overlap | перекривати |
packer | пакер (ущільнювач) |
permeability | проникніть |
permeable | проникний |
piston | поршень |
plug up | закупорювати |
plugging material | тампонуючий матеріал |
plunger-type pump | плунжерна помпа |
preclude | усувати, запобігати |
pressure differential | перепад тиску |
presume | припускати |
prompt | швидкі контрзаходи |
countermeasures |
|
pull | тягнути |
quebracho | квебрахо (хімічний реагент) |
ream | розширювати |
reamer | розширювач |
reaming | розширення стовбура, свердловини |
redrilling | иеребурювання |
reel up | змотувати |
re-establish | відновлювати |
regain | відновлювати |
reinforcing plugs | укріплюючий матеріал (пробки) |
reject | відхиляти, бракувати |
reliability | надійність |
remedial measures | заходи із відновлення (циркуляції) |
remedy | засіб |
rend | розколювати |
residual | залишковий |
resilient | еластичний, пружний |
restoration | відновлення |
round trip | опускання-піднімання інструменту |
rupture | розрив |
score | десятки |
scour | розмивати |
scrape off | зіскребти |
seal off | ізолювати, герметично заробляти |
sediment | осад |
settle | осідати, опускатись на дно |
sheath | оболонка, кірка |
showing | поява, проявлення |
sidetrack | вихід вбік новим стовбуром, обхід |
single-cone roller bit | одношарошкове долото |
sinking of the well | поглиблення свердловини |
sludge trap | шламоулвлювач |
slurry | рідкий цемент |
spud | розходжувати (труби) |
squeeze | стискати, впихати, протискувати |
stabilizer | стабілізатор |
stand idle | простоювати |
stand pipe | груба-стояк |
stick | застрявати,зависати |
sticking | залипання, застрявання, прихват |
suction effect | всмоктуючий ефект |
surfactant | поверхнево активна речовина |
surpass | переважати |
suspend | підвішувати, утримувати |
swabbing | поршневий |
swell | розбухати |
thermorésistant | термостійкий |
threaded pipe joint | різьбове з'єднання труб |
tight | щільний, тугий |
tight hole | звуження стовбура свердловини |
tight pull | затягування |
tightening tool joint traverse ultimate
union
velocity
viscidity
viscosity
waiting technique
weight
weighted mud fluid yield point
abundant adjust advance apparently apt to
area around area in array augment avert
back of the bed
biphasic
bulk
bulking up case off casing shoe clog
competent rock натяг, затягування, ущільнення
з'єднання, бурильний замок
розбурювати, пересікати
основний, критичний, граничний,
максимальний
штуцер (патрубок)
швидкість
в'язкість
в'язкість
техніка вичікування навантаження, вага промивальна рідина, що обважнює межа текучості
PART 6
значний
регулювати
проходка
очевидно, вірогідно
підходити
привибійна
вибійна
розташувати
збільшувати
усувати, запобігати
крівля пласта
двофазний
об'єм, величина
збільшення
кріпити (стовбур)
башмак колони обсадних труб
забруднюватись, забиватись
міцна, тверда порода
completion
connate
contaminate
contingent
cross-section
deflect
deteriorate
differential
diminish
drastically
emergence
establish
expenditure
exuberantly
feed
fine-dispersed
fissure
fit out
formation energy
fonnation pressure
foul
futile
gas cap
gas holder
grave
homogeneous hydraulic fracturing impair impervious induce
induction of oil inflow освоєння
що виникає одночасно
забруднювати
пропорційний
поперечний переріз
скривлювати
погіршувати
перепад (тиску)
зменшуватись
радикально, значно
поява
встановлювати витрачання., витрати надмірно живити
тон кодислерсн ий
тріщина
обладнувати
енергії! пласта
пластовий тиск
засмічувати
марний
газова шапка
газосховище
важки й
однорідний
гідравлічний розрив
погіршення
непроникний
викликати
впуск, всмоктування нафти притік
inferior | нижчий, гірший |
influx | притік |
inrush | прорив |
instantaneously | моментально, негайно |
mill | фрезерувати |
opening-up | підготовка; розкриття (нового горизонту) |
opportune | доцільно |
overlap | перекривати |
packer | пакер |
pay area | продукти вний об'єкт |
permeability | проникність |
pervious | проникний |
pierce | пробивати, просвердлювати |
potent | могутній |
precipitation | осаджування, осідання, утворення осаду |
producing well | експлуатаційна, продукти вна свердловина |
production casing | експлуатаційна обсадна колона |
quantify | визначати кількість |
reduction | скорочення |
reservoir | пласт |
reservoir bed | продуктивний пласт |
resort | застосовувати, вдаватись до |
saturate | насичувати |
saturation | насиченість |
scores | десятки |
secure | забезпечення |
side hole | бічна свердловина |
slit | щілина |
slurry | цементний розчин, цементне тісто |
streak | пласт, прошарок |
subject | піддавати д ії |
surfactant
suspend
suspend
swelling
tap
testing unjustifiable uphole velocity utilization
well completion time yield поверхнево-активна речовина
затримати, законсервувати
підвішувати
набухання; розбухання
ловити, розкривати
випробування
неоправданий
висхідна швидкість
використання
тривалість освоєння свер/дловини дебіт, продуктивність, видобуток
INDEX
abnormality 50, 66,77 abrasiveness 24 absorption 119, 122 additive 58, 60 adhesiveness 136 adjustment 47 adsoption 22 advance 149, 154 aeration 121 agent 60 aleurolite 26 alkali 55
alloy 24,39,94,98 angle 154 anisotropy 11 argillaceous 147 argillite 15 arrangement 35 array 40 attachment 38
auxiliary equipment 96, 100, 110
azimuth 154 ball bearing 91 balling 135 barge 110 barrel 18 bearing 47 bishofite 20
bit 33,40,52,87, 88,91, 92,96,98
blind drilling 118
blowout 105, 116, 117, 125, 127 blowout 105, 116, 117, 125, 127 bore hole 105 bort 39
bottom drive engine 47, 60
bottom hole 46, 77, 85
boundary 17
brake 97
break 125, 136
breakdown 125, 133
breaker 60, 94
brine 47
bucket 88
buoyancy force 79
cable 111
cable tool, 87
calcite 10
caoutchouc 60
capability 22
camallite 20
casing 102, 105, 154
casing string 34, 85, 86, 102
catcher 108 caustic soda 57, 63 cavern 119
caving-in 119, 131, 135 cellulose 57 cement 13, 103 cementation 145 cementing 102
central izer 105 chamfer 41 check valve 126 chemical reaction 23 chemogenic rock 15 chilled steel 25 chip 33, 35 choke 106
Christmas Tree 86, 105 chromâtes 58 circulation 50, 125, 137 circulation loss 89, 116, 117 clastic rock 26 clay 15,55 clutch 92
coagulation 58, 62,63 coarse-grained rock 18 cohesion 7, 9, 132 coil 97
combustion 98 composition 15 compressibility 17 compression 19 condition 24 consideration 20 consumption 66, 73, 79, 90 contact site 26 contamination 79, 148 contraction 17 convergence 19 cooling 40 core 49 core 49
core barrel 50
core drilling 33, 34, 87, 93
core head 94
corrosion 47,80, 98, 102
crack 39
creep 13,15
crew 50
crownblock 96, 100 crude oil 78, 144 crumbling 119, 131, 135 crush 35
crust 47, 50,51,53 current 80 curve 13
cutting 88, 89, 92, 117, 122 cutting-abrasive type 33 debris 128 defect 19,22 deflection 132, 154 deformation 12,15,17 degree 18
density 7,53, 62, 67, 70, 75 deplection 137 deposit 9, 54, 69, 153 depth 8,10,17
derrick 88,96, 97, 100, 101, 108 device 93
diamond-carrying head 38 diamond-set bit 37,40, 42 diesel fuel 69
directional drilling 108, 109 dispersion 57, 69, 70, 73, 133 displacement 19, 36 dolomite 18 drag bit 46, 94 drainage 154
draw works 88, 96, 97, 100, 140
drill collar 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 98,
116, 130, 137,
drill column 130
drill pipe 90, 102
drill string 89, 90, 97, 108
drilling crew 110
drilling equipment 24
drilling fluid 40, 46, 48, 51, 52,
67,73,77, 105
drilling string 50, 60, 77, 98,
119,146
drilling well 8
drillstem 92, 140
drum 100
earth 19
edge 26,41
efficiency 24
efflux 131
elastic limit 15
elasticity 12,13
electrodrilling 87, 91, 92, 140
elongated wing 41
emergence 147
emulsifier 73, 74
emulsion 48,73, 75
engine 87, 98
enhancement 19 equipment 88, 89, 90 expansion 19 exploratory well 86 explosion drilling 87, 93 exposure 39 extraneous object 40 fabrication 39
failure 116, 133 fatigue 98, 133 feldspar 10 film 21 filter 152, 155
filter cake 60,74, 79, 105, 136
filtrate 47, 74, 80,145, 153
filtration 50, 139 fine-grained rock 18 fishing 90,91, 107 fissure 47 fitting 86
flexodrilling 87, 92
fluctuation 133
fluid 9,20,35,88,90
flushing 46, 78, 79, 131, 145
flushing hole 35, 39, 40, 41, 42
foam 48, 60, 78
foliation 126
footage 48
force 19
forge 35
fracture 22,47,53,119,120
framework 21 freezing 129 freezing point 47 friability 9
friction 24,47, 50, 60, 77
friction drag 60
froth 60
furrowing 136
futile 144
gap 40
garments 58
gas cap 154
gas holder 153
gauge 42, 106
gear 91, 92
gliding 19
globule 73
goggles 60
grain 13,19
granite 10,15
gravity 89
grind 42
groove 109
growth 21
guide plug 103
gusher 103
gypsum 25
gypsum-base mud 64
halite 20
hammer 107
handling 118
hanger 105 hazard 73, 78, 90 headpiece 41 healing 19 helical 37
hoisting 90, 124, 127, 135 hook 96, 101 horse power 89, 98 hose 92, 103 humidification 50, 52 humidify 133 hydraulic drive 90 hydraulic jack 110 hydraulic power 90 hydrolic pressure 21 hysteresis 13 idle rotation 89 infiltration 21
inflow 119, 124, 127, 144, 145
influence 22
influx 125, 144, 145, 150
inhibitor 52, 80
intensity 18
intensive wear 26
intersect 36
jamming 107
jet 24
jet bit 89
joint 86, 89,91
junk basket 108
kelly 94, 100
kelly joint 97, 99
kelly valve 117 kerf 48 key hole 86 key seating 130 knuckle joint 109
lamination 13 lattice 14,19,53 layer 22, 33 lime 58
lime-base mud 64 limestone 10 liquid 50 load 12,15 lubricant 26 lubricate 60
magnitude 8, 9,11, 21, 25
marble 18
mass 8,9
massif 20
mast 97
mastic limit 15 matrix 39, 40 measure 22 measurement 24, 75 medium-grained rock 18 metal coat 139 method 24 micro fracture 22, 146 mill 154 mining 20 modulus 12 molecular force 22
mother rock 93 movement 19 mud 89,91
mud fluid 52, 54., 55, 145, 148, 150
mud pump 96, 98 narrowing 131, 132 nozzle 49, 89, 93 offshore drilling 110, 111 oil string 85
oil-base drilling fluid 69 oil-base mud 70 opening-up 152 overflow 125 overlap 153 overshot 107 packer 122, 124, 152 packing 105 paraffin 147
pay area 144 '
pay bed 148, 153 * '
pellet 54
penetration 47, 90, 93, 146 peptization 57, 62, 63 percussion 87 percussion drilling 88 perforating 106, 145 perforator 106 peripheral part 38 periphery 34, 41 permafrost 47, 77 permeability 17, 77, 124, 146, 152
phosphates 60 piercing 54, 63, 69 pipe 80, 88, 98 pipe string 120, 124, 135 piston 98 pit 89 plane 19 plasticity 15, 19 platform 110, 111 plug 104, 117 pneumatic vibrator 93 Poisson's ratio 12,14,20 pollution 149, 152, 153 pore 9
porosity 8,10, 17 porous rock 17 powderlike 39 power 89, 90, 91 precipitation 46, 147 pressure 13,50 pressure differential 146, 149 preventor 105, 117 prime mover 96 property 16,17,21,33 pulp 78
pump 47, 78,88, 89, 90,91, 103, 140
quartz 8,9 quebracho 116 radial 37
radially-stepped 37 radius 38
ram 105
rate 22
ratio 8,11,25
reagent 57
ream 129
reamer 137
Rebinder's effect 22
recovery 150, 155
reduction 17, 40
reference ring 24
replacement 24
reservoir 70, 145, 146, 152' 153
resin 147
resistance 20, 51, 75, 120, 132
resonance 75
rig 88, 94, 97, 110, 111
rig wear 90
rigidity 51, 69
rock 7,9,10,42
rock-breaking tool 24
rod 88
roller 34
roller cutter bit 40, 94 rope 88
rotary drilling 46, 50, 87, 88, 89, 90, 118 rotary hose 96
rotary table 96, 97 rotaty motion 35 round trip 92, 120 route 25 row 41, 42
rubber support 91 sample 24 sandstone 10,13, 146 saturation 22, 147, 152 scavenge 41 •
schist 15 schistosity 11,13 scope 22 scratcher 105 seal off 86, 125 sedimentary rock 15 selicate 8
shaft 46, 50, 89,91,94 98
shale 15
shape 15,26
sharp 40
shifting 19
shoe 103
showing 119
sinter 38
sliding speed 25
slips 100, 107
slit 154
sludge catcher 40
slurry 103, 119, 122, 146. 153
slush pump 92
soda ash 60
solar oil 60
solid phase 57, 75
solid rock 15
soluble glass 60 spear 107
speed 24, 91
spindel 91, 92, 94,
spindle 47
spring 105
stand idle 126
starch 55, 64
steel 24
stem 89, 90, 91
step-wise 33
sticking 119, 135
stop-ring 103
strain 13
strata 20, 62, 63
stream 40
strength 9,10
stress 15
subsructure 96, 97
superdeep drilling 140
support 97, 109
suppressor 60
surface 11,17
surface energy 22
surfactant 22. 60, 69, 70, 73,
77,79,136,150
suspension 54, 55
swabbing 116, 129
swell 132, 147
swivel 51, 92, 96, 100, 101
tank 89
tap 107, 154
tender 110 tension 12
texture 13
thermal drilling 87, 93
thinner 62, 63
thread 35, 38, 107
three-dimensional compression
tightening 135 tip 41
tool 35, 60 tool joint 90, 98 tooth 48
torque 60, 77, 91
trap 47
treatment 47
triaxial compression 17
truck 96, 103
tube 92
turbine drilling 90, 91 turbobit 94
turbodrilling 87, 90, 140
twist-off 90, 91, 107
unit 25
utilization 150
valve 86, 88, 103, 106
velocity 40, 146
vibrational drilling 87, 93
viscidity 58, 62, 63
viscosity 21, 50, 51, 56, 57, 63,
6, 70
void 8,21 volume 8,9,19,78 volumetric 17 waiting technique 118 water-base drilling fluid 69 wear-resistant 39 wedge 109 wedge bit 88 weight 20
weighting material 67 weld 35,41 welded joint 104 well 80
well completion 14, 149 well head 85, 125 well mouth 121 wettability 22, 60 whipstock 109 wild cat 86 wing 41, 42 wrench 107 yield point 18,20,22 zenith 154
REFERENCES
1. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.- http://en.wikipedia.org/.
2. Operationally relevant training.-Aberdeen Drilling Schools &
Well Control Training Center, 2007.- 88p.
3. Tubing rotation system proves successful in extending well life. March 2006. Vol. 227 No. 3. -
http.V/worldoil.com/magazine/magazinedetail.asp
4. Tapered coiled tubing reaches extreme depths. February 2005. Vol. 226 No. 2. -
http://www.worldoil.com/magazine/magazine dctail.asp
5. How to analyze / handle tubular corrosion problems. April 2002. Vol. 223 No. 4. -
http://www.compositecatalog.com/iTiagazirte/magazine detail.asp
6. Oil & Gas Journal Online - http://4vww.ogj.com/
7. Граматика сучасної англійської мови. Довідник /Верба Л.Г., Верба Г.В. Київ, 1997. 352 с.
8. Бизнес-курс английского язика. Словарь-справочник /Богацкий И.С. - Киев: Логос, 1997. - 352 с.
9. Ділова англійська мова. Business English /Козлова М.О., Памірська Л.Ю., Рабо щук А.В., Юрківська Л.Й, Житомир: 1ІП. „Рута”, 2003. - 520 с.
10. Англійська мова. Методичний посібник для вчителів /Ельбрехт О.М. - Харьков: Ранок, 2003. - 224 с.
11. Англійська мова. План-конспект уроків /Поварська Т.В. - Харків: Ранок, 2001. - 168 с.
12. English Project /Tom Autghinsori: Oxford University Press, 1998.
- 120 p.
13. Headway /John and Liz Soars:: Oxford University Press, 1995. -
120 p.
14. Англо-русский политехни ческий словарь /Под ред.Чернухина А.Е. - Москва: Русский язык, 1996. 647 с.
15. Business Grammar Builorer /Emerson Paul. - Oxford: Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2002. - 272 p.
16. The Oxford Desk Dictionary and Thesaurus. American edition. Berkly Books. New York, 1997. - 972 p.
17. Русско-англо-немецко-французский словарь по
вычислительной технике /Масловский Е.К., Зайчик Б.И., Скороход Н.С. - Москва: Русский язык, 1999. - 400 с.
SUPPLEMENT Text 1 Mud Fluids
Thanks to unsaturated oxygen valences along the faces and at the apices of the crystal lattice the elementary (unit) scales can join one another lengthwise the crystallographic axis C, and thus form a multilayered aggregate. Since the bonds between the scales are weak, such an aggregate, when agitated in a liquid, i s apt to split easily into unit scales along the stratification planes. The outer layers of the pyrophyllite seales are equipotential and the scale itself is, therefore, electrically neutral, except for the si tes of the crystal lattice rupture, where there may exist positive and negative charges.
The minerals of the moritmorillinite group differ from pyrophyllite in that the composition of their crystal lattice includes atoms of magnesium, iron, chromium and other elements. These atoms replace, as it were, some atoms of aluminium and silicon, the substitution, as a rule, being equivalent. Some of the trivalent aluminium atoms are replaced unequally, with bivalent magnesium or iron atoms, for example, and some tetravalent silicon atoms with tri valent atoms of aluminium or other elements. With such an unequal substitution, the scale acquires excess negative charges. These charges are balanced by single- or poly-valent cations (of sodium, potassium, calcium, etc.) which, however, do not make part of the crystal lattice, and, being disposed at the outer surface of the silicate layers, are, nevertheless, combined with it by the force of electric interaction.,,
Should a pellet of montmorillinite be put in an aqueous solution containing, for example, cations of calcium, the substitution reaction between calcium and the atoms making part of the crystal lattice is impossible. But the substitution reaction is possible between calcium and the cations lying at the outer surface of the silicate layers and offseting excess charges of the clayey particle. Such cations are, therefore, called exchange cations, and they compose an exchange capacity of argillaceous minerals and clays. The exchange capacity is commonly characterized by milligram-equivalents of cations adsorbed by the surface of 100 g of an air-dry argillaceous mineral or clay.
The presence of exchange ions makes an argillaceous mineral active, preconditions many of its important properties, such as the ability to participate in exchange reactions, to undergo ionization, hydration, etc.
Yet another representative of triple-layer argillaceous minerals are hydromicas. In addition to aluminium and silicon atoms, into composition of their crystal lattice enter atoms of iron and magnesium. Tri valent aluminium atoms substitute non- equivalently some of the tetravalent silicon atoms; an excess negative charge that develops at this juncture is balanced by cations of both potassium and other elements. The potassium cations lie on the surface of the crystal lattice and are firmly bound with it. Nonequivalent substitution of atoms in the crystal lattice accounts for the exchange capacity of hydromicas. As concerns their exchange capacity, some hydromicas stand close to the minerals of the montmorillinite group, while others come nearer to the minerals of the kaolinite group. Hydromicas are characterized by a high degree of dispersion.
A typical representative of double-layer minerals is kaolinite. Its unit scale is made up of one silicate and one aluminate layer. A non-equivalent substitution of aluminium or silicon atoms is nearly impossible. Hence, the kaolinite scales are either neutral or have a very insignificant charge, the exchange capacity of such a mineral being extremely small. Between neighbouring scales along crystallographic axis C there exists a strong hydrogen bond of the OH-O type. If a kaolinite pellet be immersed in water then on stirring unlike montmorillinite, it does not split up into unit scales.
To the group of minerals with the chain structure belongs palygorskite. This is an aqueous magnesium alumosilicate. The unit cell of palygorskite consists of twin silico-oxygen chains. The adjacent silicon-oxygen (silicic) tetrahedrons have their apices turned into opposite directions, which makes the chain look like a ribbed blanket. Two adjoining chains are disposed in such way that the apices of the successive layers or blankets face each other, whereas the layers themselves are linked together through the intermediary of alumoxigen octahedrons. In these octahedrons the magnesium and iron atoms serve as substitutes for some of
the aluminium atoms. Because of not quite an equivalent substitution, the palygorskite particles have an excess negative charge The exchange capacities of argillaceous minerals differ quite significantly and lie within the range (in mg-equiv/100 g) for:
Montmorillinite.................................... 80-150
Polygorskite.......................................... 20-30
Hydromicas........................................... 10-40
Kaolinite................................................ 3-15
In nature argillaceous minerals occur rarely. They usually enter the composition of rocks known as clays. The natural clay is composed of a mixture of several argillaceous minerals and nonargillaceous admixtures, such as, for example, quartz, colloidal silica and others. Clays in whose composition the major part play montmorillinites are called bentonites. When, in addition to montmorillinites, clay contains a significant proportion of hydromicas or kaolinites, it is termed subbentonite. Clays in which kaolinites prevail are called kaolin clays.
Apart from colloidal fractions the natural clay carries large particles which, obviously, affect the density of the clay suspension, but are incapable of imparting to it a sedimentation stability. For this reason, the consumption of different varieties of clay used for preparation of 1 m3 of a stable mud fluid may vary within a fairly wide range. If, for instance, there must be less than 100 kg of a high- quality sodium bentonite per m3, the amount of low colloidal clay will have to exceed 800 kg.
In choosing the variety of clay for preparation of a mud fluid of essential importance is mineralization (salt content) of water of mixing and the composition of rocks to be drilled out. If there is no risk of any substantial mineralization of the mud fluid under the effect of the drilled-out rock fragments, formation brines and gases that get into it in the course of drilling, the best source of the colloidal fraction Will then be bentonite. Because of a low-strcngth oxygen bonds between the montmorillinite scales and a high degree of dispersion the bentonite is apt to break into unit scales in fresh water, to swell and combine physically a large amount of water. Especially prone to an intensive bulking up are sodium bentonites; a pellet of such a clay
when breaking up in fresh water can increase in volume by as much as 8 to 14 times. Much less susceptible to swelling are calcic and magnesia bentonites. With diminishing proportion of montmorillinite in the clay the extent of its swelling decreases and a much greater amount of the clayey material is needed to prepare a stable suspension.
In fresh water there takes; place a surficial dissociation of bentonite, viz. the adsorbed cations of Na+, Ca++, Mg++ and other elements break away from the surface of the particles and the latter becomes negatively charged. The majority of these cations are held near the surface of the clay particle by the adsorption forces and the force of the electr c field around the particle at a distance of one- two molecules, forming, as it were, a plane capacitor with two plates (so-called double Helmholtz electric layer), on one of which a negative charge of the clay particle is concentrated and on the other the positive charge of counterions. A part of cations, however, move away under the effect of thermal motion over a greater distance from the particle and form a diffusive portion of the double electric layer, or the diffusion layer of Guit. Between the ions of the Helmholtz layer and the diffusion layer a continuous equilibrium exchange goes on. Within the limits of the Helmholtz layer is in evidence a steep drop of the electric potential, whereas in the diffusion layer the potential declines more smoothly.
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