—, In Defence of Freedom: Speeches on Britain’s Relations with the World, 1976 – 1986 (Prometheus Books, 1987)
—, The Downing Street Years (HarperCollins, 1993)
—, The Path to Power (HarperCollins, 1995)
—, The Collected Speeches, edited by Robin Harris (Harper Collins, 1997)
—, Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World (HarperCollins, 2002)Thomas, Mr Speaker (Century, 1986)Thomson, Margaret Thatcher: The Woman Within (Allen Lane, 1989).R.Thorpe, Alec Douglas-Home (Sinclair-Stevenson, 1996)R. Timmerman, The Death Lobby (Fourth Estate, 1992)Timmins, The Five Giants: A Biography of the Welfare State (HarperCollins, 1995)Trethowan, Split Screen (Hamish Hamilton, 1984)Tugendhat, Making Sense of Europe (Viking, 1986)Tyler, Campaign! The Selling of the Prime Minister (Grafton Books, 1987)Urban, Diplomacy and Disillusion at the Court of Margaret Thatcher: An Insider’s View (Tauris, 1996)Veljanovski, Selling the State: Privatisation in Britain (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987)Verrier, The Road to Zimbabwe (Jonathan Cape, 1986)Walden, Lucky George: Memoirs of an Anti-Politician (Allen Lane, 1999)Walker, Staying Power (Bloomsbury, 1991)Walters, Britain’s Economic Renaissance: Mrs Thatcher’s Reforms (Oxford, 1986)
—, Sterling in Danger: The Economic Consequences of Pegged Exchange Rates (Fontana/IEA, 1990)Walters, Not Always With the Pack (Constable, 1989)Wapshott and George Brock, Thatcher (Macdonald, 1983)Warner, Monuments and Maidens: The Allegory of the Female Form (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985)Watkins, Brief Lives (Hamish Hamilton, 1982)
—, A Conservative Coup: The Fall of Margaret Thatcher (Duckworth, 1991, 1992)Webster, The National Health Service: A Political History (Oxford, 1998)Webster, Not a Man to Match Her: The Marketing of the Prime Minister (Women’s Press, 1990)Weinberger, Fighting for Peace: Seven Critical Years at the Pentagon (Michael Joseph, 1990)West, The Secret War for the Falklands (Warner Books, 1997)Westlake, Kinnock: The Biography (Little, Brown, 2001)Wheatcroft, The Strange Death of Tory England (Allen Lane, 2005)Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall: Britain in the Seventies (Michael Joseph/Channel 4, 1985)Whitelaw, The Whitelaw Memoirs (Aurum Press, 1989)Woodward, One Hundred Days:The Memoirs of the Falklands Battle Group Commander (HarperCollins, 1992)Worsthorne, Tricks of Memory (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1993)Wright, Spycatcher: The Candid Autobiography of a Senior Intelligence Officer (Viking, 1987)Wyatt, Confessions of an Optimist (Collins, 1985)
—, The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt, 3 Vols, (Macmillan, 1998, 1999, 2000)Yergan and Joseph Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights: The Battle Between Government and the Marketplace that is Remaking the Modern World (Touchstone, New York, 1998)York, Peter York’s Eighties (BBC, 1996)Young, One of Us: A Biography of Margaret Thatcher (Macmillan, 1989, 1991)
—, This Blessed Plot: Britain and Europe from Churchill to Blair (Macmillan, 1998)Young and Anne Sloman, The Thatcher Phenomenon (BBC, 1986) Lord Young, The Enterprise Years: A Businessman in the Cabinet (Headline, 1990). The use of titles in this index is not consistent. Most individuals are referred to by the name or title under which they are first mentioned, but some by that under which they are best known., Dean, Sir DonaldSmith InstituteNational Congress (ANC)policyYamamah deal, Richard, Salvador,YuriIrish Agreement (1985)Register, Leonard, Jeffreytrade, Sir Robert, Paddy, HumphreyPreservatives Ltd., Clement, James, Kenneth; as Environment Secretary; as Education Secretary; as Conservative party chairman, Princeof England, Anthony, Sir Terence, Menachem, Tim, President, Nora, Tonywall, Anthony, Aneurin, Zulfikar Ali, John; as Chief Secretary; as Leader of the House
‘Big Bang’, Maurice, Sir Douglas
‘Black Monday’
‘Black Wednesday’., Tony; Prime Minister., Anthony, NapoleonHerzegovina, Alfred, P.W., Coletteand n, LordCarpenter, John, Andrew, Edward, Willy, Leonidhotel bombingAerospace (BAe)Airports Authority (BAA)Airways (BA)Antarctic SurveyBroadcasting Corporation (BBC)GasLeyland (BL)Medical Association (BMA)Medical Journal (BMJ)National Oil Corporation (BNOC)Petroleum (BP)Rail (BR)ShipbuildersSteel Corporation (BSC)Telecom (BT), Leon; as Home Secretary; and Westland crisis; as European Commissioner, Samuel, Colm, Henry, Peter, GordonGardyne, JockGroupUniversity: (1979); (1980) (1981); (1984) (1985); (1986) (1987); (1988), Guy, Alastair, Barbara, George H.W., as Vice-President; as President; and Gulf War, George W.and n., Chief Mangosuthu, David, Sir Michael, R.A., RobinPlastics Ltd., James; as Prime Minister; and 1979 election, Davidfor Nuclear Disarmament (CND)punishment, Archbishop George, Mark, Robert, Peter; as Foreign Secretary,, Jimmy, Sir Michael, Barbara, NicolaeElectricity Generating Board (CEGB)Policy Review Staff (CPRS)for Policy Studies (CPS), Nevilletunnel, Paul, Eugenia, Prince of Wales, Earl of, Dick, Konstantin, ClaudeSupport Agency (CSA)of Englandof ScotlandCollege, Cambridge, Winstonservice, Alan, Kenneth, Peter, Bill, Michael, Lord, John, JohnAgricultural Policy (CAP)charge, see poll taxschoolsof British Industry (CBI)on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE), RobertParty: conferences: (1946) (1966); (1975); (1976); (1979); (1980) (1981) (1984) (1987) (1990) leadership contests: (1963); (1965); (1975) (1989); (1990); (1997); (2001)Political Centre (CPC)Research Department (CRD), Sir Frank, FrederickMendes, Nicanorhouse sales, Sir Percy, Cynthia, Julian, Sir John, Sir John, Muriel (MT’s sister)ExpressMailMirrorStarTelegraph, Tam, RobinpolicyGaulle, CharlesKlerk, F.W.la Billière, Peter, Edmund, Jacques, JudiXiaoping, Thomas, Princess of Wales, Charles, Michael, NormanHome, Sir Alec (also Home, Earl of)Cann, Edward, MichaelSmith, Iainpolicy, Sir Anthony, Duke of, Sir Michael, Nicholas, Dwight D.privatisation, EdwardI,II, MT andof Harwood, Lady, FredCommunity (EEC/EC); MT supports British membership; 1975 referendum; British budget contribution; Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); European Monetary System (EMS)/ Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM); Single European Act (SEA); European elections (1989), HaroldNews (London)Standard (London)controls, abolition of, Michael, Kingin the Citywar, MichaelTimesPress, S.E., Dr Garret, Michael; as Labour leader and n.supporters, Gerald, Henry, Frederick, Normanof Assisi, Saint, Lord, Hugh, Malcolm, Milton, David, Christophersummits: Tokyo 1979:; Ottawa 1981: Versailles 1982: Williamsburg 1983: Paris 1989:, Colonel Muammar, Thomas, George, General Leopoldo, IndiraJones, TristanBelgranoElections: (1945) (1950) (1951); (1955); (1959) (1964) (1966) (1970) (February 1974) (October 1974)(1979)107 – 112; (1983); (1987): (1992) (1997) (2001)Electric Company (GEC), Hans-Dietrich, Eddie, Duchess of Devonshirereunification, Sir Ian, Newtd’Estaing,Valery, Col. Richardwarming, Mikhail; relationship with MT, Raisa, Oleg, Joe, DianaCommunications Headquarters (GCHQ), Ian; MT’s PPS, JaneJournalLondon Council (GLC)PartyCommon, Andrei, Thewar (1991), John Selwyn, Henry Rider, William, Alexander, Lord; as Lord Chancellor, Ralph, Robin, Martin, Roy, Charles, Vaclav, Sir Michael, Friedrich, Denis; as Chancellor, Edward; Leader of the Opposition (1965 – 70); Prime Minister; Leader of the Opposition (1974 – 75); challenged by MT, Peter, Sir Nicholas, Michael; as Environment Secretary; as Defence Secretary; and Westland crisis; leadership challenge, Adolf, Dorothy, Quintin, (see Hailsham, Lord), Earl of (see Douglas-Home, Sir Alec)KongSmith, Patricia, John, Douglasof Lords, Michael, Professor Sir Michael, Elspeth, Sir Geoffrey; as Shadow Chancellor; as Chancellor of the Exchequer; as Foreign Secretary; relationship with MT,; and Europe; resignation, DavidGuo Feng, Cissie, Johnstrikes, Sir John, Douglas; as Home Secretary: as Foreign Secretary; in 1990 leadership contest, Marmaduke, Kingpolicy, Bernard; and WestlandLondon Education Authority (ILEA)of Economic Affairs (IEA)for the Study of Conflict (ISC)ratesMonetary Fund (IMF)Iraq warEmbassy siegeand n..National Liberation Army (INLA)Republican Army (IRA), Immanuel, General Wojciech, Peter, Patrick; as DHSS Secretary; as Environment Secretary, Roy; and SDP, Simon, Michael, Sir Keith; as Industry Secretary:, Marvin, Janos, Gerald, Kenneth, Dennis, William, Margaret, Denis, Edward, John F., Jomoand Grantham Girls’ School (KGGS), Ayatollah, Lord,Tom, Neil; as Leader of the Opposition, Jeane, Henry, Lord, Helmut, AlexeiAgreementParty, Freddie, Norman, Sue, Nigel; as Energy Secretary; as Chancellor of the Exchequer; relationship with MT; and ERM; resignation, Sir HenryCarré, John, JenniePemberton, RobinMarchant, Spencer, Peter, Harold, Sir TerencepartyDemocrats/SDP AlliancePeng, Lord, KenGeorge, Davidelectionsgovernmentbombingand n, Clifford, Ruud, Richard, JackTreaty, Alistair, Enid, Donald, Robert (‘Bud’), Mick, Ian, John, Frank, Samora, Donald, Iain, Harold, Niall, Norris, John; as Chancellor of the Exchequer; in 1990 leadership contest; as Prime Minister; relationship with MT, Nelson, Peter, MichaelServices Commission (MSC), Sir Walter, MichaelChurchill, Angus, Reginald, PatrickTerm Financial Strategy (MTFS), Robert, Sir Robert, Sir Anthony/MI6East, Ronald, John’ strikes (1974); (1984 – 85), Francois, JamesCommission, Marilyn, Hugh, John, Peter, Lord, Daniel Patrick, Hosni, Robert, Rupert, Len, Patricia, Hilda, Bishop AbelAssociation of Colliery Overmen, Deputies and Shotfirers (NACODS)Association for Freedom (NAFF)Coal Board (NCB)Enterprise Board (NEB)Freight Corporation (NFC)Health Service (NHS)Union of Mineworkers (NUM)Union of Teachers (NUT), Airey, Andrew, HoratioYork Post, Isaac, Tony, Prof Jurg, Joshua, Kwame, MontaguAmerican Free Trade Area (NAFTA)Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)IrelandSea oil, John; as Defence Secretary; in Falklands warpowerweaponsand n., Barack’Brien, Conor Cruise, TheSecrets Act, Laurence’Neill, ‘Tip’, CranleyUniversitypolls,Yuri, Dr DavidUniversityUniversity Conservative Association (OUCA), Rev. IanLiberation Organisation (PLO), Cecil; as Conservative party chairman, Matthew, Sir Anthony, Chris, Professor Alandam, Shimon, Terry, Richardsociety, John, Kim, Mervyn, Sir William, General AugustoCymru, Johntax, Georges, Michael, Carla, Charles, EnochCommission, James; as Employment Secretary; as Northern Ireland SecretaryEye, John, Francis; as Defence Secretary; as Foreign Secretary, Dan, ‘Sonny’, Adamreform, Sir Derek, Nancy, Ronald; relationship with MT.; and the Falklands; and Grenada; and the Cold WarStar, John, GordonMogg, William, John, Tim, Robin, David(see Zimbabwe), Gordon, Adam, Nicholas; as Environment Secretary, MalcolmApproach,The, Alfred (MT’s father); influence on MT, Beatrice (MT’s mother), WilliamRoyce, Jean, Franklin D., N.M., VictorMailSocietyUlster Constabulary (RUC), Robert, Richardand SaatchiHussein, Andrei, Eleena, BobbyArabia, Arthur, Helmut, Gen, NormanInquiryNational Party (SNP), Brent, John, Raymond, Arthur, Yitzhak, Alfred, Edward, GeorgeFein, DenisTVGazette, Adam, Geoffrey, Ian, ChristopherDemocratic and Labour Party (SDLP)Democratic Party (SDP)policyTrends, AlexanderCollege, OxfordAfricaGeorgia, Josef, Davidstrike (1980), Daniel (MT’s grandfather), Phoebe (MT’s grandmother)Stonesexchange rate, Norman St John, Miriam, Kenneth, JohnDefence Initiative (SDI), Norman, GeneralExpressMirrorTelegraphTimes, ‘Lord’ David, Oliver, Margaret, Norman; as Employment Secretary; as Conservative party chairman, Carol (MT’s daughter), Denis (MT’s husband)…; influence on MT; death, Diane (daughter-in-law), Margaret (née Roberts): Early life: parents and childhood; influence of father; schools; chemistry; influence of WWII; at Oxford; Methodism; early political allegiance; intellectual formation; research chemist; candidate in Dartford; meets Denis Thatcher; wedding; early married life; motherhood; legal career; adopted for Finchley; elected to Parliament Early career (1964 – 75): backbench MP; introduces Public Bodies Bill; supports EEC entry; Pensions minister; retains Finchley; opposition spokesman; relations with Heath; Shadow Cabinet; CPC lecture; and the ‘permissive society’; and education; Education Secretary; ‘Milk Snatcher’; and comprehensive schools; role in Heath government; Shadow Environment Secretary; influence of Keith Joseph; in February 1974 election; challenges Heath; wins Tory leadership Leader of the Opposition (1975 – 79): Leader of the Opposition; and the Tory party; supported by Whitelaw; and EEC referendum; attacks Soviet Union; visits USA; and Ronald Reagan; economic policies; and unemployment; and trade union reform; and immigration; ‘housewife economics’; image; 1979 election campaign; elected Prime Minister Prime Minister (1979 – 1990): takes office; appoints Cabinet; and the Tory ‘wets’; style of government; importance of Whitelaw; relationship with Geoffrey Howe; and the civil service; private office; influence of Denis; sale of council houses; and trade union reform; economic policy; and NHS; and monetarism; and foreign policy; and the Cold War; and the EEC budget; and Zimbabwe; and Northern Ireland; unpopularity; and unemployment; and nationalised industries; privatisation; and the miners; and 1981 riots; Cabinet reshuffles; and the Falkland islands; and the Falklands war; housing; education; nuclear weapons; and CND; wins 1983 election; relationship with Nigel Lawson; opposes ERM; and popular capitalism; and poverty; and wealth creation; relationship with Reagan; and US invasion of Grenada; and bombing of Libya; relationship with Mikhail Gorbachev; and ‘Star Wars’; and the European Community; and the European Single Market; and Jacques Delors; and the Channel Tunnel; and Hong Kong; and South Africa; and the Middle East; and the arms trade; and GCHQ; and the miners’ strike; abolition of the GLC; attack on local government; and MI5; and the Church of England; and the universities; denied Oxford degree; and the BBC; and the press; arts policy; and IRA hunger strikes; and the Anglo – Irish Agreement; escapes Brighton bomb; in the House of Commons; use of honours; and the Queen; image; health; lack of friends; and the Westland crisis; and ‘Social Thatcherism’; and the poll tax; wins 1987 election; ‘no such thing as society’; Bruges speech; and the fall of Communism; opposes German reunification; and global warming; and the Gulf War; reluctance to retire; and Lawson’s resignation; agrees to join ERM; fall from power; and Heseltine’s challenge; consults Cabinet; resigns; backs Major; leaves office In retirement (1990 –): writes memoirs; and Yugoslavia; opposes Maastricht treaty; in 1992 election; criticizes Major; takes peerage; and Tony Blair; dementia; pays Mark’s debts; Statecraft; legacy, Mark (MT’s son); business activitiesFoundation, George, Harvey, Peter, Sir Crispin,The, Nicholas, MarshalunionsUnion Congress (TUC), Lord, Pierre, Harry S., AndrewDefence Regiment (UDR)Unionistsof Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)Nations (UN).States of America (USA)Added Tax (VAT), Cyrusder Post, Laurens, Janet, Queen, David, John, William, Brian, George, Martin, Peter; as Energy Secretary, Alan, Barbara, Gen.VernonCrimes BillPost, Sir Douglasprivatisation, Alan, Bernard, The, Caspar, Duke of, Harrycrisis, William; as deputy Prime Minister; as Home Secretary., Clive, John, Shirley, David, Harold, David’s Own, David, Richard, Admiral ‘Sandy’in Action, Squadron-Leader, Sir Oliver, PeterWoodrow, Boris, David, Sir George, Hugo, Janet, Jimmy& Rubicam, George
‘yuppies’Ziyangthe AuthorsCampbell is one of the country’s leading political biographers. His books include Lloyd George: The Goat in the Wilderness, Edward Heath (for which he was awarded the NCR Award) and If Love Were All… The Story of Frances Stevenson and David Lloyd George. His latest book is Pistols at Dawn: Two Hundred Years of Political Rivalry from Pitt and Fox to Blair and Brown. He lives in England.Freeman is Lecturer in History at California State University, Fullerton. He earned his Ph.D. in modern British history and serves on the staff of Finest Hour, the journal of the Churchill Centre to which he has contributed articles about ‘Churchill and the Invention of Iraq’, ‘Churchill and the Anglo-Irish Treaty’ and ‘Churchill & De Valera’. He is working on a book about Leo Amery and Imperial Preference.by the Penguin GroupGroup (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, U.S.A.Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto,, Canada M4P 2Y3 (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.)Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, EnglandIreland, 25 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd)Group (Australia), 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell,3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi – 110 017, IndiaGroup (NZ), 67 Apollo Drive, Rosedale, Auckland 0632,Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd)Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue,, Johannesburg 2196, South AfricaBooks Ltd, Registered Offices:
Strand, London WC2R 0RL, Englandpublished in Great Britain by Vintage,division of Random House Group Ltd. (UK) 2009in Penguin Books (USA) 2011edition copyright © John Campbell, 2009copyright © David Freeman, 2009rights reserved: 978-1-101-55866-9data availablescanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or via any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and punishable by law. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions, and do not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted materials. Your support of the author’s rights is appreciated.://us.penguingroup.com
The Thatchers had moved from Farnborough to Lamberhurst, near Tunbridge Wells, in 1965.
Mrs Thatcher herself frequently cooked late-night meals too, often insisting on running up a quick supper (lasagne or chicken Kiev from the freezer) for aides or MPs helping with a speech. ‘Don’t stop her cooking,’ Denis would tell them. ‘It’s her form of therapy.’40
It could work the other way, however. Ronnie Millar recalls one time when she dragged Denis away from a party, telling him, ‘If you want me to poach your egg, come now.’48 Right to the end, she made a point of getting back to Downing Street if she possibly could to cook his breakfast in the morning – even though she herself had only an apple and a vitamin pill.
The line derived from the title of Christopher Fry’s 1948 verse play, The Lady’s Not for Burning, which Mrs Thatcher may well have seen during her courtship with Denis.
In fact, Foot was not a pacifist at all. As an ardent young journalist he had been one of the authors of Guilty Men, the famous indictment of the Chamberlain Government’s unreadiness for war in 1939.
On 30 April 1980 six armed terrorists demanding autonomy for southern Iran seized the Iranian Embassy in Kensington, taking twenty hostages, including a police officer and two BBC journalists.Willie Whitelaw, as Home Secretary, was in charge of the six-day police operation to end the siege. But Mrs Thatcher took a close interest, making it clear that there should be no substantial negotiations and that the terrorists should not be allowed to get away with it. As soon as they started shooting hostages she approved Whitelaw’s decision to send in the SAS to storm the building – live on television, at teatime on Bank Holiday Monday – killing five of the terrorists and capturing the sixth. Afterwards she and Denis went in person to congratulate the assault team at their HQ in Regent’s Park.6
In fact it was much higher. It was revealed in 2002 that more Falklands veterans have taken their own lives since the end of the war than were killed during it.
Raymond Seitz, American Ambassador in London in the mid-1980s, accompanied numerous Senators and Congressmen to see her. ‘The visitor would start the conversation with something such as “Thank you for seeing me, Madam Prime Minister”… to which Mrs Thatcher would respond for about thirty minutes without drawing breath.’ She would finish with ‘one or two courtesy points about Ronnie’ before the visitor emerged dazed into Downing Street repeating, ‘What a woman! What a woman!’5
This was the first time anyone in Britain had seen a teleprompter – Reagan’s ‘sincerity machine’ – which enabled him to speak with unnatural fluency without looking down at his notes. Mrs Thatcher quickly adopted it for her own major speeches.
In Statecraft (2002) she did assert that Libya was ‘clearly behind’ the Lockerbie bombing.70
The censored words are presumably something like ‘to meet Mrs Thatcher’s view’. But then why censor them? One can only guess that they are less complimentary than that – something like ‘Mrs Thatcher’s obsession’.
‘Fleet Street’, of course, ceased to be located in Fleet Street during the 1980s, largely as a result of Rupert Murdoch’s removal of News International to Wapping in 1985, which was followed by practically all the rest of the national press. But the name is still useful, and it was still correct at the start of the decade.
Colette Bowe is the one leading participant in the Westland drama who has not yet published her account of these events; but she has placed it in a bank for ultimate disclosure.
Mrs Thatcher’s personal result in Finchley was very little changed from 1983:
Much of the material relating to Bush’s dealings with Chancellor Kohl has been declassified, however, confirming the accuracy of what appears in A World Transformed. Only a few disparaging remarks by Kohl about Mrs Thatcher are omitted.
The Americans were not even worried about helping Saddam acquire a nuclear capacity. In April 1989 Iraqi scientists attended an advanced thermonuclear seminar in Portland, Oregon.48
If her definition of ‘not letting Britain down’ was backing America in every eventuality, Blair did her proud in 2003 by aligning Britain unswervingly behind George W. Bush’s invasion of Iraq, in defiance of most of his party, public opinion and the United Nations. She herself at the height of her relationship with Ronald Reagan was never obedient to American leadership.
On the specific question of Iraq she wrote, ‘There will be no peace and security in the region until Saddam is toppled.’ She was hesitant about attacking him unless he could be shown to have been involved in the atrocities of 11 September. ‘But if he was, he must be made to pay the price.’62
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