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Key words and expressions:
to be determined by, type of obstruction, complete obstruction, incomplete obstruction, momentary obstruction, point of articulation, occlusive, constrictive, occlusive-constrictive, friction, force of articulation
The manner of articulation of consonants is determined by the type of obstruction. The obstructions may be complete, incomplete and momentary. When the obstruction is complete the organs of speech are in contact and the air stream meets a closure in the mouth or nasal cavities as in the production of the English 
, 
, 
, 
, 
, 
, 
, 
, 
, 
, 
and the Ukrainian [п, п', б, б', к, к', г, г', ч', ц, м, м', н, н'].
In case of an incomplete obstruction the active organ of speech moves towards the point of articulation and the air stream goes through the narrowing between them as in the production of the English 
, 
, 
, 
, 
, 
, , , 
, 
, 
, 
, 
and the Ukrainian [ф, ф', в, в', с, с', з, з', ш, ш', х, х', л, л', j]. Momentary obstructions are formed in the production of the Ukrainian sonorants [p, p'] when the tip of the tongue taps quickly several times against the teeth ridge.
According to the manner of articulation consonants are divided into three groups:
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| Main Principles of Classification of Consonants | | | Constrictive. |