Necessity, obligation from the speaker’s point of view

MUST

TO HAVE TO

NEED

TO BE TO

DARE

OUGHT TO / SHOULD

SHALL

WILL

CAN

MAY

Necessity, obligation from the speaker’s point of view Only in affirmative and interrogative sentences!!! I know I must do it. I knew I must do it. Must I do it? Necessity, obligation because of the circumstances I have to go there. Do you have to go there? I don’t have to go there. I had to go there. Did you have to go there? I didn’t have to go there.

Obligation or necessity imposed by circumstances He had to do it. Did he have to do it? He did not have to do it.

Necessity You needn’t be afraid of me. Need I repeat it?

A previously arranged plan or obligation resulting from the arrangement He is to come at 6. Is he to come at 6? He was to come at 6. He was to have come at 6. Only on the present and past. When the plan wasn’t carried out, it is possible to use the Perfect infinitive

Advisability / desirability / obligation We ought to / should go there now. We ought to / should be working now.

Absence of necessity from the speaker’s point of view – need I needn’t do it. You needn’t have done it. (напрасно, зря вы это сделали) - a waste of time (unnecessary action was carried out)

Absence of necessity due to circumstances (in negative sentences) You don’t have to go there as it’s very dangerous there.

Absence of necessity from the speaker’s point of view I think you needn’t go to the library now.

Prohibition I mustn’t do it.

Prohibition (because of the rules) You are not to do it at all!

Prohibition You can’t go there. = mustn’t

Prohibition You may not go there = mustn’t / can’t Might is more polite.

MUST

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Possibility (only with a passive infinitive) Every day he is to be found in the park.

Possibility due to circumstances I can do it = I am able to do it/ I could do such things when a child. (real past) = мог, сумел I could do it if I wanted right now. (unreal present) = мог бы I could have done it yesterday if I had wanted. Note: Смог: I managed to do it. Сумел: I was able to do it, Succeeded in doing it.

Possibility due to circumstances (real) (может, мог, мог бы) You may see him there every day = can In the past only in indirect speech: He said I might see him there. (unreal) You may find her there. He said hat you might find her there. You might find her there. (if you wanted; unreal present) You might have found her there if you had wanted. (unreal possibility in the past)

Order You must do it.

Order, instructions (resulting from some rules) You are to do it now!

Asking about instructions Shall I read? The 1^st and the 3^d persons

Permission Can I do it? giving permission – You can do it

Permission (запрещено, не можешь, нельзя) You may go = can asking for permission May I go? = can

MUST

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NEED

TO BE TO

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Supposition, implying strong probability (должно быть, наверное, наверняка) It cannot be used with the particle not! He must be ill. He must have fallen ill. He must be staying at home He must have been staying at home for a week already. It may refer to the Present, Past, but not to the future!

Supposition implying strong probability The film should be very good as it is starting first-class actors.

Supposition implying uncertainty (возможно, может быть) He may be there. He might be there. He may / might not be there. He may / might be (not) waiting. He may’ve come. He may / might have been waiting for us for an hour.

Probability = must This ought to / should be their hostel. 1. with the reference to the present only 2. mostly used to speak about inanimate objects

Strong probability This would / will be their house. = must The reader would / will have guessed everything already.

Emphatic advice You must stop worrying about your son.

Advice You ought to / should go there.

MUST

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Polite request Would / will you come to us tonight? = agree If you come to us tonight, we’ll / ‘d play. If you wouldn’t have come, we should have played. If you would come we should play. = will

Request Can / could you open the window? could is more polite

MUST can not be used with the particle “not” He must have never come. He must have failed to come. You must have misunderstood me.

Destiny / inevitability They were to become best friends. They were never to meet.

To have the courage or impertinence to do something How dare you say that!

Emotional should Why should I know it? How should I know?

MUST can’t refer to the future He is sure to come. He will probably / evidently come.

Criticism We ought to / should have done it. We oughtn’t to / shouldn’t have done it.

Promise The 2d and the 3d persons! You shall get your money.

Willingness He will / would go there. = want

Ability, capability I can do it Can you do it? He can’t do it (present tense) He could do it = He was able to do it (он мог) He was able to do it = He succeeded in doing it (он смог) unreal present: I could do it now, if I had time unreal past: I could have done it yesterday, if I had had time.

Disapproval or reproach (мог бы и) Only might is used! You might help me You might have helped me

TO HAVE TO

NEED

TO BE TO

DARE

OUGHT TO / SHOULD

SHALL

WILL

CAN

MAY

MUST

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Warning You shall catch a cold here!

Refusal I won’t / wouldn’t hear about it. - refuse

Uncertainty, doubt (surprise (in interrogative) – неужели; incredulity (in negative) – не может быть) Can it be true? Can he be waiting for us? It can’t / couldn’t be true. Note: Неужели он пришел – Can he have failed to come? Не может быть, что он не пришел – He can’t have failed to come. Doesn’t matter can or could

Threat You shall be sorry modality + future!

Failure to perform a certain function (lifeless things) The door won’t open The pen wouldn’t write

Improbability (emotionally coloured) It can’t be true.

Volition I will do it, and I shall! = want to He always did what he would =wanted

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Repeated action He would come there every day last year = used to come In autumn he will often sit near the fireplace and read a book.

I must be going / I must be off I must tell you that… I must say…

Had better…

What am I to do? What is to become of me? Where am I to go?

I dare say…

He/you ought to know it You ought to be ashamed of yourself

I can’t help doing… I can’t but do something… I can’t (couldn’t) possibly do…

May as well (might as well, might just as well) It might have been worse He might have been a… If I may say so…

Дата добавления: 2015-11-04