The Plural of Nouns

a) most nouns add:

- s (product-product s; stud io -studio s,portfol io -portfolio s etc.);

- es (bo x - box es, cra sh - crash es, tor ch- torch es, gla ss - glass es, bu s – bus es; her o -hero es, vet o -veto es, manifest o - manifesto es etc. );

- ies (la dy - lad ies, delive ry – deliver ies, etc.);

- s (d ay - day s, k ey - key s, journ ey - journey s);

- ves (hal f – hal ves, shel f - shel ves, kni fe - kni ves), (but: chief - chie fs, roof - roo fs, safe - sa fes etc.).

b) compound nouns add:

-s/-es to the second noun if the compound consists of two nouns (girl-friend s etc.).

to thefirst noun if the compound consists of two nouns

connected with a preposition (sister s -in-law)

c) irregular plurals: aircraft- aircraft, criterion- criteria, man- men, woman- women, matrix- matrices, person- people, foot- feet, tooth- teeth, phenomenon- phenomena, datum- data, hypothesis- hypotheses, stimulus- stimuli, synthesis- syntheses, thesis- theses, formula- formulae.

The return flight of the aircraft was delayed. They award a green label to products that meet certain environmental criteria.

· Only plural: goods, clothes, trousers, glasses.

As long as I deliver the goods, my boss is very happy. He dressed quickly in casual clothes.

· Only singular: advice, information, knowledge, progress, money, news, politics, economics.

No news is good news; Money spent on brain is never spent in vain.

· Group nouns refer to a group of people and can take either a singular ora plural verb: army, audience, class, club, council, crew, family, staff, government, press, public, team, management, media, police, public, union.

The report deserves consideration by a much wider audience. He demanded an audience with the lawyer.

2. OTHER / ANOTHER

USE

· Other

In front of plural nouns when we refer to ‘different ones’.

There are other roots to the factory but this is the nicest one.

· Another

In front of singular countable nouns, to mean ‘one more’ or ‘a different one’.

I don’t like this computer. I’m going to buy another one.

Module 8

1. ADJECTIVES – ADVERBS – COMPARISSON

Comparison of adjectives

USE

· comparative form – to compare people or things: bigger, higher, more intelligent.

· superlative form – to say that one person or thing in the group is unique: the biggest, the highest, the most intelligent.

FORM

	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
one - syllable adjectives	great	greater	the greatest
two-syllable adjectives ending in - y	easy	easier	the easiest
two-syllable and longer adjectives	tired complicated	more tired more complicated	the most tiredthe most complicated

This is the fastest car I’ve ever had.

He is the most creative person in a group.

Adverbs

· Adverbs of manner: quickly, fast, well. Don’t speak loudly.

· Adverbs of frequency: always, often, sometimes. She’s often used a video in her presentations.

· Adverbs of certainty: probably, certainly. I am certainly not going to that party.

USE

· to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb or a whole sentence: He got experienced quickly. It was very important. He moved really fast. Finally, we all agreed what to do.

FORM

· most adverbs add -ly to the adjective: quick – quick ly, safe – safe ly;

· someadverbs have the same form as adjectives: Being a good manager is a hard job (adjective); I work hard (adverb);

· someadverbs are easy to confuse with other, similar adverbs:

I could hardly breathe (almost not). I tried really hard (with a lot of effort).

The post came late (after the agreed time). I haven’t seen the postman lately (during the latest period of time).

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