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43. 1. Nouns in -ō, -or, -ōs, -er, -ĕs are Masculine.
2. Nouns in -ās, -ēs, -is, -ys, -x, -s (preceded by a consonant); -dō, -gō (Genitive -inis); -iō (abstract and collective), -ūs (Genitive -ātis or -ūdis) are Feminine.
3. Nouns ending in -a, -e, -i, -y, -o, -l, -n, -t, -ar, -ur, -ŭs are Neuter.
Chief Exceptions to Gender in the Third Declension.
Exceptions to the Rule for Masculines.
1. Nouns in -ō.
a. Feminine: carō, flesh.
2. Nouns in -or.
a. Feminine: arbor, tree.
b. Neuter: aequor, sea; cor, heart; marmor, marble.
3. Nouns in -ōs.
a. Feminine: dōs, dowry.
b. Neuter: ōs (ōris), mouth.
4. Nouns in -er.
a. Feminine: linter, skiff.
b. Neuter: cadāver, corpse; iter, way; tūber, tumor; ūber, udder. Also botanical names in -er; as, acer, maple.
5. Nouns in -ĕs.
a. Feminine: seges, crop.
Exceptions to the Rule for Feminines.
1. Nouns in -ās.
a. Masculine: vās, bondsman.
b. Neuter: vās, vessel.
2. Nouns in -ēs.
a. Masculine: ariēs, ram; pariēs, wall; pēs, foot.
3. Nouns in -is.
a. Masculine: all nouns in -nis and -guis; as, amnis, river; īgnis, fire; pānis, bread; sanguis, blood; unguis, nail.
Also—
| axis, axle. collis, hill. fascis, bundle. lapis, stone. mēnsis, month. | piscis, fish. postis, post. pulvis, dust. orbis, circle. sentis, brier. |
4. Nouns in -x.
a. Masculine: apex, peak; cōdex, tree-trunk; grex, flock; imbrex, tile; pollex, thumb; vertex, summit; calix, cup.
5. Nouns in -s preceded by a consonant.
a. Masculine: dēns, tooth; fōns, fountain; mōns, mountain; pōns, bridge.
6. Nouns in -dō.
a. Masculine: cardō, hinge; ōrdō, order.
Exceptions to the Rule for Neuters.
1. Nouns in -l.
a. Masculine: sōl, sun; sāl, salt.
2. Nouns in -n.
a. Masculine: pecten, comb.
3. Nouns in -ur.
a. Masculine: vultur, vulture.
4. Nouns in -ŭs.
a. Masculine: lepus, hare.
Greek Nouns of the Third Declension.
47. The following are the chief peculiarities of these:—
1. The ending -ă in the Accusative Singular; as, aetheră, aether; Salamīnă, Salamis.
2. The ending -ĕs in the Nominative Plural; as, Phrygĕs, Phrygians.
3. The ending -ăs in the Accusative Plural; as, Phrygăs, Phrygians.
4. Proper names in -ās (Genitive -antis) have -ā in the Vocative Singular; as, Atlās (Atlantis), Vocative Atlā, Atlas.
5. Neuters in -ma (Genitive -matis) have -īs instead of -ibus in the Dative and Ablative Plural; as, poēmatīs, poems.
6. Orpheus, and other proper names ending in -eus, form the Vocative Singular in -eu (Orpheu, etc.). But in prose the other cases usually follow the second declension; as, Orpheī, Orpheō, etc.
7. Proper names in -ēs, like Periclēs, form the Genitive Singular sometimes in -is, sometimes in -ī, as, Periclis or Periclī.
8. Feminine proper names in -ō have -ūs in the Genitive, but -ō in the other oblique cases; as,—
| Nom. | Didō | Acc. | Didō |
| Gen. | Didūs | Voc. | Didō |
| Dat. | Didō | Abl. | Didō |
9. The regular Latin endings often occur in Greek nouns.
FOURTH DECLENSION.
Stems.
48. Nouns of the Fourth Declension end in -us Masculine, and -ū Neuter. They are declined as follows:—
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| III. Consonant-Stems that have partially adapted themselves to the Inflection of ĭ-Stems. | | | Nine Irregular Adjectives. |