Main Principles of Classification of Consonants

According to the Degree of Noise
Class A. Noise Consonants	Class В. Sonorants
Vary: 1.In the manner of articulation. 2. In the place of articulation. 3. In the work of the vocal cords. 4. In the force of articulation.	Vary: 1. In the manner of articulation. 2. In the place of articulation. 3.In the position of the soft palate. 4. In the direction of the air stream.

Voiceless consonants are: the English , , , , , , , ,

; the Ukrainian [п, п', ф, ф', к, к', т, т', ш, ш', ч', ц, х, х'].

Voiced consonants are not fully voiced in all word positions, in word final position, for example, they are partly devoiced.

The degree of noise may vary because of the force of articula­tion. Strong noise consonants are produced with more mus­cular energy and stronger breath effort. Weak noise conso­nants are produced with a relatively weak breath effort.

Strong noise consonants are: the English [p, t, k, f, θ, s, ∫, h, t∫].

Table 2

Classification of English Noise Consonants According to the Degree of Noise

Class A. Noise consonants
	, , , , , , ,	, , , , , , ,
According to the work of the vocal cords	voiced	voiceless
According to the force of articulation	weak (lenis)	strong (fortis)

Weak noise consonants are: the English , , , , , , , English phoneticians call the weak consonants lenis and the strong noise consonants fortis.

В. Sonorants (or sonorous consonants) are made with tone prevailing over noise because of a rather wide air passage. They are: the English , , , , , , ; the Ukrainian [м, м', н, н', л, л', р, р'].

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