | Participle | amā-tus. |
| dēlē-re, | " | dēlē-tus, |
| audī-re, | " | audī-tus, |
| leg-ere, | " | lēc-tus, |
| scrīb-ere, | " | scrīp-tus, |
| sentī-re, | " | sēn-sus (for sent-tus). |
| caed-ere, | " | cae-sus (for caed-tus). |
a. Note that g, before t, becomes c (see § 8, 5); b becomes p; while dt or tt becomes ss, which is then often simplified to s (§ 8, 2).
2. After the analogy of Participles like sēnsus and caesus, where -sus arises by phonetic change, -sus for -tus is added to other Verb Stems; as,—
| lāb-ī, | Participle | lāp-sus. |
| fīg-ere, | " | fī-xus. |
a. The same consonant changes occur in appending this ending -sus to the stem as in the case of the Perfect ending -si (see § 118, 3, a).
3. A few Verbs form the Participle in -ĭtus; as,—
| domā-re, | dom-ĭtus. |
| monē-re, | mon-ĭtus. |
4. The Future Active Participle is usually identical in its stem with the Perfect Passive Participle; as, amā-tus, amātūrus; moni-tus, monitūrus. But—
| juvā-re, | Perf. Partic. | jūtus, | has Fut. Act. Partic. | juvātūrus.[40] |
| lavā-re, | " | lautus, | " | lavātūrus. |
| par-ere, | " | partus, | " | paritūrus. |
| ru-ere, | " | rutus, | " | ruitūrus. |
| secă-re, | " | sectus, | " | secātūrus. |
| fru-ĭ, | " | frūctus, | " | fruitūrus. |
| mor-ī, | " | mortuus, | " | moritūrus. |
| orī-rī, | " | ortus, | " | oritūrus. |
LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTANT VERBS, WITH PRINCIPAL PARTS.
First (Ā-) Conjugation.
120. I. PERFECT IN -VĪ.
| amō | amāre | amāvī | amātus | love |
All regular verbs of the First Conjugation follow this model.
| pōtō | pōtāre | pōtāvī | pōtus (§ 114, 2) | drink |
II. PERFECT IN -UĪ.
| crepō | crepāre | crepuī | crepitūrus | rattle |
| cubō | cubāre | cubuī | cubitūrus | lie down |
| domō | domāre | domuī | domitus | tame |
| fricō | fricāre | fricuī | frictus and fricātus | rub |
| micō | micāre | micuī | —— | glitter |
| dīmicō | dīmicāre | dīmicāvī | dīmicātum (est)[41] | fight |
| ex-plicō | explicāre | explicāvī (-uī) | explicātus (-itus) | unfold |
| im-plicō | implicāre | implicāvī (-uī) | implicātus (-itus) | entwine |
| secō | secāre | secuī | sectus | cut |
| sonō | sonāre | sonuī | sonātūrus | sound |
| tonō | tonāre | tonuī | —— | thunder |
| vetō | vetāre | vetuī | vetitus | forbid |
III. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH LENGTHENING OF THE STEM VOWEL.
| juvō | juvāre | jūvī | jūtus | help |
| lavō | lavāre | lāvī | lautus | wash |
IV. PERFECT REDUPLICATED.
| stō | stāre | stetī | stātūrus |
V. DEPONENTS.
These are all regular, and follow mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum.
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| CHAPTER II.—Conjugation. | | | Second (Ē-) Conjugation. |