http://www.dugdale.homepage.t-online.de/4_Par3.htm

http://www.dugdale.homepage.t-online.de/4_Par3.htm

Participle Constructions in Detail

Type C: Constructions using the Perfect Participle

This type of participle construction is very similar to those you already know. Instead of the Present Participle, however, it uses the Perfect Participle, which is composed of the Present Participle of "to have" (having) and the perfect form (3rd form) of the verb.

Example:

[1:] Having [2:] stepped outside, my brother locks the door.

[1:] Present Participle of "to have" + [2:] Perfect form of the verb "to step"

The two actions described take place at different times: One action (locking the door) follows the other action (stepping outside). The participle construction is used to describe the action that takes place first.

The two different actions can have the same subject. Then the participle construction is formed in the way you see above. (Present Participle of "to have" and the perfect form of the verb.) If the two actions have different subjects, the participle construction is started by "with", followed by the subject and the participle construction itself.

Example:

[1:] With [2:] my car [3:] having broken down, I found myself stuck here.

[1:] With + [2:] Subject + [3:] Participle Construction (Present Participle of "to have" + Perfect form of the verb "to break")

Although there is a perfect form in the participle construction, this does not mean that the choice of tenses in the main clause is in any way affected – as with all participle constructions, the participle stays the same, no matter what tense you use in the main clause.

Examples:

a: Two unconnected main clauses:

The dog had bitten two children. -> It was put down.

b: Two main clauses formed into one sentence by a suitable connector:

Since the dog had bitten two children, it was put down. [Connector: cause]

c: Participle construction:

Having bitten two children, the dog was put down.

a: The TV set has broken down. <- I listen to the football on the radio.

b: As the TV set has broken down, I listen to the football on the radio. [Connector: cause]

c: With the TV set having broken down, I listen to the football on the radio.

a: The cigarette prices have gone up. <- People will smoke less in future.

b. The cigarette prices have gone up, therefore people will smoke less in future. [Connector: effect]

c: With the cigarette prices having gone up, people will smoke less in future.

a: Peter had loved his girlfriend very much. -> He was heartbroken when she left him.

b: As Peter had loved his girlfriend very much, he was heartbroken when she left him. [Connector: cause]

c: Having loved his girlfriend very much, Peter was heartbroken when she left him.

Here are some pairs of unconnected main clauses. First form one sentence out of them, using a suitable connector that makes clear in which way the ideas or actions are linked, then try a Perfect Participle construction:

1.) I have read the book. I write an essay on it.

2.) The gangster had been found guilty of horrible crimes. He was sentenced to life imprisonment.

3.) The scientist has checked his apparatus carefully. He will now start his experiment.

4.) Prince Charles has decided to live with Camilla Parker Bowles. His sons have to accept her.

5.) The computer had crashed yet again. Work in the bank ground to a halt.

6.) Everybody has returned from the holidays. The weather suddenly improves.

7.) Susan had eaten a wonderful dinner. She asked for a cup of coffee instead of the dessert.

8.) The home team had played well in the first half. The visitors gave up after half-time.

9.) Joe had not seen Susan for months. He was delighted to meet her at the cinema.

10.) The class have done a lot of work on participles. They will feel comfortable with them in future.

http://ocelot.nnz-home.net/english/index.php/grammar

The For-to-Infinitive construction

The For-to-Infinitive construction is a construction in which the Infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun in the Common case or to a pronoun in the objective case preceded by the preposition for.

He waited for me to speak.
Он ждал, когда я заговорю.

This construction can be used in all the five functions in the sentence.

· In the function of the Subject.

It is necessary for you to do it at once.

Like the Infinitive in the function of the Subject the construction usually stands after the predicate and the sentence is introduced by the introductory subject it.

Note: Still there are cases where the construction stands at the beginning of the sentence.

For the Russians to attack such a big group of the French was a very risky affair.
Для русских атаковать такой большой отряд французов было рискованно.

· In the function of a Predicate.

The plan was for him to join us in Switzerland.

· In the function of an Object after verbs and expressions which take an object with the preposition for - to wait, to ask, to be anxious, etc.

She asks for the documents to be brought.

She is anxious for her son to marry this girl.

· In the function of an Attribute.

The plan for him to join us in Switzerland was reasonable.

Note: Like the Infinitive used attributively, the Infinitive in this construction can also acquire modal meaning.

There was no man for her to marry there.
Там не было человека, за которого она могла бы выйти замуж.

One of the workers brought a rag for the dog to sleep on.
Один из рабочих принес кусок тряпки, чтобы собака могла спать на ней.

· In the function of the Adverbial Modifier.

· Of result after the adverbs: too, enough, sufficiently.

Molecules are too small for you to see with an eye.

· Of purpose.

The territory of the castle was usually very spacious for the peasants to hide in case of an enemy's attack.
Территория замка обычно была достаточно просторной, чтобы крестьяне могли укрыться в нем в случае вражеского нападения.

· In the function of part of Compound Verbal Modal Predicate with the verb to be.

Whether we shall go to Turkey is for you to decide.
Поедем ли мы в Турцию, решать тебе (должен решить ты).

The Gerundial Construction

Like any construction the Gerundial construction consists of two elements - the nominal and the verbal one expressed by the Gerund; the nominal element can be expressed in three ways:

· By a possessive pronoun.

It resulted in his being arrested.

· By a noun in the Possessive case.

I insist on our customer's being invited to this discussion.

· By a noun in the Common case.

Einstein being rewarded the Nobel price soon became widely known.
Вскоре стало широко известно, что Эйнштейн награжден Нобелевской премией.

I hate animals being treated cruelly.
Я ненавижу, когда с животными жестоко обращаются.

There are cases where the nominal element must be expressed by a noun in the common case:

· When the nominal element is expressed by two or more nouns.

I insist on Ivanov and Smirnov joining our group.

· When the nominal element has an attribute in postposition:

He insisted on all Russian prisoners of war being returned to their motherland.

· When the nominal element is expressed by a noun denoting a lifeless thing:

The captain insisted on the boat being unloaded at once.

· When the nominal element is expressed by a pronoun that is not possessive.

I hope I can reply on everything being done in a proper way.

The Objective Participial construction

The Objective Participial is a construction in which the predicate relations are between a noun in the Common case or a pronoun in the Objective case and the participle.

The Objective Participial is a construction in which the Participle is in predicate relations to a noun in the Common case or a pronoun in the Objective case.

This construction performs the function of a complex object in the sentence.

This construction can be used after the following categories of verbs:

· Verbs of sense perception - to see, to hear, to feel, to watch, to notice, etc.

I heard him discussing something animatedly in the next room.

I saw my mother admitted into the room.

· The verb to find.

They found the child crying bitterly in the nursery.

Scientists find the Egyptians well acquainted with the basic of mathematics and astronomy.
Ученые обнаруживают, что египтяне были хорошо знакомы с основами математики и астрономии.

· Verbs of mental activity - to consider, to suppose, to believe, etc.

With this category of verbs the Objective-with-the Infinitive is more common and the Objective Participial is mostly used either when the action is represented as a process or when the meaning is passive.

I consider him to be a first rate programmer.

I consider him degrading as an artist.

The specialists consider the manuscript written in the 15-th century.

· After the verbs to have and to get.

In this case the construction is used with Participle II only and it has a special meaning, - it shows that the action expressed by Participle II is performed not by person who is the subject of the sentence but by somebody else.

Yesterday I had my hair cut.

When the time of the action is not indicated the Present Simple and the Past Simple of the verb to have are somehow interchangeable.

The Present Perfect can occur here.

Ты уже сфотографировался на паспорт?
Have you had your picture taken for your passport?

When used in this construction the verb to have takes the auxiliary verb to do to form its negative forms.

We did not have our dog registered last month.

· After the verbs denoting wish - to want, to wish, to desire.

The Objective-with-the Infinitive is more common here and the Objective Participial is mostly used when the meaning is passive.

I want you to do it at once.

But: I want it done at once.

The Objective-with-the-Infinitive construction

The Objective-with-the-Infinitive construction is a construction in which the Infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun in the Common Case or to a pronoun in the Objective case.

I saw him cross the street.

It performs the function of a Complex Object in the sentence.

This construction can be used after the following categories of verbs:

· Verbs of sense perception - to see, to hear, to watch, to notice, to observe, etc.

It was considered a good omen if a warrior saw a raven follow him.

The bare Infinitive is used here.

Notes:

· The construction is not used after the verb to see used in the meaning of understand.

I saw that she did not understand the rule and explained it again.
Я видел, что она не поняла правила и объяснил его снова.

· The construction is not used after the verb to hear used in the meaning to be aware of something.

I hear that your brother has got married.
Я слышал, что твой брат женился.

· When the meaning is passive, Participle II in the Objective Participial construction is usually used.

I saw his camera broken by the policeman.

· Verbs of mental activity - to consider, to expect, to mean, to think, to believe, to presume, etc.

The Turkish garrison of Azov expected the Russians to return after their previous failure.

Note: After the verbs to consider, to find and..... (забыл) the verb to be can be omitted.

I consider him (to be) a first rate programmer.

I find him (to be) pretty.

· Verbs denoting wish - to want, to wish, to desire, would like, etc.

I want you to do it at once.

Note: When the meaning is passive, Participle II in the Objective Participial construction is usually used.

The captain wants the ship unloaded at once.

· Verbs of compulsion - to order, to make, to force, to compel, to cause in the meaning of заставлять, требовать, to bid (bade, bidden), etc.

Peter ordered a ship from Holland to be delivered to Archangel next summer.

· Verbs of allowance – to allow, to permit, to let, etc.

She allowed our luggage to be left at her place.

· Verbs of declarance - to declare, to announce, to proclaim, etc.

She declared him to be the most disobedient child in the world.

· Verbs expressing feelings and emotions - to like, to love, to dislike, to hate, cannot stand, etc.

I hate people to be late.

Note: (for whole construction): Russian sentences of type "Я люблю, когда мне дарят цветы", "Он хочет, чтобы ему подарили щенка" are translated into English without any construction by means of the Passive Infinitive:

I like to be presented with flowers.

He wants to be presented with a puppy.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-04