If you want, answer these comprehension questions

Summary 4-10

Check homework: 1. Ты помнишь, как мы ели слоеные круассаны и пили горький кофе в том кафе за углом? Do you remember eating flaky croissants and drinking bitter coffee in that cafe around the corner?2.В этой столовой еда пресная и прогорклая, а хлеб черствый. Если пойдешь туда, не забудь взять лекарства. The food is bland and rancid in that cafeteria. If you go there, don’t forget to bring some medicine with you. 3. Если бы ты был голодным тогда, то заказал бы хрустящий салат, жирный картофель и сочную курицу. Но ты только пил воду. If you had been hungry then, you would have ordered some crunchy lettuce/salad, greasy potatoes and moist (juicy) chicken. But you only drank some water.4. Я больше люблю несладкие пироги. I prefer savoury pies.5.Для этого вкусного сливочного соуса вам нужно размешать ингредиенты, пока не исчезнут комочки. For this scrumptious creamy sauce you need to mix the ingredients until smooth. 6. Если бы молоко прокисло, я бы расстроился. If the milk went/had gone sour I'd become/would have become upset.7.Если бы ты вчера съел салат Цезарь, то сегодня бы был добрым и красивым. If you had eaten a Caesar salad yesterday, you would be kind and handsome today.

Read the text, translate (the text is rather difficult). When translating, try to use proper Russian phrases, don’t translate the text literally.

The Power of Touch

New words:

crowded /ˈkraʊdɪd/	переполненный, битком набитый (людьми)	evaluate/ɪˈvæljueɪt/	оценивать
commuterжитель пригорода, работающий в городе и ежедневно ездящий на работу поездом
broadcast /ˈbrɔːdˌkɑːst/	передавать, транслировать	seemingly	по-видимому, казалось бы
anxiously /ˈæŋkʃəsli/	беспокойно	request	просьба, требование
reassurance/ˌriːəˈʃʊərəns/	подбадривание, утешение	intimacy	близость
squeeze	сжимать	intimate /ˈɪntɪmət/	сердечный, близкий
release	отпускать, освобождать	limp	слабый, дряблый
squished (informal)	расплющенный, стиснутый	firm	крепкий
bump	толкать, ударять	grip	хватка
room	пространство, место	consequence /ˈkɒnsɪkwəns/	последствие
blindfolded	с завязанными глазами	perceive /pəˈsiːv/	воспринимать
apprehensive /ˌæprɪˈhensɪv/	настороженный, опасающийся ч-л	over-the-top	чрезмерныйа, перешедший границу
equipped /ɪˈkwɪpt/	вооруженный, наделенный	harassing	назойливый, причи-няющий беспокойство
enhance	усиливать, увеличивать, укреплять	creepy	мерзкий, странный, противный
signify /ˈsɪɡnɪfaɪ/	выражать, означать	threatening/ˈθretənɪŋ/	угрожающий, страшный
reduce	снижать	casual acquaintance/əˈkweɪntəns/	случайный знакомый
irritability/ˌɪrɪtəˈbɪləti/	раздражительность	stick to smth	придерживаться чего-то
vs. (versus)/ˈvɜːsəs/	по сравнению; против	backslap	хлопать по спине
brief	краткий	grief	горе, печаль
(in)significant	(не)значительный

You're in a crowded subway car (вагон) on a Tuesday morning, or perhaps on a city bus. Still-sleepy commuters are quiet, yet silently broadcast their thoughts.

A toddler looks anxiously at the other passengers. He turns to Mom for reassurance, reaching out a small hand. She quietly takes it, squeezes, and releases. He relaxes, smiles, turns away—then back to Mom. She takes his hand again: squeeze and release. A middle-aged woman, squished into a corner, bumps the young man beside. The message is clear; he instantly moves to make room.

Until recently, the idea that people can communicate emotions via touch seemed strange, even to researchers. But in 2009, they demonstrated that we are born with the ability to decode emotions via touch alone. In a series of studies, Hertenstein had volunteers attempt to communicate a list of emotions to a blindfolded stranger only through touch. Many participants were apprehensive about the experiment. "This is a touch-phobic society," he says. "We're not used to touching strangers, or even our friends." The results suggest that we come equipped with an ability to send and receive emotional signals only by touching.

The Language of Touch

e begin receiving these signals even before birth. No wonder then that touch plays a critical role in parent-child relationships from the start. A mother's touch enhances attachment between mother and child; it can signify security ("You're safe; I'm here") and, depending on the type of touch, it can generate positive or negative emotions. (Playing pat-a-cake (ладушки) makes children happy, while a sudden squeeze from Mom often signals a warning not to touchan object). Mom's touch even seems to reduce pain when infants are given a blood test. University of Miami School of Medicine's Tiffany Field, director of the Touch Research Institute, has linked touch, in the form of massage, to a number of benefits, including better sleep, reduced irritability, and increased sociability among infants.

Warm climates tend to produce cultures that are more liberal about touching than colder regions (think Greeks vs. Germans). Atheists touch more than religious types, "probably because religions often teach that some kinds of touch are inappropriate or sinful.

Even brief contact with a stranger can have a significant effect. In research done back in 1976, clerks at a university library returned library cards to students either with or without briefly touching the student's hand. Student interviews showed that those who'd been touched evaluated the clerk and the library more positively. The effect held even when students hadn't noticed the touch.

More recent studies have found that seemingly insignificant touches result in bigger tips for waitresses, that people shop and buy more if they're touched, and that strangers are more likely to help someone if a touch follows the request. It’s a brief reminder that we are social animals. Lots of times in these studies people don't even remember being touched. They just feel there's a connection, they feel that they like that person more. It may be because when you stimulate the pressure receptors in the skin, you lower stress hormones. At the same time, warm touch stimulates release of the "cuddle hormone," oxytocin, which enhances a sense of trust and attachment.

The Laws of Social Contact

The most important things we show through touch: probably our degree of dominance and our degree of intimacy. Take, for example, the handshake, one of the few situations in which it's OK to make long contact with a stranger. It's an important opportunity for sending a message about yourself. A limp handshake signifies uncertainty, low enthusiasm, introversion, while a firm grip can be taken as a sign that you're trying to dominate. You want to have a firm but not bone-crushing handshake, since it's better to be perceived as overly warm than as a cold fish. We like people to have a kind of medium-high level of warmth. A person who touches a lot says, 'I'm a friendly, intimate person.' More touch-oriented doctors, teachers, and managers get higher ratings.

Still, outside of close relationships, the consequences of sending the wrong message also increase. Touchy people are taking some risk that they might be perceived as being over-the-top or harassing, Physical contact can be creepy; it can be threatening. " Context matters, which is why we have rules about whom we can touch, where, and when. Generally, from the shoulder down to the hand are the only acceptable areas for touch," at least between casual acquaintances. The back is very low in nerve endings, so that's OK too.

Really, the only rule that guarantees communicating by touch won't get you into trouble is this: Don't do it. Fortunately, there are slightly less strict rules for touch: Outside of your closest relationships, stick to the safe zones of shoulders and arms (handshakes, high fives, backslaps), and in the office, it's always better for a subordinate, rather than a superior or manager, to initiate.

But remember that there are times—during intense grief or fear, but also in ecstatic moments of joy or love—when only the language of touch can fully express what we feel.

If you want, answer these comprehension questions

What did the mother do when her child was anxious?

What did the scientists demonstrate in 2009?

How did the participants of the experiment feel? Why?

What does a mother’s touch do for a child?

What happened when the clerks in the library briefly touched the students’ hands?

What else do the seemingly insignificant touches result in?

What is the most important things we show through touch?

What does a limp handshake / a firm grip signify?

How might touchy people be perceived?

What are the rules for communicating by touch?

Дата добавления: 2015-10-30