j. A clever observation by John Glover gave him and two of his friends the idea for their small business. 'We’d all had jobs but we were made redundant. I had seen a lot of motorcycle couriers in London, so I thought I would try and get a job with one locally.'
k. 'I've always loved gardening, and the thought of making a living out of a hobby is wonderful.’
Exercise 4. Here is a newspaper article about a couple who won the football pools. Put the jumbled paragraphs in the correct order.
An 8Op loan wins Gary £400,000... and a bride
a. 'It has always been my dream to go to the church in a horse and carriage, and now I'll have my wish.’
b. They jokingly worked out that each would be entitled to £28.45 a week unemployment benefit.
c. Blue-eyed blonde Sue explained: 'When we first started living together, my parents didn’t really approve. They eventually came round, but I didn't see how I could ask Dad for a big church wedding.
d. The couple plan to buy a large house and a new car.
e. Today both will quit their £5,160-a-year jobs as Job Centre clerks.
f. His girlfriend, Sue Palmer, 24, came to the rescue with the 80p he needed.
g. Gary said, ’We always thought we would marry one day, but until now we couldn't afford the sort of wedding Sue wanted.'
h. Gary said: 'Although it would have been a chuckle to walk into the Job Centre and make a claim, we decided against it'.
i. POOLS winner Gary Watson collected his £400,775 prize yesterday - and popped the question to the girl who lent him the stake money.
j. She was paid back in style. As a chauffeur-driven Rolls-Royce was whisking the couple to the cheque presentation at a Birmingham hotel, Gary asked, 'Will you marry me?’
k. They will become officially engaged next Wednesday, the fourth anniversary of their first date.
1. Dole clerk Gary, 24, had only 2p in his pocket when he filled in his coupon, m. 'We will spend the next year travelling, and may invest in a racehorse.'
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
CHAPTER I: REVISION TIME!
Exercise 1. Combine the messages using the linkers in brackets.
Example: The house was built of good stone. And it was kept in good order. The garden also was kept in good order, (both...and) The house was built of good stone. And both it and the garden were kept in good order.
1) The beer and sandwich made him feel better because he had been hungry. It also made him feel better because for a while he could pretend that this was just a normal day. (both...and)
2) There was, she realized now, more than one way of looking at a key. It opened a door. It kept it locked, (both...and)
3) He doesn’t look like his uncle. He doesn't look like his aunt, (either...or)
4) No one would know what became of them. No one would care what became of them, (either...or)
5) Sometimes you got the order. Sometimes you didn’t get the order, (either... or)
6) Her nails weren't long. They weren't painted either, (neither...nor)
7) She didn’t weep. She didn't despair. But she planned, (neither...nor)
8) Anthony was not a skilled mechanic. Fred wasn't a skilled mechanic either, (neither... nor)
9) Now when he moved his head he felt the pain of the bruise. He also heard the crinkle of the papers concealed in his pillow-case, (not only...but also)
10) She paid him a top salary. And the job kept him moving and happy.
(not only... but)
11) He would be made familiar from maps with the layout of Geneva. He would be made familiar from a large-scale model too. (not only...but also)
12) Presumably the river carried the body down. It follows that this is where the body entered the water, (if...then)
13) Maybe land was nearby. If so, they might be able to obtain fuel and take off again before the plane was swallowed up by the sea. (if...then)
14) Maybe this view is right, but that would mean that perhaps we have been applying the wrong tests to the animal kingdom, (if...then)
Exercise 2. Rewrite sentences using the linkers in brackets.
Example: While I was reaching for the glove compartment she was getting out of the car. (meanwhile) I was reaching for the glove compartment. Meanwhile she was getting out of the car.
1) It was unfortunate that he was tone deaf. Otherwise he might have made a fortune as a singer, (if)
2) Though Tibetan was to be taught during the three years of primary school, all secondary education was in Chinese by Chinese teachers, (however)
3) You won’t get any fruit off these trees unless you prune them, (otherwise)
4) Elsie poured out tea and after they'd all drunk a cup, Aunt Mamie announced that she was going up to rest, (soon afterwards)
5) They were living at the house with another young couple with their babies and a shared nanny. Meanwhile the war drew closer and bombs began to fall on Glasgow, (while)
6) I wanted to be seen from the outer office but not overheard, so I moved the chair back from the doorway, (so that)
7) I was prescribed this medicinal cream for my face. I used it for about two to three years, generously applying it every morning. As a result my skin is now quite thin on my face, (so that)
8) "And you'll go to Tasmania for your trout fishing?"— "I suppose I shall, unless the police want me to stay here." (provided that)
9) Whereas Ireland worked as a team with clever passing among the forwards, England relied on individual efforts, (by contrast)
10) Whereas unemployment seems to have contributed to increasing crime rates, this has not generally resulted in more people being sent to prison for longer periods of time (however)
11) Much as he had enjoyed the lively company of his friends in Edinburgh, his work, he felt, demanded solitude, (all the same)
12) While some UN sources expressed hope that a deal would be struck, the Americans were less optimistic, (on the other hand)
13) Although they knew it was wrong to steal a car, most of those interviewed, all under 17, did not consider themselves criminals, (despite)
14) "I can't do anything for several days," he said. "There's an important murder trial going on and I'm the main police witness. It won't matter a lot, though." (still)
15) Then she made some sandwiches and coffee and put them on a tray to take into the sitting-room for their supper. While she was doing it Patrick and Margaret talked quietly, (meanwhile)
16) We had our money stolen on the last day. Otherwise we had a wonderful time there, (except that)
Exercise 3. Some linkers look similar but meaning and usage are not the same. Make sure you do not confuse them.
1) by contrast on the contrary
a) Tobacconists, booksellers, and stationers also reported falling activity.
........... chemists, grocers, shoe shops and leather stores all said business was
better last month than in January.
b) There was no anxiety on the flight deck, no shouts of warning:.............................., the
pilots commented to each other on the awesome beauty, the majesty and tranquillity of what they were seeing.
c) There had been no elections, no campaigning, no consulting the people.
.............., helpless civilians had been shot, the radio station closed down and a
puppet government installed.
2) though although
a) It seemed that the new government was the only topic the King would allow
to be spoken of,.................. at the same time he would say almost nothing about it
himself.
b) The tour continues through some beautiful wine towns whose vineyards can
be visited and wines tasted. In truth,........................., the opportunities for tasting are
fairly infrequent in this part of the tour.
c) It was such a pleasant town, barely a city, even........................it was the capital.
3) for that matter no matter
a) We haven't been a real world power since the end of the war,................................. what
we've pretended.
b) For some unexplained reason,........................ how hot it would get, Eric never
seemed to perspire.
c) The cabin was unlocked. It didn't even have a lock..........................
4) in case in any case
a) She went on with her search, knocking on each door before entering the room the occupant was lying down, or perhaps asleep.
b) But perhaps you have a private number just............................ something interesting
which I could pass on emerges in any conversation or discussion I might have.
c) The pale furnishing colours they had enjoyed in their last house were not going to be practical here...they wanted something different.
5) given (that) granted (that)
a) She has health problems.................that's not her fault, but all the rest is.
b)............ theory consists of a set of ideas, those ideas must come from somewhere.
c) I don't see what I can do for you,....................you have, I repeat, no evidence.
6) all the same at the same time
a) "I don’t suppose you’ve any facts to support that?” ”No hard evidence,” Brand admitted. ”I thought not I’d like to hear your story for myself.”
b) The only person I could think of asking was my husband, and yet............................... he
was the one I was supposed to be running away from.
c) "There’s nothing to be done for him. He’s dead: This is one time the kiss of
life won’t help,” she said. "...................., you were splendid trying to save him like
that."
1) above all after all
a) Each sentence ought to be balanced, so that it sounds right if it is read aloud;
it should end before a reader runs out of breath.............................. it should say exactly
what it means, in the simplest way.
b) He earned a reputation for sound, logical and........................ honest performances in
the House of Commons.
c) He was beginning to feel foolish about criticizing the police.................................., what
did he know about questioning murder suspects?
8) in the meantime meanwhile
a) The BBC are trying to get independent confirmation of this story;..................................,
please do not use this version.
b) One of his ventures was an overseas bank. His son Nigel directed it. another of his sons, Ernest, was sent to prison in Hong Kong for corruption.
c) We need a new system which takes into account the real educational needs of London’s children, the government should stick to the present arrangements.
Exercise 4. Some linkers have more than one meaning. Find expressions which best explain the different meanings of the linkers underlined. Here are some suggestions to help you:
all the time when although although... greatly because earlier than from the time when in order that in the way that more or less the same as provided that rather than
the whole time that whereas with the result that
Example: a) As he drew closer, picking his way through the rocks, he could see that his son was excited.
b) He felt ashamed that he had not offered to serve in the French army as many other settlers had done.
Meaning: a) All the time when.... b)..in the way that
1) I haven’t been back since I left before the war as a girl.
2) Water containing high levels of nitrates or nitrites should not be given to babies, since these minerals increase the risk of blood disorders.
Meaning: 1).......................................... 2)..........................................
3) In the centre of the lawn a figure stood motionless. It must have stood there as long as she had.
4) He didn't care what the flowers were, as long as they were yellow.
Meaning: 3).......................................... 4).............................................
5) She held the telephone firmly against her ear so that no telltale sound could leak out.
6) The effects of time and blackcurrant juice have healed her throat, so that she can speak normally again now.
Meaning: 5).......................................... 6).............................................
7) He looked young and earnest, much as he'd always done.
8) You will always be welcome when you get back but much as I should like to see you, I believe it is best for you to stay where you are.
Meaning: 7).......................................... 8)..............................................
9) They’ll kill you sooner than let an outsider cause trouble.
10) The Bank is likely to lower interest rates sooner than expected.
Meaning: 9)......................................... 10).............................................
11) While chemical control of pests is not the only option, its use far outstrips other techniques.
12) Meat and bread prices will go up three times, while tea, butter, and cigarettes will cost double.
Meaning: 11)......................................... 12).......................................
Exercise 5 Make use of the linkers to complete the sentences.
as though even though for In case lest so
until wherever yet on condition that
1) We had no worries about where to get off...................... we were to be met by
our uncle.
2) She wore black of course, and she looked enchanting. He guessed, correctly,
that Veronica never looked anything but enchanting,....................... black suited
her best of all.
3) I got here too early. I left home in plenty of time.................................. I have trouble
finding the place.
4) They were allowed to play anywhere in the park..................... it have a special
playground.
5) A six o'clock start got him to the aiiport with half an hour to spare he bought two newspapers.
6) He would have to avoid saying anything to Ginny................................... he bring the
same fate on her.
7) He slashed the air with his sword.......................... it was a whip.
8) Nancy followed them, keeping a safe distance, sticking close to the trees there were any.
9) I will decide what programme of work will be carried out. You will not take any action....you have precise instructions from me. Is that clear?
10) I will live with you......................... you never look inside my handbag without
my permission.
Exercise 6. Choose the best connector to combine messages.
1) She was a good judge of character and felt he spoke the truth. Be- sides/Instead/Nevertheless she didn’t care for him.
2) The traffic was so heavy that the driver went slowly and was often forced to stop. Soon, furthermore/however/moreover we were on a faster road, and we picked up speed.
3) She had thought she would be grateful for their company on the drive back to Algiers, but for one thing/instead/likewise they were making her nervous.
4) You can now telephone our credit card hotline on 0121 414 6203. Accord- ingly/Altematively/Equallv complete the order form and return it to the address printed.
5) Tom’s mother had been determined that he should not become a coal miner like his father and brothers. Accordingly/All in all/At the same time, she had sent him away to live v/ith her sister, who was married to a shopkeeper in Hereford.
6) I believe my career has been well spent. At last/At least /At the same time that is my view.
7) As one grows older, so all the body processes slow down and food is less well utilized than it once was. Extra vitamins are in addition/instead/therefore needed to compensate for this.
8) The recent recession has destroyed a high proportion of vacation jobs. Hence/However/Nonetheless, we would expect student debt to be on a sharp rise at present.
9) I take my two dogs with me everywhere I go. Even so/For that matter/So my friends are pretty used to them by now.
10) That’s why I've come here today, to tell your mother that her brother needs more money. Well, that's my excuse, also/anyway/indeed.
11) This was not a well-travelled road. Even so/For example/ Moreover, it was an extremely dusty one.
12) Disappointingly, though, the symptoms continued; indeed/otherwise/ similarly it is only in the last few weeks or so that I have been free of them.
13) It is appropriate at the end of this important period to reflect upon a major development of benefit to all aircraft, namely/likewise/ or rather, navigational and automatic piloting equipment.
14) He pulled a small enamel box out of the pocket of his jacket and placed it on the table in front of him. Next/Then again/Thus he tore a blank page from his notebook and folded it in two.
15) We will ensure that anything you ask for is delivered directly to your hotel room. Likewise/Otherwise/Thereby, if you wish to visit the ballet or opera, this too will be arranged.
Chapter 3 MAKING A TEXT
3.1. COMPRESSING SENTENCES
Exercise 1, Combine the following messages so as to form a more natural sounding descriptive paragraph.
A: Elzeard Bouffier
Elzeard Bouffier was a shepherd.
He was poor. He was solitary.
He lived in the mountains. The mountains were barren. (infertile)
They were in southern France.
Elzeard had a love of nature.
He had an incredible idea.
During his life he planted thousands of acorns.
The acorns grew into a forest of oak trees.
The forest made the countryside rich and fertile again.
He died when he was 89.
B: A Millionaire Writer
Alan Higgins is a writer.
He is famous. He is a millionaire.
He comes from the north of England.
He has gone to live in the USA.
He has written twenty-five novels.
His novels have been translated into five languages.
Hollywood is going to make a film of his latest novel.
The film will star Sunny Shaw.
Sunny Shaw’s last film was a big box office hit.
The film was called Hot Night in the Snow
B: Do You Know This about Oxford?
1. Oxford is a city.
2. It is a city in the south of England.
3. It is on the River Themes.
4. It has a population of 100,000.
5. The city is famous.
6. It has one of the oldest universi-
ties in the world.
7. It has lots of other old buildings.
8. It has the Bodlean Library.
10. The Ashmolean Museum was built in 1683.
11. Oxford was once the capital of England.
12. Not many people know this about Oxford.
13. Charles I made it the capital.
14. It was the capital from 1642 till 1645.
9. It has the Ashmolean Museum.
Exercise 2. Make the use of the following ideas to produce a cohesive para-
graph.
A: Chocomania
1. Imagine doing a check among young. Chocolate is soft, sweet, fresh.
friends.
The check is random
If you do this you might discover an
amazing thing.
2. There’s one addiction.
It affects most people.
The addiction is not alcohol.
It’s not nicotine either.
It’s chocolate.
Most people can’t resist it.
They eat it quite regularly.
4. The habit has the effect on your pocket. It has the effect on your waistline.
It is not harmful.
It’s not illegal.
Most chocolate addicts have at least one ‘fix’ a day.
They get away happily with it
B: Intelligence: Nature or Nurture?
1. Intelligence might be inherited. It is partly inherited. Scientific studies suggest it.
2. Intelligent parents are likely to have intelligent children,
3. Some information about this has been gathered.
There have been studies of twins.
The twins were identical.
They were brought up separately.
4. They grey up in different environments.
Their school results were often remarkably similar.
С: One in Ten Million
|
lion |
D: A Naturalist is Worried about the World
1. David Attenborough is a naturalist.
2. David Attenborough has been travelling the world for seven years.
3. David Attenborough has produced a lot of television documentaries.
4. The television documentaries have been shown in 37 countries.
5. David Attenborough is very worried about our world.
6. He is depressed by what human beings are doing to out world.
7. Human beings are cutting down too many trees.
8. Human beings need firework to cook.
9. Human beings need firework to keep themselves warm.
10. Trees are being cut down all over the world.
11. Areas of forests the size of Scotland disappear every year.
12. Trees are like umbrellas.
13. Trees protect good soil.
14. Rain washes away good soil.
15. Good soil becomes desert.
16. People cannot grow crops.
17. David Attenborough believes people in the West are short-sighted.
18. Governments are spending some money on conservation.
19. This money is not enough.
20. David Attenborough believes all people will suffer f rom the lack of trees.
21. The trees and forests can never be replaced.
DO YOU KNOW WHY...?
Exercise 3. Make the use of the following ideas to form a coherent paragraph.
A: Why do they drive on the left in Britain?
1. The reason for this goes back to those days when people travelled by horse.
2. Most people are right-handed.
3. The left is the natural side to ride on.
4. You are on a horseback.
5. You need your right hand to hold a sword in case of trouble.
6. Why didn’t the rest of the world do the same?
7. The reason was Napoleon Bonaparte.
8. N. B. insisted that his armies marched on the right.
9. N.B. marched through Europe.
10. N.B. imposed this rule wherever he went.
11. Adolph Hitler did the same.
12. A.H. did it in the twentieth century.
13. A.H. took over a country.
14. Signs reading "Rechts fahren” were put up.
15. The question suggests that only the British drive on the left.
16. There are 178 countries in the world.
17. There are about 50 countries where people drive on the left.
18. Most of the countries are former British colonies.
19. They drive on the left in Japan.
B: Why do women live longer than men?
1. Women generally live longer than men.
2. Boys are the weaker sex.
3. Boys are the weaker sex at birth.
4. More die in infancy.
5. Women don’t have as much heart disease as men.
6. Men smoke more than women.
7. More men die of smoking-related diseases.
8. Men drink more.
9. Men are more aggressive in behaviour.
10. Men are more aggressive in behaviour when driving cars.
11. They are likely to die in accidents.
12. They generally have more dangerous occupations.
13. Building work is an example.
14. Historically, women died in childbirth.
15. Historically, men died in wars.
16. Nuns and philosophers often lived to great ages.
17. Nowadays childbirth is less risky.
18. Nowadays there are fewer wars.
19. There is a country with the highest life expectancy.
20. The country is Japan.
21. The average age for men is 76.
22. The average age for women is 82.
C: Why are women better liars and negotiators than men?
1. Women generally are more perceptive than men.
2. The fact has given rise to a quality.
3. The quality is commonly known as women’s intuition.
4. The quality is particularly evident in some women.
5. They have brought up young children.
6. A mother relies largely on non-verbal channels of communication.
7. Many women develop an ability to decipher non-verbal signals.
8. They develop an accurate eye for small detail,
9. Few husbands can lie to their wives.
10. Few husbands can get away with it.
11. Many women can pull the wool over a man's eyes.
12. The man doesn’t realize it.
13. Women often become perceptive and skilled negotiators.
14. They are better negotiators than men.
D: Why do people learn languages?
♦ People have many different reasons for learning languages.
♦ Students have no choice. Language plays a key role in the curriculum.
♦ The knowledge of a second language offers the possibility of advance in professional lives. English is the international means of communication.
♦ People move abroad. They move temporarily. They move permanently. They have to learn the target language.
♦ People learn a language for pleasure.
PROBLEMS, PROBLEMS...
Exercise 4. Make the use of the following ideas to produce a coherent paragraph.
A: Whose Aid?
1. There’s a question of aid to developing countries.
2. It raises a number of issues.
3. There are foreign advisers in a third world country.
4. It has political implications.
5. These external experts may have an undue influence over local politicians.
6. Aid projects could overlook local matters
7’ Aid projects could trample on local matters.
8. Local matters are sensitive.
9. Outsiders are unlikely to be aware of the host country’s customs and traditions.
10.The consequence may be conflict.
11.The conflict may hold up progress (at the veiy least).
12.The worst thing about the possible conflict is that it may stir up hostility and aggression.
13. Dams and mining are new aid schemes.
14. They can have undesirable effects on the environment.
15. They can have undesirable effects on local livelihoods.
B: The Right to Be Left.
1. We live in a right-handed world.
2. This fact is reflected in many languages.
3. In many languages the word “left” has negative associations.
4. There was a great deal of ignorance and prejudice about left-handedness.
5. It was just a generation ago.
6. Left-handed people were the butt of cruel jokes.
7. At many schools left-handed children were forced to write with their right hand.
8. There is greater understanding these days.
9. “Lefties” have to struggle with dozens of daily inconveniences.
10. Scissors, chequebooks, door handles, potato peels are exams of them.
11. They were created for the right-handed users.
C: Calling non-sleepers
1. Are you one of the many who lie awake at night?
2. Do you listen to anything that makes the slightest noise?
Дата добавления: 2015-09-29; просмотров: 56 | Нарушение авторских прав
| <== предыдущая лекция | | | следующая лекция ==> |