XI. Put as many questions as possible to the text and be ready to answer them.

XII. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:

1. Imagine that you are a teacher of biology. The subject of your lesson is molecules. Explain the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

2. Imagine that you are the Dean of the biological faculty. Tomorrow you are to speak to the first-year students. What will you tell them? What will you wish your future students?

3. Imagine that you are working at a biological laboratory. Suddenly the door opens and s man comes in. “It’s a chemical laboratory, isn’t it?”, he asks. Tell him about your laboratory and its peculiarities.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Use the necessary form of the indefinite article (a or an):

___ academy, ___ album, ___ bright album, ___ actor, ____ great actress, ___ arch, ___ marble arch, ___ chance, ___ unlucky chance, ___ dove, ___ ear, ___ elf, ___ tiny elf, ___ horse, ___ hour, ___ long hour, ___ institute, ___ lemon, ___ mill, ___ university, ___ opera, ___ Italian opera, ___ owl, ___ paper, ___ rabbit, ___ quarter, ___ train, ___ wing, ___ voyage, ___ year, ___ example, ___ good example.

II. Insert the right article:

1. Maxim left ___ Ritz Hotel after their dinner at ___ Annabel’s and walked home crossing ___ Picadilly and heading through ___ Half Moon Street into ___ Mayfair. 2. ___ Easter Island in ___ Pacific Ocean was discovered in 1722. It is one of ___ most mysterious spots on ___ earth. 3. I flew to ___ UK on the Concorde. I had hardly had a chance to eat a snack, relax and read my book when we were landing at ___ Heathrow. 4. ___ Gulf Stream is a warm ocean current which flows from ___ Gulf of Mexico, along ___ south-east coast of ___ United States, and north-eastwards in ___ Atlantic Ocean. 5. The waters of ___ Seine trembled in the hazy sunshine. 6. In the vicinity of the house were ___ Rodin Museum, ___ French Academy, and ___ Hotel des Invalides, housing ___ tomb of Napoleon I. 7. George had planned ___ cruise to ___ Greek islands as ___ surprise for his family. They would be sailing around ___ Aegean Sea for about a fortnight. 8. The two young women had attended ___ Sorbonne at the same time. Their fathers, as it turned out, had been at ___ Oxford University. 9. The highest peak in ___ North America is ___ Mount McKinley. 10. ___ Monterey Peninsula juts out into ___ Pacific Ocean halfway up ___ California coast. 11. The travellers saw an oasis in ___ Gobi, but it was a mirage. 12. If you want to see ___ Lake Victoria and ___ Mount Kilimanjaro, go to ___ Kenya. 13. There is a project to turn ___ Baikal area into ___ Russian Alps.

III. Insert the right article paying attention to proper names:

1. The hunters got lost in ___ Rocky Mountains. 2. ___ Buckingham Palace, ___ Trafalgar Square, ___ Houses of Parliament, ___ Tower of London, ___ Tower Bridge, ___ National Gallery are the usual sights in ___ English capital. 3. The six island countries of ___ West Indies are ___ Bahamas, ___ Barbados, ___ Cuba, ___ Dominican Republic, ___ Haiti and ___ Jamaica. 4. In the mornings she used to read ___ “Vogue” and he usually read ___ “Mirror”. 5. ___ Berlin she had been born in, and where she had grown up, no longer existed. 6. ___ Low Countries include ___ Netherlands, ___ Belgium, and ___ Luxembourg. 7. ___ Colorado River flows through ___ Grand Canyon. 8. The names of the following streets have the definite article: ___ Mall, ___ Strand, ___ Wall Street, ___ Unter den Linden. 9. ___ England of the 21st century will be very different from ___ England of our days. 10. This producer got ___ Nika for this film. 11. Chaucer would have had difficulty in recognizing ___ London of Queen Elizabeth, just as Shakespeare would have been lost in ___ brick-and-stone London of D.R. Johnson, while Dickens, well as he knew ___ London, would have been bewildered by ___ steel and concrete London of today.

IV. Insert some or any where necessary:

1. My teacher lives ___ distance away from the school. 2. You should buy ___ new clothes for the New Year, I think. 3. Ruth still has ___ doubts about her marriage, but her boyfriend John hasn’t got any. 4. Mum was sure we had ___ honey left. At breakfast it turned out we didn’t have ___. 5. — Has there been ___ discussion of the project? — Yes, ___ people are against it, I’m sorry to say. 6. There must be ___ way to get in touch with them, but so far I haven’t found ___. 7. – Is there ___ reliable source of information you’ll use in your investigation, inspector? – I definitely have ___, though I am not going to reveal ___ to you, sir. 8. ___ people hate seafood. 9. Let’s talk about it ___ other time. 10. There aren’t ___ markets on Monday. 11. – There is ___ dust on the furniture. – Oh, I haven’t got ___ time for this. 12. – Do you speak ___ French? – No, but I speak ___ English.

V. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative:

1. People usually have some free time on weekends. 2. Some of my friends also teach English. 3. There is some snow in the streets. 4. Wait, I’ll make some coffee for us. 5. There’s some soup left. 6. I think I need some help. 7. She has some relatives in England. 8. Some people are so annoying! 9. We have some new contracts this year. 10. I can get you some bread when I go shopping.

VI. Use some -, any -, every -, no - + one / body / thing / where:

1. Never trust ___ with such manners. 2. Let me see if there is ___ we can do for you. 3. Is there ___ at home? 4. If ___ happens to the car, how shall I get to the country? 5. There should be ___ behind all this. 6. Barbara was a teacher from ___ near Newcastle. 7. Emily refuses to have ___ to do with Jim. 8. Shall I bring you ___ to drink? 9. Nobody can find out ___ about that man. 10. Yesterday we couldn’t find you ___. Where were you? 11. Hardly ___ knew how to respond to this. 12. Many people think that the bad weather has ___ to do with all the satellites in space. 13. You’re wrong. There’s ___ strange about the man. He is a decent chap. 14. — What’s the matter? – ___ is the matter. 15. We looked for a policeman, but there was ___ around. 16. – Do you have any clue to this? – ___ whatsoever. 17. I answered every single question. My opponent answered ___. 18. ___ of us understood the play. 19. Mind, I’m having ___ of that language here! 20. Don’t be so nosy! It’s ___ of your business. 21. ___ comes to those who hustle while he waits. 22. ___ should believe in ___. 23. Kindness, I’ve discovered, is ___. 24. Considering how dangerous ___ is, ___ is really very frightening.

VII. Use one or ones instead of the nouns in italics where possible:

1. These oranges are tired. Have you got fresher oranges? 2. These gloves are a bit tight. Can you show bigger gloves? 3. This shirt is too bright. I need a darker shirt. 4. I looked through the files and took the file which I hadn’t seen before. 5. I have had enough ice cream. Give me no more ice cream. 6. – Which case is Fred’s? – The case with a tag. 7. The difference between a good doctor and a bad doctor lies in his competence. 8. This advice is more useful than the advice you gave me last week. 9. The new manager is much more competent than the manager we had last year. 10. Today’s news is much more encouraging than the news we got yesterday. 11. I’ve lost my purse. I’m going to buy a new purse one of these days. 12. The weather this week is no better than the weather we had last week.

VIII. Translate the sentences, mind the verbs in the Continuous Tenses:

1. Ann is in the laboratory and she will be staying there for another hour. 2. The professor was asking many additional questions during the exam. 3. The number of new equipment in university laboratories is growing from year to year. 4. We were performing the experiment from early in the morning till 6 p.m. 5. They are discussing experimental data right now. 6. The students will be working in the laboratory at 3 p.m. tomorrow.7. I will be sleeping at 11 a.m. tomorrow. 8. The lab assistant was teaching students to use the new equipment for two hours.

Test your grammar:

1. Look here! I simply refuse to believe what you _____ me now.

a) tell

b) are telling

c) have told

d) has told

2. A strong wind _____ and I decided to put on a warm coat.

a) is blowing

b) has been blowing

c) was blowing

d) had been blowing

3. Her family _____ from town to town ever since she can remember.

a) moves

b) is moving

c) has moved

d) has been moving

4. Robert didn’t answer the phone when Mary called. He _____ a shower and didn’t hear the phone ring.

a) is taking

b) was taking

c) had been taking

d) have been taking

5. _____ British drive on the left-hand side in their country.

a) –

b) a

c) an

d) the

6. _____ Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean on _____ Earth.

a) –, the

b) a, an

c) the, –

d) the, the

7. Do you speak _____ foreign language?

a) any

b) some

c) anything

d) something

8. The museum is free. It doesn’t cost _____ to go in.

a) somewhere

b) nothing

c) anything

d) something

9. _____ can answer this question. It is very simple.

a) anyone

b) someone

c) no one

d) nowhere

10. David’s house is full of books. There are books _____.

a) somewhere

b) everywhere

c) nowhere

d) something

UNIT 4. CHEMICALS OF LIFE

Wordbuilding: Suffixes -ly; -ment Grammar: I. Numerals II. Adverbs. Degrees of comparison III. The Perfect Tenses (Active Voice) Text A: Enzymes Text B: Vitamins and Minerals

WORDBUILDING

adj bad – badly

n + -ly = adv friend – friendly

num first – firstly

I. Make adverbs from the following words and translate them into Ukrainian:

bad, second, part, quick, strong, short, silent, rapid, wide, extreme, cruel, kind, happy, active, direct, easy, final, natural, normal, slow, serious, usual, sudden, love, day, hour, month, week, name, slight, high, exact, regular, artificial, ready.

v + -ment = n to manage – management, to pay – payment

II. Make nouns from the following verbs with the help of suffix -ment and translate them into Ukrainian:

to develop, to achieve, to move, to arrange, to treat, to state, to improve, to agree, to equip, to govern, to require, to measure, to announce, to pave, to establish.

PRE-TEXT EXERCISES:

I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

condition

to carry out

temporary

to undergo

solution

to contribute

array

inheritable

total

excessive

sample

drug

agriculture

умова

виконувати

тимчасовий

піддаватися

розчин

сприяти

сукупність

спадковий

повний

надмірний

зразок

ліки

землеробство

self-replicate

enzyme

degree

tremendously

to facilitate

blood

disease

disorder

to cause

measurement

illness

tool

to prove

реплікуватися

фермент

ступінь

надзвичайно

полегшувати

кров

хвороба

хвороба

спричиняти

вимір

хвороба

інструмент

доводити

urease

controversial

to accept

to purify

exception

уреаза

спірний

приймати

очищати

виключення

to elucidate

discovery

pure

conclusion

to receive

пояснювати

відкриття

чистий

висновок

отримувати

II. Read the following biological terms. Translate them without a dictionary paying attention to the part of speech:

enzyme n, to stabilize v, substrate n, specificity n, aqueous adj, blood n, nerve n, erythrocyte n, technology n, agriculture n, to isolate v, idea n, mechanism n.

III. Read the text below using a dictionary where necessary:

Enzymes

There are two fundamental conditions for life. First, the organism must self-replicate; second, it must catalyze chemical reactions efficiently and selectively. The agents that carry out most of the catalysis in living organisms are proteins called enzymes. They are the most remarkable and highly specialized proteins that control body chemistry. Enzymes have extraordinary catalytic power, often far greater than that of synthetic or inorganic catalysts. The unique three-dimensional shape of an enzyme enables it to stabilize a temporary association between substrates, the molecules that will undergo the reaction. They have a high degree of specificity for their substrates; they accelerate chemical reactions tremendously, and they function in aqueous solutions under very mild conditions of temperature and pH. Few non-biological catalysts have all these properties.

Thousands of different kinds of enzymes are known, each catalyzing one or a few specific chemical reactions. When they facilitate particular chemical reactions, the enzymes in a cell determine the course of metabolism – the collection of all chemical reactions – in that cell. Different types of cells contain different sets of enzymes, and this difference contributes to structural and functional variations among cell types. The chemical reactions taking place within a red blood cell differ from those that occur within a nerve cell, in part because the cytoplasm and membranes of red blood cells and nerve cells contain different arrays of enzymes.

The study of enzymes has immense

practical importance. In some diseases, especially inheritable genetic disorders, there may be a deficiency or even a total absence of one or more enzymes. Other disease conditions may be caused by excessive activity of an enzyme. Measurements of the activities of enzymes in blood plasma, erythrocytes, or tissue samples are important in diagnosing certain illnesses. Many drugs act through interactions with enzymes. Enzymes are also important practical tools in chemical engineering, food technology and agriculture.

Much of the history of biochemistry is the history of enzyme research. That all enzymes are proteins was proved only in 1926 when the American biochemist James Sumner isolated an enzyme called urease in the form of pure crystals. He had collected enough of it to work on and only then he showed that this enzyme was definitely a protein. In the absence of other examples, this idea remained controversial for some time. Only in the 1930s Sumner’s conclusion was widely accepted and he received a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery.

Since the latter part of the twentieth century, thousands of enzymes have been purified, their structures elucidated, and their mechanisms explained. With the exception of a small group of catalytic RNA molecules, nowadays we know for sure that all enzymes are proteins.

Notes to the texts:

under … conditions – за … умови

Nobel Prize – Нобелівська премія

IV. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:

1. What are the two fundamental conditions for life? 2. What are enzymes? 3. What do enzymes control? 4. What are substrates? 5. What roles do substrates play? 6. What process do enzymes determine in a cell? Give its definition. 7. Why do the chemical reactions taking place within a red blood cell differ from those that occur within a nerve cell? 8. What practical significance does the study of enzymes have? 9. When and by whom was it proved that all enzymes are proteins? 10. What did James Sumner receive for his discovery?

Дата добавления: 2015-10-26