1. According to the manner of the production of noise and according to the type of obstruction.

1. According to the manner of the production of noise and according to the type of obstruction.

Occlusive consonants (plosive stops) are noise sounds in the production of which a complete obstruction is formed, that is the air passage through the mouth is completely blocked.

[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]

Occlusive sonants are sounds in the production of which the air passage through the mouth is blocked while the soft palate is lowered, the air passes through the nasal cavity.

[m] [n] [ŋ]

Constrictive consonants (fricatives). The air passage is not blocked completely but it is narrowed or constricted.

[f] [v] [s] [z] [θ] [ð] [ʃ] [ʒ] [h]

Constrictive sonants. The air passage is rather wide and an incomplete obstruction is formed. Tone prevails over noise.

[w] [r] [l] [j]

Occlusive-constrictive (affricates) are noise consonants in the production of which a contact is first made between the articulating organs, which is then slowly released, forming a narrow air passage at the end of the articulation of the sound.

[t ] [d ]

2. According to the active organs of speech and according to the place of obstruction.

Consonants are divided into:

Ø Labial

Ø Lingual

Ø Glottal

Ø Labial consonants can be bilabial and labia-dental.

Bilabial consonants are articulated with the lower lips brought together.

[p] [b] [m] [w]

Labio-dental consonants are articulated with the lower lip against the upper teeth.

[f] [v]

Ø Lingual consonants may be forelingual, mediolingual and backlingual.

Forlingual are articulated by the tip and the blade of the tongue or only by the blade of the tongue. They may be:

Dorsal (dental) are articulated by the blade of the tongue against the upper teeth. Russian consonants t, d, n belong to this group.

Alveolar (apical) articulated by the tip of the tongue against either the upper teeth or the teeth ridge.

[t] [d] [l] [n] [s] [z]

Palato-alveolar. The tip and the blade of the tongue is against the teeth ridge or the back part of the teeth ridge. The tongue is raised in the direction of the hard palate.

[ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ]

Post-alveolar (cacuminal). The tip of the tongue is raised against the back part of the teeth ridge

[r]

Inerdental are articulated with the tip of the tongue between the teeth.

[θ] [ð]

Mediolingual. The middle part of the tongue is against the hard palate.

[j]

Backlingual. The back part of the tongue is against the soft palate.

[k] [g] [ŋ]

Ø Glottal (pharyngeal) are articulated in the pharynx.

[h]

3. According to the work of the vocal cords:

Voiceless: [p] [t] [k] [ʃ] [s] [θ] [h] [tʃ] [f]

Voiced: [b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [ʒ] [ð] [dʒ] [m] [n] [ŋ] [w] [l] [r] [j]

4. According to the position of the soft palate:

Oral. The soft palate is raised and the air passes through the mouth cavity.

Nasal. The soft palate is lowered and the air passes through the nasal cavity.

[m] [n] [ŋ]

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