- obligation, necessity from the speaker’s point of view:

concrete meaning	imperative meaning	suppositional meaning
MUST (present) - obligation, necessity from the speaker’s point of view: I think I must do it. Must I do it? Only in affirmative and interrogative sentences!!! absence of necessity from the speaker’s point of view – need I think you needn’t do it. (past) only in indirect speech! He said he must do it. She said he needn’t do it She needn’t have done it (an unnecessary action was carried out)	- prohibition You mustn’t do it. - Order, command You must do it, I tell you.	- strong probability He must be there He must be waiting for us He must have come already It cannot be used with the particle not! Probably, he is not there. He must have failed to come. He must have never come. Nobody must have come. He must be unwilling to do it. It may refer to the Present, Past, but not to the future! Probably, he will come.
TO HAVE TO (present) - obligation due to circumstances I have to do it. Do I have to do it? (past) I had to do it. Did I have to do it? I didn’t have to do it (мне не пришлось этого делать)
TO BE TO - arrangement We are to meet at 7 We were to meet at 7 Only on the present and past. When the plan wasn’t carried out, it is possible to use the Perfect infinitive We were to have met at 8. (unrealized plan) - possibility He is to be found there = He can be found there (only with the passive infinitive) - destiny He was to die in Africa Only in the past tense! It may be used in negative sentences.	- Order (resulting from some rules) You are to go there at once. - Prohibition (because of the rules) You are not to go there
OUGHT TO/ SHOULD - advisability, desirability You should go there You ought to go there - criticism You ought to have done it You should have done it You oughtn’t to have done it You shouldn’t have done it		- probability restrictions: 1 It never refers to the past 2 usually are used about lifeless things. The film should be good = must
CAN - ability, possibility I can read I can go there now I can do it Can you do it? He can’t do it (present tense) He could do it = He was able to do it (он мог) He was able to do it = He succeeded in doing it (он смог) unreal present: I could do it now, if I had time unreal past: I could have done it yesterday, if I had had time.	- request Can you do it? could is more polite - permission Can I do it? giving permission – You can do it - prohibition You can’t do it = mustn’t	Doubt - incredulity (in negative) - surprise (in interrogative) He can’t be there be going there have gone there have been going there for ah hour Doesn’t matter can or could
MAY - possibility (real) You may see him there every day = can In the past only in indirect speech: He said I might see him there. (unreal) You might have seen him there, if you had been there yesterday	- permission You may go = can - asking for permission May I go? = can - prohibition You may not go there = mustn’t / can’t Might is more polite. - Reproach. Only might is used! You might help me You might have helped me	- uncertainty He may be ill He may not be ill He may be reading now have come already have been doing this for a week
SHALL - promise She shall do it (I promise she will do it) The 2d and the 3d persons! - warning Do not sit there you shall catch a cold. - threat You shall be sorry about it! modality + future	- asking for instructions Shall I read? The 1^st and the 3d persons
WILL - volition I will do it, and I shall! = want to He always did what he would =wanted - refusal I won’t take this medicine He wouldn’t take this medicine - failure to perform a certain function (lifeless things) The door won’t open The pen wouldn’t write - repeated actions He would come there every day last year = used to come In autumn he will often sit near the fireplace and read a book.	- polite request Will you do it now? Do it now, will you? Won’t you do it now? (wouldn’t) If you will come to us, we will talk about it = would	- strong probability The reader will have guessed everything already = must This will (would) be the house we need.

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