In the embryonic period
Up to 1 year old
In the age from 1 to 30 years
In the elderly age
During pregnancy
Patient’s blood was taken for analysis: 30% of red blood cells have an irregular shape. What do you call this condition?
Pathological poikilocytosis
Anisocytosis
Physiological poikilocytosis
Macrocytosis
Microcytosis
In peripheral blood smear can be seen a large cell with faintly basophilic cytoplasm and bean-shaped nucleus. This cell is the largest among visible in the field of view. What cell is it?
Monocyte
Macrophage
Plasmocyte
Medium lymphocyte
Small lymphocyte
In the peripheral blood smear among leukocytes predominate rounded cells with segmented nuclei. Fine granularity in their cytoplasm is stained both with acidic and basic dyes. What are these cells called?
Segmented neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Band neutrophils
Monocytes
One of the blood cell’s population was selectively stimulated during experiment. As a result the permeability of blood vessels was significantly increased. An edema of perivascular tissue and decreased coagulation of blood has appeared. What cells were stimulated?
Basophils
Erythrocytes
Thrombocytes
Eosinocytes
Lymphocytes
The cells are visible during examination of blood smear which make up 0,5 % from total number of leucocytes, have s-shaped nuclei, and basophilic granules in their cytoplasm. Give the name of these cells.
Basophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Histological examination of the bone marrow punctate revealed a significant decrease in the number of megakaryocytes. What changes in the peripheral blood can be found in this situation?
Reduction of thrombocytes
Increase in the number of leukocytes
Increase in the number of thrombocytes
Reduction of granulocytes
Reduction of leukocytes
A student was given two blood smears. On the first smear were visible erythrocytes without nuclei (discocytes), between which there were rare leukocytes. On the second smear could be found blood cells on different maturation level. What tissues were shown in these smears?
Blood and red human bone marrow
Blood and lymph
Frog’s blood and human blood
Blood smear and yellow bone marrow
Smear of yellow and red bone marrow
According to results of the study of blood stains at the crime scene forensic expert determined that it was a woman's blood. On what grounds did he do that?
Presence of nucleolar satellites in neutrophils
Presence of microcytes and macrocytes
Presence of poikilocytosis
Presence of specific granules in eosinophils.
By RBC amount.
The signs of inflammation: pain, redness, swelling (signs of immediate hypersensitivity) were developed around the scratches on the child’s skin. Which blood cells were responsible for these changes?
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
After complete blood count a doctor made a conclusion that the blood belonged to a woman. Structure of what blood cells could give a base for that conclusion?
Neutrophil leukocytes
Erythrocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Basophilic leucocytes
A doctor suggested that a child had a worm infestation. What changes in leukocytes can confirm the diagnosis?
Increased number of eosinophils
Increased platelet count
increased number of erythrocytes
Increased number of segmented neutrophils
Increased basophils
The leading role plays a histamine in the development of clinical signs of allergy. By which cells is it produced?
Tissue basophiles - mast cells
Т-lymphocytes
Macrophages
В-lymphocytes
Plasmocytes
B-lymphocytes were marked with the monoclonal antibodies during experiment and after that an antigen was injected to the laboratory animal. Which connective tissue cells will contain this mark?
Plasmocytes
Т-lymphocytes
Macrophages
Tissue basophiles
Fibroblasts
The athlete was diagnosed with a tendon rupture. Which type of connective tissue can be found in tendons?
Dense regular
Dense irregular
Loose
Reticular
Cartilaginous
Man’s skin suffers changes with aging. They may result in its elasticity decrease. Which connective tissue elements provide its elasticity best of all?
Collagen and elastic fibers
Ground substance
Epidermis cells
Connective tissue cells
Reticular fibers
An experimental animal was injected with a substance which disturbs the formation of collagen fibers. How can this affect the properties of a tendon?
Tensile strength will decrease
No changes at all
Elasticity will decrease
Tensile strength and elasticity will decrease
Tensile strength will increase, elasticity will decrease
The function of the injured Achilles tendon restored after treatment in a patient. In what ways did the regeneration of a tendon happen?
Collagen fibers synthesis
Hyaline cartilage synthesis
Adipose tissue formation
Fibrocartilage synthesis
Replacement of a rupture with a muscular tissue
A foreign body was embedded in the skin, which caused inflammation. Which connective tissue cells participate in the skin reaction to the foreign body?
Neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts
Macrophages
Melanocytes
Lipocytes
Adventitial cells
Poor blood circulation of an organ gives rise to the development of hypoxia which activates the fibroblasts function. The activation of fibroblasts will result in the increase in …
Extracellular matrix
Vessels of microcirculatory bed
Nerves
Parenchyma of an organ
Lymphatic vessels
After exposure to chromium compounds at the plant a woman got allergic dermatitis of both hands. Which skin cells mainly took part in the development of the disease?
Tissue basophiles
Plasma cells
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
A live vaccine was injected into a human’s body. Which connective tissue cells will increase their activity?
Plasmocytes and lymphocytes
Macrophages and fibroblasts
Pigmentocytes and pericytes
Adipocytes and adventitial cells
Fibroblasts and labrocytes
Wound lavage of a patient having acute tibial wound process was investigated. There appeared a number of cells having irregular elongated shape with a dense nucleus. Their basophilic cytoplasm contained lots of lysosomes, phagosomes, pinocytic vesicles. What kind of cells were they?
Connective tissue macrophages
Fibroblasts
Fibrocytes
Plasma cells
Tissue basophiles
A patient’s stem blood cells were damaged after radiation exposure. Which loose connective tissue cells restoration will be disturbed?
Macrophages
Pigment cells
Adipocytes
Pericytes
Fibroblasts
In the experiment a considerable quantity of red bone marrow stem cells were damaged. The regeneration of which cells of the loose connective tissue will be slowed down?
Macrophages
Fibroblasts
Pigment cells
Lipocytes
Pericytes
Inflammation is characterized by the widening of blood capillaries in the damaged area, decreasing of blood circulation, increasing of vascular wall permeability. Which cells play the main role in these processes?
Tissue basophiles
Fibroblasts
Plasma cells
Eosinophils
Macrophages
Connective tissue is formed by parallel bundles of collagen fibers separated by fibroblasts. This type of connective tissue is called:
Dense regular
Loose
Reticular
Dense irregular
Mucous
On a histologic slide of a loose connective tissue relatively large cells were found that were filled with basophilic metachromatic granules. Using methods of histochemistry it was revealed that the granules contained heparin and histamine. What kind of cells were they?
Tissue basophiles (mast cells).
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Plasma cells
Adipocytes
Neutrophils were found during examination of a connective tissue slide. Which function do these cells perform when they enter the tissues from blood?
Phagocytosis of microorganisms
Trophic
Supporting
Regulate smooth muscle cell contraction
Widen blood vessels
A small amount of specific antibodies was found in the blood of a patient with an infectious disease. The function of which connective tissue cells was depressed?
Plasma cells
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Labrocytes
In the loose connective tissue of salivary glands can be found oval average-sized cells that synthesize antibodies. A round nucleus is located eccentrically and contains chromatin which looks like a spoke wheel. How are these cells called?
Plasma cells
Adipocytes
Neutrophils
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Chronic inflammation of the gum ended in excessive growth of connective tissue fibers. Which cells took an active part in this process?
Fibroblasts
Osteoblasts
Fibrocytes
Macrophages
Osteoclasts
After mucous membrane biopsy of a patient with bronchial asthma a lot of cells were found that had numerous metachromatic granules. Name these cells.
Tissue basophiles
Macrophages
Plasma cells
Reticulocytes
Fibroblasts
When a wound is repaired there appears a connective-tissue scar in the area of tissue defect. Which cells participate in this process?
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Fibrocytes
Mast cells
Melanocytes
On the histological slide of a cartilage the isogenic groups of cells are visible. Which cells are the source in the formation of these groups?
Chondrocytes type I
Chondroblasts
Prechondroblasts
Chondrocytes type II
Chondrocytes type III
The cells on the slide are arranged separately and in isogenic groups but the fibers in the extracellular matrix are not visible. What kind of tissue is present on the slide?
Hyaline cartilage
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Fibrocartilage
Bone tissue
Clinical examination of the 70-year-old patient revealed an impairment of motor functions, which is associated with age-related changes in a hyaline cartilage. Which age changes caused limitation of movement in his joints?
Deposition of calcium salts in the extrarcellular matrix
Increasing in number of isogenic groups
Increasing in the number of cartilage cells
Thickening of perichondrium
Elevated hydrophily of a ground substance
There is a disorder of a process of cartilage regeneration due to damage of low differentiated cartilage cells in a patient with a severe trauma of the upper extremity. Which cells were damaged?
Cells of the inner layer of the perichondrium
Cells of the outer layer of the perichondrium
Cells which constitute isogenic groups
Zone of young cartilage cells
Cells from the blood vessels
Two slides are given to a student. The first one presents an elastic cartilage (stained by orcein), the second one presents a hyaline cartilage (stained by hematoxylin-eosin). What signs can help the student to tell the difference between them?
Presence of elastic fibers in the elastic cartilage
Presence of isogenous groups of cells
Presence of young cartilage zone
Presence of perichondrium
Presence of amorphous substance
Due to the chondrodysplasia (malformation of the cartilage) the fibrocartilage was damaged. Where is the fibrocartilage located in the body?
In the intervertebral discs
In the pinna of the ear
In the trachea
In the larynx
In the bronchi
In the connective tissue slide stained with hematoxylin-eosin isogenic groups of cells are visible. These groups are surrounded by basophilic ground substance. Fibers are not visible. What is the name of this type of connective tissue?
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Dense connective tissue proper
Loose connective tissue proper
Lamellar bone
Restoration of the articular cartilage of the mandible after injury is still unsolved problem of traumatic surgeons and dentists. What factor causes limited regeneration of the hyaline cartilage of the articular surfaces of bones?
Absence of perichondrium
Absence of isogenic cell groups
Presence of blood vessels
Significant mechanical stress
High content of inorganic compounds
Articular cartilages do not contain a perichondrium. What kind of growth is possible in these cartilages?
Interstitial
Appositional
Growth by overlapping
Apposition and interstitial
The growth is absent
On the biopsy slide of the larynx a tissue is visible which cells lie separately in the extracellular matrix, but also can form isogenic groups of cells. Collagen and elastic fibers are also present. What tissue is it?
Elastic cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Smooth muscle tissue
Bone
After the study of an X-ray radiograph of the 57-year-old patient a doctor paid attention to the local resorption of hard tissues of some bones. The increased activity of which cells can cause these changes?
Osteoclasts
Chondroblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Chondrocytes
A histological slide of the tubular bone fracture revealed signs of regenerative process (callus formation). What tissue generates this structure?
Woven bone
Loose connective tissue
Reticular tissue
Epithelial tissue
Lamellar bone
An ncreased ossification was found in the patient due to increase of the calcium content in the bone. The activity of which cells may lead to this state?
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Chondrocytes
Fibroblasts
Resorption of the bone (osteolysis) was found in the patient. Increased activity of which bone cells can cause the resorption of bone?
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Osteocytes and osteoblasts
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
During indirect osteogenesis of tubular bones a plate appears between epiphyseal and diaphyseal centers of ossification that provides lengthwise growth of bones. What is the name of this structure?
Epiphyseal plate
Bone cuff
Bone plate
Osteon
The layer of internal general plates
Osteogenesis can follow two possible ways of its development. What stage is absent in direct osteogenesis?
Formation of epiphyseal ossification center
Formation of osteogenic bud in the mesenchyme
Osteoid phase
Formation of reticular-fibrous bone
Replacement of woven bone by lamellar bone
As part of the cellular elements that form bone tissue, can be identified so called differon — histogenetic sequence of cells. Which cells are not part of it?
Osteoclasts
Mesenchymal stem cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteogenic stem cells
In the process of calcification of the intercellular substance of bone, hydroxyapatite crystals are deposited along the collagen fibers. This process requires the presence of alkaline phosphatase in the intercellular substance. Which cell produces the enzyme?
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Chondroblast
Chondrocyte
Large cells were found in the bone which contain numerous lysosomes, several nuclei, and ruffled border. What is the name of these cells?
Osteoclasts
Mesechymal cells
Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
The development of the osteoporosis in elderly people reflects excess weight loss of bone tissue. Activation of which bone cells causes the development of this disease?
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Macrophages
Tissue basophils
Osteocytes
On a histological slide can be found a tissue which contains cells lacking processes and having several dozens of nuclei. One of the surfaces of these cells has a ruffled border through which secretion of hydrolytic enzymes happens. What tissue is presented on the slide?
Bone
Cartilage tissue
Epithelial tissue
Nervous tissue
Muscle tissue
A patient presented to the hospital with a broken collarbone. What cells take part in the regeneration of the bone tissue?
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
Chondrocytes
Fibroblasts
There is a tissue on a histological slide. Its basic structural unit is a fiber. The fiber consists of a symplast and satellite cells that are covered by a common basal membrane. For what tissue is this structure typical?
Skeletal muscle tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue
Loose connective tissue
Reticular tissue
Destruction of thin miofillaments is visible during the study of striated muscle fiber after the exposure to hydrolytic enzymes. What structures were damaged?
Actin miofillaments
Tonofibrilles
Т-systems
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Myosin miofillaments
In the phase of myocardial contraction (systole) calcium ion concentration sharply increases in the sarcoplasm of cardiomyocytes. What structures are involved in the deposit of calcium ions?
Cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (S - systems)
Lysosomes
Ribosomes
Т-tubules
Nucleoli
A patient with lower limb muscle injury was examined at the hospital's first-aid center. Which cells take part in the reparative regeneration of muscle fibers and the muscle function recovery?
Myosatellites
Myoblasts
Myofibroblasts
Fibroblasts
Myoepithelial cells
A part of the heart muscle was damaged after a myocardial infarction. It was accompanied by massive death of the cardiomyocytes. What cells will provide the reparation of the myocardial defect?
Fibroblasts
Cardiomyocytes
Myosatellites
Epitheliocytes
Smooth myocytes
In the study of striated muscle fiber after mechanical injury destruction of thick myofilaments is observed. Where can pathological changes be localized?
At the disk A
At the disk I
In the half of the disk A
At the disk A and disk I
In the half of the disk I
On the microscopic slides of the heart rectangular cells are visible sized from 50 to 120 microns, with a centrally located nucleus, well-developed myofibrils, linking with each other by intercalated disks. What function is associated with these cells?
Contraction of the heart
Conduction of impulses
Endocrine
Protective
Regenerative
Cells are visible on the electron micrograph. The cells have spindle shape, rod-shaped nucleus, a large number of intermediate microfilaments composed of protein desmin. What tissue is this?
Muscular
Nervous
Epithelial
Connective
Bone
Function of the myosatellites was activated after the exposure to negative factors of the environment. Activation of what process can be expected in the muscle fibers?
Regeneration of the muscle fibers
Contraction of the muscle fibers
Muscle fibers trophic action
Increasing of contractile thermogenesis
Decreasing of a contractile thermogenesis
The structural-functional unit of myofibrils of striated muscles – sarcomere – is visible on a diagram. How does the H-zone of the sarcomere change at the maximum contraction of the muscle?
Disappears
Doesn’t change
Increases in two times
Decreases in two times
It takes up the whole sarcomere
The striated skeletal muscle tissue is characterized by all of the features except:
Cellular structure
Ability to contract
Presence of satellite cells
Motor plaques
The presence of layers of connective tissue
It is known that calcium ions provide muscle contraction. What do calcium ions interact during contraction with?
With protein troponin of thin myofibrils
With protein myosin of thick myofibrils
With protein actin of thin myofibrils
With actomyosin complex of sarcolemma
With protein calsequestrin
During the histological examination of the biopsy material of the cheek skeletal muscle tissue was found. Name the structural unit of the tissue.
Muscle fiber
Cardiomyocyte
Smooth myocyte
Myosatellite cell
Myofibril
Bundles of spindle-shaped cells with rod-shaped centrally located nuclei are visible on the histological slide of the pyloric stomach. What tissue do these cells form?
Smooth muscle tissue
Loose connective tissue
Skeletal muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Reticular tissue
Nucleated anastomosing fibers are visible in one of the layers of the hollow internal human organ. The fibers are made up of cells which are connected with each other by intercalated discs. What tissue does this layer form?
Striated cardiac muscle tissue
Striated skeletal muscle tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Loose connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue
Structural continuity of the heart wall was restored after a heart attack in a patient. What tissue helped in the regeneration of the heart wall?
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Striated muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Nervous tissue
A toxic substance breaks the mechanism of the transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to other neuron in experiment. What structure provides this function?
Synapse
Neurolemma
Neurofibrils
Mitochondrion
Nissl substance
Degeneration of the nerve fibers is possible after traumatic damage of the nerve. It is accompanied by the breakdown of axis cylinders, and myelin disintegration. What neural structures provide regeneration of myelin?
Neurolemmocyte (Schwann cell)
Mesaxon
Perineurium
Endoneurium
Astrocytes
Damaged nerve fibers can regenerate. What glial cells in the CNS take active part in this process?
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymocytes
Fibrous astrocytes
Protoplasmic astrocytes
Poliomyelitis is characterized by damage of the spinal cord, and skeletal muscle dysfunction. Destruction of which neurons can cause this problem?
Моtor neurons
Pseudounipolar neurons
Interneurons
Pseudounipolar neurons and interneurons
Interneurons and motor neurons
Sensitive nerve ganglion consists of spherical-shaped neurons with one process, which divides into the axon and dendrite at some distance from the perikaryon. What cells are they?
Pseudounipolar neurons
Unipolar neurons
Bipolar neurons
Multipolar neurons
Apolar neurons
Inside certain cells of adult human individual mitosis is not observed and amount of DNA remains stable throughout their lives. These cells are:
Neurons
Endothelial cells
Smooth muscle cells
Epidermal cells
Hematopoietic cells
A need to cut a nerve occurred during surgical procedure. Its integrity was restored after a while. Name the cells that provide regeneration of the nerve.
Neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells)
Astrocytes
Ependymocytes
Microglia
Mantle glial cells
For myelinated nerve fibers all the features are specific except for:
Presence of several axial cylinders
Presence of one single axial cylinder
Presence of nodes of Ranvier
Presence of neurofilaments
Presence of neurolemmocytes
A large number of multipolar neurons are visible on the histological slide of the gray matter of cerebellum. Which morphological features allowed to refer these cells to multipolar neurons?
Number of processes
Length of processes
Shape of terminal buttons or axon terminals extensions
Shape of perikaryon
Cell size
On the histological slide of the nerve tissue is seen that the neurons are connected to each other with the contacts that are specialized for one-way transmission of nerve impulse. What type of intercellular junction is found on the slide?
Synapse
Desmosome
Adhesive belt
Tight junctoin
Nexus
Дата добавления: 2015-11-05; просмотров: 25 | Нарушение авторских прав
| <== предыдущая лекция | | | следующая лекция ==> |